USA > New York > Rensselaer County > Landmarks of Rensselaer county, New York, pt 1 > Part 54
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On the fifteenth of June, 1751, Mr. John G. Brimmer ? was at work in the field with his sons, Jeremiah, Godfrey and John, when Indian blankets were discovered. This agreed with previous suspicious indications. Mr. Brimmer immediately started for the house, telling his sons to unharness the horses and follow him. Before they could comply with their father's request, two Indians were discovered coming towards them. The boys immediately grasped their guns, and just as Jeremiah was getting on the horse, one of the Indians fired at him and he fell dead. Godfrey seeing his brother fall ran and hid behind a brush fence. While concealed he saw the Indians looking for him. He drew up his gun to fire, but a leaf falling upon the sight he changed his position and was discovered by the Indians. Hle and one of the Indians then stepped out and fired deliberately at each other without effect. The discharge was so simultaneous, that thinking the Indian had not fired, and that he would immediately do so, Godfrey dropped the butt of his gun on the ground, placed one hand over the muzzle and extended the other in token of surrender. The Indians came to him, one of them grasped him by the collar and passed around him three times with one finger within his shirt-collar, then laid his hand upon his head, signifying, "You are my prisoner." The Indians took John prisoner also. The plucky boy often picked up stones and threw at the Indians as they were lead- ing him through the river, at which the savages laughed in admiration of his grit. The prisoners were taken to St. Johns, Canada, where about 800 In- dians formed a circle around them and ordered them to sing. They refused, and were ordered the third time, but they still declared they could not sing. The In- dians being exasperated were about to strike, when Godfrey discovered in the crowd an Indian who had partaken of the hospitality of his father's house. He spoke to the Indian, who recognized him, and interfered to save the prisoners from torture. They remained at St. Jolis for six weeks, and were then sold to the French, by whom they were treated as slaves. After a servitude of more than five years, they secured their freedom upon the surrender of Quebec to the English in 1759 They immediately started for Albany, and at Lake George were taken by the British and thrown into prison They were soon released through the influence of Mr. Van Rensselaer, and made their way to Albany, They there learned that their parents had moved to Rhinebeck, and had heard nothing from them since their capture. The family afterwards went back to the Hoosick valley. Mr. Hezekiah Coon re- members John as living in Petersburgh, and heard him talk of the capture.
Petersburgh was sparsely settled at the beginning of the War of the Revolution, and the number of men it sent to engage in that struggle
I History of Rensselaer County, Nathaniel Bartlett Sylvester, 1850.
2 According to Hall's History of Berlin John George Brimmer and his family made the first settlement "on the north bank of the Hoosick river, about a mile cast from where the Little Hoosick empties into the Hoosick. The house was en or near what is now called the Peter Brini- mer farm, North Petersburgh."
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therefore was not large. Among those who did serve in that war, however, were James Weaver, Lyman Maine, Ichabod Prosser, Gideon Clark, Sterry Hewitt and Arnold Worden.
In the war of 1812 Petersburgh furnished her share of soldiers. As far as can be learned from existing records these were the following:
Captain Aaron Worthington, Captain William Coon, Captain Raper Andrus, Gardner Maine, Lewis Hewitt, John S. Brimmer, Amasa Lamphere, Sanford Hewitt, Peter Church, Silas W. White, Benjamin B. Randall, Josephus Jones, William Miner, Benjamin Babcock, Thomas Randall, Justus Nolton, Nathan Nolton, Benjamin Weaver, Cornelius Henning, John Henning, Oliver Buddington, Isaac B. Maine, George Ilakes, Luther Clark, Charles Grogan, Christopher Armsbury, Spicer Chesebro.
The list of residents of Petersburgh who served in the War of the Rebellion is a long one. Those who died in the service, as far as can be learned from existing records, were:
George N. Parks, Henry Bass, Harvey II. Odell, Washington Brimmer, David Cruikshank, Stanton Wilcox, Lyman Brimmer, Edward Ready, Eugene Davis, Porter E. Jones, James A. Maine, Clark W. Hall, Thomas H. D. McGregor, Adel- bert Peckham, Charles F. Manchester, Coonradt Holmes, Silas E. Sweet, L. W. Thurber, L. E. Odell, Thomas Carter, Henry R. Green, Wellington W. Whipple, John A. Dean, Edwin H. Brock, Horace R. Merrihew, Columbus Steward, Darius M. Brimmer, Andrew MeDermott, Clark L. Brown, Benjamin Landau, Bartholomew Carmody, F. Reynolds, Manser G. Phillips.
