USA > New York > New York City > Leslie's history of the greater New York, Volume I > Part 4
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An interesting episode in the city's early history was a sort of formal embassy from Manhattan Island, or Fort Amsterdam, to Plym- outh Colony. The sturdy Pilgrims could not forget that they were Englishmen; so, in spite of their feelings of gratitude to the Dutch for having sheltered them so long from their sovereign's wrath, at Leyden and elsewhere, they could not refrain themselves from call- ing in question the title of the West India Company to regions that were considered to be a part of Virginia, and therefore claimed to be England's property. One or two communications by letter between Governor Bradford and Director Minuit proving unsatisfactory, at Bradford's request a responsible member of the government was dispatched to Plymouth for a personal conference. The person se- lected was Secretary de Rasières. He had arrived in July, 1626, in the ship The Arms of Amsterdam, which in September returned to Holland with the news of the purchase of Manhattan. In the spring of 1627 he set out on this important mission, attended by a party of soldiers with a trumpeter, as a guard of honor. He em- barked in the good ship Nassau, which threaded its course safely through treacherous Hell Gate, and smoothly over the broad bosom of the Sound, and landed its passengers and the goods intended for presents and traffic at the head of Buzzard's Bay. A boat was sent
22
HISTORY OF THE GREATER NEW YORK.
from Plymouth as far as it would go up the creek running into the peninsula from Cape Cod Bay, and in it de Rasières took passage. Un- der the gay sound of trumpet and drum the Secretary made his entry into the Pilgrim's stronghold, doubtless met near the famous Rock by Captain Myles Standish and his company, drawn up in approved mili- tary style. Thus mutual explanations were made in a friendly spirit, and an entente cordiale established between the great powers occupy- ing isolated portions of the American wilderness. Those were the days when the Dutch could still teach the Yankees a trick or two; and one result of de Rasières's visit was the adoption by the Pilgrim Fathers of wampm, or beads, as currency, in negotiating with the Indians, a medium long before in use between the Dutch and their savage neighbors.
Whatever were the relations with other colonies, whatever was doing in other portions of New Netherland, the supreme interest for us centers upon that tongue of land, that lower extremity of Man- hattan Island, where we recognize in embryo the beginnings of the second city in the world. And we are fortunate in being able to bring much of the life and situation of those primitive days before our minds, npon the most authentic information.
Among these beginnings it is not improper to notice that of church organization. This was only two years behind the establish- ment of colonial government. Religious services, however, were provided for at the very commencement. In the Director's company arrived two lay readers, or Visitors of the Sick (Krankenbesockers), Sebastian Jansen Crol, and Jan Huyck or Huyghen, the brother-in- law of Peter Minuit. These conducted services in the upper loft of the horse-mill already mentioned, leading the singing, reading the creed and commandments, and occasionally a sermon from some printed volume. But in 1628 arrived the Rev. Jonas Michiels (latin- ized into Michaelins). He was a graduate of Leyden University, or- dained to the ministry in 1600, and for several years was pastor of the churches of Nieuwbokswoude and Hem, in the Classis of Enk- huizen, North Holland. He had had considerable experience of colo- nial life before coming to Manhattan. In 1624 he was sent out to the recently conquered city of San Salvador in Brazil. In 1625 we find him on the coast of Africa, in Guinea, the chaplain of the fort erected by the West India Company there. In 1627 he was back in Holland. But it was high time a minister should be sent out to Fort Amster- dam, for it was the practice both of the East India and West India Companies to provide each of their colonies with a clergyman and schoolmaster. So the West India directors now requested the Rev. Mr. Michiels to serve in that capacity in their settlement on the Hnd- son. Hle sailed from Amsterdam on January 24, 1628, and arrived on April 7th. His wife and three children accompanied him, two of them little girls of a very tender age, and so hard were their experiences
23
HISTORY OF THE GREATER NEW YORK.
on board ship that Mrs. (or Juffrouw) Michiels died seven weeks after arrival. The domine met with the kindest reception from the rather rough settlers. He at once organized a church. Crol having gone to Fort Orange, Director Minuit, who had been a deacon in the Dutch church of Wesel, and his brother-in-law Huyghen, who had been an elder of the Walloon church there, were duly elected elders of the Church of Fort Amsterdam, or Manhattan. This being done the Lord's Supper was celebrated, and several were received into the church by certificates of membership from churches in the mother country. A few who had forgotten or lost these papers were re- ceived on the testimony of others that they were members, the some- what unsettled condition of things making impossible the strict ob- servance of all the usual formalities. Thus fifty communicants par- took of the Sacrament, and constituted the first regularly organized church society on Manhattan Island or in Greater New York. It has developed since into the well-known corporation, the Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of New York City, still flourish- ing and prominent in the ecclesiastical circles of the metropolis. This first church in the new world was included and enrolled among the churches of the Classis of Amsterdam. It is worthy of note that the Collegiate Reformed Church was more democratic in its beginnings than it became since and is at present; for while now the Consistory, or Board of Officers, is a self-electing body, allowing no vote to the congregation, these elders were chosen by the people. That this was a settled policy and not a compulsory expedient at the beginning, admits of easy proof, for Pastor Michiels was " intending the coming year, if the Lord permit, to let one of them [the officers] retire, and to choose another in his place, from a double number first lawfully proposed to the congregation." The preaching was of course in Dutch, yet sometimes to please the Walloons he would give them a sermon in French. There was hardly one among them that did not sufficiently understand the Dutch language; but in the wor- ship of the heart the mother tongue has ever a sweeter and a dearer sound.