As far as can be learned the first public action in regard to schools in Petersburgh was taken in 1796, when John Greene, Mansur Greene and William W. Reynolds were elected school commissioners. A new school system was organized under the law of 1812-'13; the first com- missioners chosen were Ichabod Randall, William Coon and John Bowles, and the first inspectors were Ebenezer Robinson, Paul Maxon, jr., and Asa Stillman. The school system changed again in 1843, when the office of town superintendent was created. The first incumbent in that office in Petersburgh was Almond E. Reynolds, who was chosen in 1844. The first school house in the town was located opposite the Methodist church in Petersburgh. Later on a log school house was erected at " Dayfoot Hollow," and also one near Frazer's bridge.
The principal village of Petersburgh bears the same name as the town. It formerly was known both as Petersburgh and South Peters burgh, and originally called Rensselaer Mills. It is located on the banks of the Little Hoosick river and on the Lebanon Springs railroad. Probably the earliest store in the southern part of the town was kept
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by Jonas Odell before the year 1800. Mrs. Randall also established a store there soon after. The first hotel was kept by Joseph Sanborn and owned by Noyes D. W. Reynolds. U. P. Babeoek was another early landlord. The post-office was established in 1822 and the first postmaster probably was Major-General Aaron Worthington. Heze- kiah Coon served in the office after him.
Petersburgh has always been the leading industrial village of the town. A shirt factory was maintained there for many years. In the early part of the present eentury a carriage factory was established by Paul Stillman, and long before the Revolution a saw mill did a thriv- ing business there. George and Asa Gardner were early in trade there, running a general store, as was also Eben C. Reynolds. Squire Allen opened a grocery store as early as 1825.
The principal industry of the residents of the town of Petersburgh is farming, but in the village of Petersburgh there are to-day several manufacturing establishments which furnish employment to a munber of persons.
The shirt factory of Frank Reynolds furnishes employment to twenty- five hands. It was started over Mr. Reynolds's store in 1870. June 28, 1895, the store was destroyed by fire and the factory was removed to a grist mill owned by Mr. Reynolds, where it now is located.
The shirt manufactory of Kellyer & Reynolds was started in 1871 under the firm name of Kellyer, Reynolds & Sweet. In 1874 Mr. Sweet retired from the firm to conduct a general store and the firm continued to the present. In 1896 Mr. Kellyer died. The firm employs but little help in the factory but has a list of employes numbering about 400, who do the work at their homes.
The Petersburgh Co-operative Laundry company is an organization formed by young men, residents of the village. The village authori- ties constructed the laundry building and presented it to the company. The principal work done is for Kellyer & Reynolds, and the laundry turns out about 300 dozen shirts a week. The officers of the company are: President, E. B. Maxou ; secretary, D. H. Hull; treasurer, Charles L. Shafer; directors, E. C. Herring, E. W. Gifford, N. Il. Niles, E. Dano and A. Goodermote.
North Petersburgh is at the north end of the town on the railroad and the Little loosiek river. It was settled before Petersburgh and is in the tract originally known as Hosae. The earliest settlers doubt- less located there as early as 1745, possibly before that. Among them
:
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were Barnardus Bratt, to whom reference has been made in the history of Hoosick, who built the first saw mill and grist mill at this point; Hans Creiger, Peter Voss, and families named Breese, Ouderkirk, Fonda, Vanderrick, Bovie, Huyck, Brimmer, Kott and Roberts. Bas- tian Deil was also an early settler. The old Lutheran church of early times was just north of the village. Among the early physicians was Dr. Bannister. David Russell of Salem built the old grist mill which originally was conducted by Nathan Hakes, and which was abandoned about 1825. Among the first tavern-keepers of the village were men named Lewis and Dyer.
The first church which existed in Petersburgh left no records of its career. It was located at North Petersburgh and was a Lutheran church. The congregation worshipped in a log house afterward used as a school house, located east of North Petersburgh. When the church was started and by whom or how long a career it had is not known. It ceased to exist some time during the eighteenth century, and possibly many years before the year 1800.
The First Methodist Episcopal church of Petersburgh was built in 1821, the pastor at that time being the Rev. John Nixon. Previous to that time however there was an organization of Methodists which held meetings in a building situated in the " Hollow " and owned by Joshua Lamb. The first preacher this society had was the Rev. Mr. Mitchell, an itinerant from the South who preached in Berlin and supplied in Petersburgh in 1811. The early promoters of the church were Jabez Y. Lewis, Job W. Madison, Justus Hakes, and the Rev. Zebulon Lewis, and it was mainly through their efforts that the church was erected. In 1892 the edifice was wholly remodeled. The present pastor is the Rev. Arthur Davies. From this church is supplied the clergyman for the M. E. church at North Petersburgh, which was built in 1821. In this latter church about fifty years ago preached the eccentric and once famous Lorenzo Dow.
The Baptist church of Petersburgh was constituted May 12, 1828, though the society was incorporated several years earlier-July 20, 1822. The first pastors of whom there is any record were Nathan Lewis and J. D. Rogers, both of whom are down as serving the society in 1832. Amos Fuller and Daniel Brimmer were the first deacons. The house of worship was erected in 1828 and remodeled in 1878.
The Christian church of Petersburgh, which ceased to exist in 1895, was erceted in 1850, but the society was not incorporated until Septem-
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ber 10, 1855. The first pastor was the Rev. J. Dexter. The last preacher to occupy the pulpit in the church was the Rev. John MeLaughlin, who is now in charge of a church at Red Rock, Columbia county.
SUPERVISORS OF PETERSBURGI.
1791-1792, Jonas Odell; 1793-1794, Caleb Wentley; 1795-1796, Randall Spencer ; 1797-1798, Abel Lewis; 1799-1800, George Gardner; 1801-1803, William W. Rey- nolds; 1804-1805, John Reeve; 1806-1807, George Gardner; 1808-1810, Asa Still- man; 1811-1813, Silas Maxon; 1814-1815, Joseph Case, jr. : 1816-1818, Thomas Rey- nokls; 1819-1820, Aaron Worthington; 1821-1822, Ebenezer Robinson; 1823-1826, Aaron Worthington; 1827-1831, Parley Reynolds; 1832-1833, Joshua Randall, jr. ; 1834, Parley Reynolds; 1835-1836, Stephen Reynolds, jr. : 1837-1838, Parley Rey- nolds; 1839-1840, Aaron Worthington; 1841-1842, Noel J. Reynolds; 1813-1844, Aaron F. Worthington; 1845-1846, David G. Maxon; 1847-1848, William W. Reynolds; 1849-1850, Noyes II. W. Reynolds; 1851, Joseph Case; 1852-1853, Eben C. Reynolds; 1854-1855, O. 1). Thurber; 1856-1857, William W. Reynolds; 1858- 1859, Aaron F. Worthington; 1860-1861, David G. Maxon; 1862-1863, Lucius E. Green; 1864, Horace W. Wells; 1865-1867, Lucius E. Green; 1868-1869, William H. Crandall; 1870-1879, W. T. Reynolds; 1873-1874, John F. Tifft; 1875, Stephen H. Eldred; 1876, William T. Reynolds; 1877, Lucius E. Green; 1878-1880, Silas E. Reynolds; 1881-1882, William T. Reynolds; 1883-1885, II. E. Stewart: 1886-1887, William H. Crandall; 1888, A. Jay Taylor; 1889-1891, Frank E. Reynolds; 1892-1895, Frank Welch ;: 1896- --- , C. W. Reynolds.
TOWN CLERKS OF PETERSBURGH.