If we could have placed ourselves at that early period upon some neighboring height we would have seen before us the little fort, only partially finished. Near it on the east rose the modest but substan- tial Company's Winckel, or storehouse. Still further east (perhaps somewhere on Mill Street, now South William) stood the mill that was also a church. Ere long the horse-mill for grinding corn was sup- plemented by a windmill for sawing wood, and it may have stood on the rise of ground which runs up Broadway from Bowling Green. The little cabins or houses of the settlers were scattered in irregular groups among these larger structures; and even thus early the record of New York's conflagrations had begun. One winter's night, when the fierce cold had tempted a householder to pile on the logs and urge
24
HISTORY OF THE GREATER NEW YORK.
them to too fell a blaze, the puny tinderbox of boards and bark had taken fire, and sent the flames through a whole group of like dwell- ings. All the settlers, however, did not live under the shadow of the fort. Some of the Walloons came in on Sundays from quite a dis- tance, perhaps from Staten Is- land and the Wallabout, perhaps even as early as this from Har- lem plains or from beyond the Harlem River.
It cannot be said that living was luxurious at Fort Amster- dam. The widowed domine could WEST INDIA COMPANY'S STOREHOUSE. obtain uo maid servants to attend his two little daughters, and his boy-servant was of so little use to him that he lent him to the farmers, who were short of hands. Butter and milk could be obtained only at a high figure, for they were scarcely sufficient to supply the needs of the farmers' families them- selves. Thus most of the food wherewith the denizens of Manhattan had to content themselves was hard and stale, doled out often like rations on shipboard and in insufficient quantity, so that hunger could not have been an unusual experience. Beans, gray, hard peas, barley, dried codfish-behold the bill of fare for the precursors of the patrons of Delmonico and Sherry and Taylor.
The land seemed to be all that could be desired. It yielded abun- dant harvests from year to year; but the soil needed much tilling and clearing and manuring. The climate was marked then as now by sudden changes of temperature, the sun being very hot as compared with Holland, and the winters far more severe and quite as long. At that season everybody clad himself in rough skins, and wood was plentiful enough to prevent suffering. But the farmers were handi- capped by the lack of horses and cattle. Laborers, too, were few, and often labor was difficult because of insufficient or unwholesome food. These difficulties continued longer than they might perhaps, because the council were men of little experience in public affairs, and had no intelligent view of the situation and of its remedies. There seems to have been also a lack of definite regulations on the part of the West India Company as to what was to be done in the emergencies likely to arise in so wild a region.
By the side of agriculture, industry and manufacture, more of a piece with our city's doings in these later days, seem also to have made a fair beginning. Wood was cut in such abundance that there were not ships enough to carry it away, and a windmill was erected to cut it into timber. Brick yards were established, but the brick baked was of a poor quality. Oyster shells were burned for lime, and kilns for the purpose sent up their smoky volumes. The manufacture
25
HISTORY OF THE GREATER NEW YORK.
of potash was attempted, but it did not work well. Stone was quar- ried for the fort. And the briny water of the surrounding bays and rivers was exposed in pans to the excessive heat of the sun, for the making of salt.
A curious picture is afforded of the intercourse of the settlers with the natives. They are not spoken of in complimentary terms by Domine Michiels, although the point of view of the theologian may have made their conspicuous deficiencies so tempting a confirmation of the Calvinistic dogma of total depravity that he was led to insist on evidences of it a little beyond the facts. The interchange of ideas between the races must have been rather defective, for the Indians did not seem anxious to have the newcomers learn their language. They would half utter their words, or break their sentences in two, and call a dozen things by the same name. Thus often a Dutchman would imagine he had learned the language pretty well, when to his surprise he would be as much at a loss to comprehend his savage neighbor as before he began. So, in the end, the settlers were content to communicate with the Indians only on the subject of trade, where signs with the fingers did more than words. Perhaps the Indians were not so stupid after all, and had their own purpose in making it impossible for the strangers to understand what they were saying to each other.