1991-1796, John Greene; 1797-1798, George Gardner ; 1799, Randall Spencer; 1800- 1805, William Clark; 1806-1807, Asa Stilhnan; 1808-1810, John Bowles; 1811-1813, Russell Wilkinson; 1814-1815, Ichabod Randall; 1816, Asa Stillman; 1817-1821, Benjamin Clark; 1899 1595, John W. Reynolds; 1826-1829, Benjamin Clark; 1830- 1831, Benjamin B. Randall; 1835 1837, Squire Allen; 1888-1839, Daniel C. Morey; 1810-1811, Benjamin Weaver; 1812 1844, Isaac B. Maine; 1815-1847, Seth Worth- ington; 1848 1852, Robert Reynolds; 1853-1854, Iliram Moses, jr. ; 1855, Robert Reynolds; 1856, Jeremiah Allen, jr. ; 1857, Silas W. Waite; 1858-1859, Jeremiah Allen, jr. ; 1860-1861, Thomas L. Nichols; 1862, Aaron F. Worthington; 1863, Heze- kiah Coon; 1864, Iliram Moses, jr .; 1865, Silas W. Waite; 1866, Billings B. Hewitt; 1867, David G. Maxon ; 1868-1869, Hiram Moses, jr. ; 1870-1872, C. W. Reynolds ; 1873- 1874, Hezekiah Coon; 1875-1876, Edson J. Allen; 1877, Robert Reynolds; 1878-1882, Hezekiah Coon; 1883-1884, Edson J. Allen; 1885-1886, A. Jay Taylor; 1887, F. G. Green; 1888, Jeremiah Allen; 1889-1891, Hezekiah Coon; 1892-1893, A. J. Tefft; 1891, H. J. Moses; 1895, Fred D. Nichols; 1896, C. II. Maxon.
I Frank Welch died during the last year of his term and his place was filled by his son, Frank Welch, jr.
CHARLES W. REYNOLDS.
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TOWN OF PETERSBURGIL.
JUSTICES OF THE PEACE OF PETERSBURGH.
Isaac Saunders, sworn in February 25, 1823; Thomas Reynolds, sworn in Febri- ary 25, 1823; Joseph Case, sworn in September 30, 1823; Isaae Saunders, sworn in January 1, 1828; Nathan Nolton, sworn in January 2, 1828; Elihu P. Powers, sworn in January 5, 1828; John Henning, sworn in January 15, 1828; John Henning, sworn in January 1, 1829; Nathan Nolton, sworn in January 5, 1830.
Elected at annual town meetings: 1830, Elihu P. Powers; 1831, Isaae Saunders ; 1832, Sanford Hewitt; 1833, Nathan Nolton; 1834, Alonzo II. Eldred; 1835, Benjamin B. Randall; 1836, Sanford Hewitt; 1837, Nathan Nolton ; 1838, Alonzo II. Eldred; 1839, Nathan G, Green; 1810, Orlando D. Thurber; 1841, Nathan Nolton ; 1842, Daniel M. Brimmer; 1843, Simeon Worden; 1844, Tarrant D. Cutler; 1845, Nathan Nolton, Ziba H. Seriven; 1846, Elihu P. Powers; 1847, Simeon Worden; 1818, Elijah S. Randall; 18-19, Hezekiah Coon, Simeon Worden; 1850, James Il. Eldred; 1851, Dar- win D. Maxon; 1852, Giles S. Odell; 1853, Hezekiah Coon; 1854, Elihu P. Powers; 1855, Silas C. Eldred; 1856, Justus Nolton; 1857, Giles S. Odell; 1858, Daniel M. Brimmer; 1859, Silas C. Eldred; 1860, Samuel J. Phillips; 1861, Giles S. Odell, Robert Reymonds; 1862, Andrew G. Coomer; 1863, James II. Eldred; 1864, Jared A. Wells; 1865, James F. Greenman ; 1866, Henry Lee Maxon ; 1867, James HI. Eldred; 1868, John II. Bonesteel; 1869, Edwin R. Clark, George E. Powell : 1870, George E. Powell; 1871, citizens are unable to give the name; 1872, 1. Richmond Webster; 1873, Ed- win K. Clark, Silas E. Reymonds; 1871. George E. Powell, W. B. Odell: 1875, llenry G. Brimmer; 1876, David Allen, D. Richmond Webster; 1877, Orlando D. Thurber, Silas E. Reymonds; 1878, George E. Powell; 1879, Eugene Brinimer, Will- iam H. Randall; 1880, Ebenezer Stevens; 1881, A. F. Babcock; 1882, W. Il Kan- dall; 1883, Eugene Brimmer; 1884, George E. Powell; 1885, Reuben Wate, 1550 Myron E. Clark; 1887, Eugene Brimmer; 1888, George E. Powell; 1889, Henry Goodermote; 1890, Jeremiah Allen; 1891, F. B. Green; 18:2, George E. Powell; 1893, Frank G. Green; 1894, William II. Crandall; 1895, Henry Goodermote; 1896, George E. Powell.
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CHAPTER XXVII.
TOWN OF SAND LAKE.
The town of Sand Lake was formed from Greenbush and Berlin June 19, 1812. In 1843 a part of Greenbush was taken off, and in 1848 the northern half was set off as a separate town under the name of Poestenkill. Sand Lake is south of the centre of Rensselaer county. It is bounded on the north by Poestenkill, on the east by Berlin, on the south by Nassau and Schodack and on the west by East Greenbush and North Greenbush.
While the surface of the town is undulating in the west, it is quite mountainous in the east, a part of the Petersburgh range extending through that section of the town. Oak hill, near the centre of the town, and Perigo hill, in the northeast corner, rise to a height of about 900 feet above the level of the sea. The soil is very fertile in many parts of Sand Lake, especially in the comparatively low land in the eastern portion. Agriculture and grazing have always been carried on with success. In recent years numerous garden farms have been es- tablished, the markets of Troy being supplied largely by these in the proper season. Sand Lake strawberries and other berries and small fruits are among the finest produced in Eastern New York. One of the principal characteristics of the town is its numerous small lakes, in which fish of nearly all kinds inhabiting still fresh water abound, and the number of summer guests in all parts of the town is constantly in- creasing. Sand lake is near the centre of the town, and is the largest body of water lying entirely within the limits of the town. Burden lake and Crooked lake are in the southern part, the former lying partly in the town of Nassau. Glass lake is between Sand lake and Crooked lake. Big Bowman and Little Bowman ponds are close to- gether in the eastern part, and Richard pond is in the northwestern part near Averill Park. The Wynants kill and the Tsatsawassa are the principal streams. The former rises in Crooked lake and flows through Glass lake and Burden lake into the Hudson river at North Green- bush. It also drains Richard pond. The latter drains the eastern
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part of the town and flows southerly into Nassau. The Wynants kill furnishes one of the finest water powers in eastern New York.
The first permanent settlements in Sand Lake were made in its western part, probably in 1765 or 1766. The earliest inhabitants located in the western part of the town. They were sturdy Dutch farmers who had come from Holland a few years after the settlement of Albany, or who had first located further down the valley of the Hudson. In 1767 there were but two families, as far as is known, residing within the limits of the town. One of these was a family named Adams, re- siding near the river in the southern part of the town. The other was a family named Brett (or Bradt), who had a home a short distance from that of the Adams family. Which of these was the first to locate within the limits of the town cannot be learned.
A few years after these settlements were made the family of Abram Bristol lived on the west side of Burden lake; and on the opposite side resided the family of Ephraim Quimby. About the same time or a year or two later, certainly before the War of the Revolution, a home was established in the southwestern part of the town, near the farm of Mr. Brett, by Andrew Weatherwax ( Andreas Wederwax). Not far from him Philip Carpenter was located. Philip Gardner located abont a mile west of the site of Sand Lake village during or immediately after the Revolution. Soon after Abram Frere settled at West Sand Lake, probably in 1790. Near him, and not much later, Jacob Fellows, Nich- olas Fellows and Zachariah Fellows built homes and began the culti- vation of the land on an extensive seale. The first hotel in that section was kept by Nicholas Fellows. Andreas Baert settled in the closing days of the eighteenth century in the southwestern part of the town, and among his neighbors were John Carmichael, who served in the War of the Revolution; John I. Miller and Stephen Miller.
In 1768 William Carpenter and Joshua Lockwood built a grist mill at West Sand Lake, the first in the town. Other early settlers near him were Michael Reichard, Hendrick Younghaus, who had two sons, llenry and Wynant; B. Brumagen and Job Gilbert. Thomas and Cal- vin Thompson made an early settlement at Sand Lake village, the former building a saw mill and forge on the creek there. Solomon Taylor, who came from Schodack about 1791, operated a saw mill in town. In the northern part of the town, among the first residents were Andrew Smith, Martinus Smith, Isaac Root, Henry Stupplebeen, John Stupplebeen, Godfrey Wood and Samuel Hammond. The Rex-
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ford family located at an early day in the southwestern corner of the town. Among their earliest neighbors were the Wilkinson family, Donald and his brother. Gilbert Westfall, John Bowman and John Miller were carly inhabitants of the western section.
One of the first physicians in Sand Lake -- the earliest of whom there appears to be any positive record-was Dr. Uriah M. Gregory, who lo. cated near Sand Lake village with his brothers, Stephen, Daniel M., Justus and Eben Gregory. Justus Gregory was a Methodist minister, Daniel M. Gregory was a glass manufacturer and store- keeper, and Eben Gregory was a shoemaker and tanner. A man named Stone was also a shoemaker and tanner, and located near by about the same time. Several other early inhabitants were engaged in glass making at a very early period. The Averill family, of which James K. Averill of Averill Park is a descendant, were also among the early settlers in the western portion of Sand Lake. About 1790 William Butz, who had served in the War of the Revolution, located with his family at Sand Lake. John Upham, also a Revolutionary soldier, located near Crooked Lake and raised a large family.
Among the other pioneers of Sand Lake, some of the prominent men were: Frederick Shaver, Lawrence Wederwax, Barnhardt Uline, Michael Sipperly, Joseph Il Sipperly, John T. Snook, Thomas John- son, William Goslin, Wynant Van Alstyne, Daniel Thompson, Solomon Taylor, Lewis Bullock, Timothy Bowerman, Lewis Finch, Nicholas Reichard, Eleazer Peck, Wright Thorn, John Souter, Henry Mould, John Crook, John Clapper, Henry Coons, John Warner, Major Thomas Frothingham, who was an officer in the Continental army during the War of the Revolution; N. Smith, Reubeu Underwood, David Arnokl, and families bearing the names of Fethers, Ford, Davis, Cook, Em- mons, Culver, Farrell, Pratt, Lewis, Wells, Huntley, Wickham, Fuller, Strope, Hegeman, Sheppard, Higgenbottom, De Freest, Rykert, Woodworth, Hayes, Townsend, Richmond, Cornwell, Carmichael, Stone, Russell, Frear (probably Frere), Guyot, Kelly, Kerner, Jacobs, Simmons, Comb, Calkins, Kilmer and others.
Probably the first tavern in town was kept by Nicholas Fellows at or very near the present site of Averill Park (West Sand Lake), though another was established very soon after by Barnhardt Uline near the same point. In the southwestern part of the town another was kept by one of the Rexford brothers. At Sand Lake village a tavern was built at an early day, but who its proprietor was is not known. The
TOWN OF SAND LAKE. 513
second was owned by Thomas Thompson. The latter for many years was one of the most popular public resorts in the town, and all stages stopped there. Later proprietors of this famous inn have been John Whittaker, Levi Parker, Franklin Averill and James II. Gabler. About 1820 a hotel was built at Sliter's Corners by Clement Sliter, after whom the hamlet was named. About the same time John Bowers had a hotel at Glass House. About 1840 John Miller built a hotel at South Sand Lake. Lewis Bullock had one on the old " Bullock place" as early as 1800, possibly before that year. Other early tavern-keepers in the town were Theodorus Gregory, Pliny Miller and Jacob Ilege- man.
The first store at Sand Lake was started about 1795 by Solomon Taylor. Later on Thomas Thompson and Calvin Thompson became successful merchants, and still later Stephen Gregory. At Glass House the first merchant was Daniel M. Gregory. Abont 1830 Frank- lin Averill conducted a store at Sliter's Corners, and about the same time William Stevens established one at South Sand Lake, which in its early days was known as Stevens Corners. Soon after Nicholas Lester entered into business there. At West Sand Lake Barnhardt Uline kept a small store in connection with his tavern. Before 1830 William L. Stewart, then William HI. Snyder, had stores in the same locality.
Dr. Uriah M. Gregory doubtless was the first physician to begin practice in the town. His son, Dr. Charles H. Gregory, was also a practitioner. As early as 1820 Dr. Asaph Clark was in practice. At Sliter's Corners Dr. Albert Ball and Dr. Joseph HI. Elmore were early physicians. Dr. Benjamin Judson opened an office at West Sand Lake about 1825. Dr. Philander 11. Thomas, Dr. Platt Burton and Dr. (. E. Lansing were also early practitioners there. Among other physi- cians who were in practice during the first half of the century were Dr. Lorenzo D. Streeter, Dr. Thomas Browning, Dr. Diller, Dr. Nich- olas B. Harris and Dr. Alexander H. Hull. One of the earliest law- yers in town was Cornelius Snyder.
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