Peter Minuit does not cut a very prominent figure in the annals of these early days. Yet he seems to have been a man of efficiency, and diligent in the performance of his duties. One or two enter- prises that he was directly connected with deserve notice, but these unfortunately led to his recall. The abundance of the timber was of course conspicuous. In 1630 it occurred to two of the Walloon colo- nists that it would be a good thing to give the home country ocular proof of it, and also of the great size of the pieces that could be cut, by construct- ing a vessel phenomenally large for those days. Minuit approved of the scheme, and pledged the funds of the Company in aid of it. So in that year there was built on the shores of Man- hattan one of the largest ships the world had then ever heard of. It was of twelve hundred tons burden, and was named the New Netherland. But it was a sort of white elephant; AN OLD DUTCH HOUSE. indeed it proved to be as to its com- parative size, and its uselessness and ill fortune, the forerunner of the Great Eastern; and as the Company did not enjoy such em- ployment of their funds, it counted as a charge against the Director- General.
26
HISTORY OF THE GREATER NEW YORK.
Another complaint against him, quite as unjust, grew out of the creation of the Patroonships, so well known to history. In 1629 it was felt that something must be done to stimulate the colonizing of New Netherland. Hence large tracts of land were promised to any person, or company, who would send out fifty or more colonists. These tracts, comited by the square miles instead of acres, were to be the property of such person, or company, who was called the Patroon of the settlement-in short, a sort of feudal lord. In the vicinity of New York this offer bore fruit in the establishment of the Patroonship of Pavonia. This embraced at first only the territory now covered by Hoboken and Jersey City; but soon the Patroon added Staten Island to the other tract, and thus invaded the territory of Greater New York. Manhattan Island was expressly excluded from the offers of the Company. But parts of Westchester County, now in New York, were afterward thus held.
Now it seems that while the scheme of the Patroonships was awaiting the approval of the Dutch Government, several of the directors of the West India Company took advantage of their being " on the ground floor," to walk into the privileges promised before outsiders had a chance. They had selected through agents the choicest spots, and were ready with their claims the moment the government approved the measure. This shrewdness on the part of a few disgusted the directors of the Company who had not been quite so alert, and their annoyance vented itself upon the Director-Gen- eral. It was supposed he had favored the schemes of the successful Patroons, although he had been helpless in the matter, and had simply obeyed the instructions that had come. The States General. disapproving of the excessive land-grants, and holding Minuit re- sponsible for their enormous extent in every instance, demanded his recall. So in 1633. accompanied by Treasurer Lampe, and also. it is supposed, by Domine Michiels, Peter Minnit embarked in the En- dracht, and returned to Holland.
River
present Streets, by HENRY DUNREATH TYLER
46 Wall St, New York.
Jan. Martin
1650
Arien Pietersen
Pieter Cocks
14 Rede 6ft.
16.43" y Rodis
1645.
Site
RodA
L
"The Forl.
4 Bowling Green.
frontje Jomar 1643.
Jacob Roy Constable.
4 Rows
T
Mindent.
Van narden Je Huyler } 1644
Rois in
Jan Haar
Schwillascm
Dan""pajardas
. Robert Ballene
mos .
Juran Planck
Gallis Tutarsen.
Bridge St. )
West Indin Company's 5 Stone Store houses. Brewery &c.
Harman. Mendutsen.
I'm Morris.
The Oblique Road or palbsur le the
1
síL
Corn', 'Turesen 1647;
1645
l'an . fuarlen
Stodure Exchange
Claes Tan Elsand
16.6.
HAogulan Hiermans
Thomas.Hall 1692 1.Ands
IR.
( tof Stevensen
2 Evert
Vandintrigt
16.4.3.
Lucas Dircksen.
'Trumpeter
...
Michel Ticket Sua Cry
Commo
The
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IhdRulden haus
Roud to the
The Shore of the Fast Ti
The East Virer
of the
ORIGINAL GRANTS
of village lots
from the
Vendreksen .Kip
l'an Cortland.
16.09
Tiefer Cornelisen.
"Reter Cornelisen
Ibm JJacobsen
Van Steenu uck .
Gysbert Opdock.
Jan Correli sen
( now NEW-YORK.)
lying below the present line of Wall Street.
Grants commencing .A. D. 164 2.
NEW-AMSTERDAM
DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY to the inhabitants of
3.8.
Pas Jansen Sebopmaes
L.Yow
Isaac De Forrest.
The Marketfield . (Now Wbileball St.
RoelofJansen
Hart
Jan Surduy
Road
S'Ked
&N ipay 6
Hans Haným HAK,
Tablet Holland Society
N'I Compum
Jan Snodiger 1645.
The Common HHighwar(Now Stone St
Albert Pietersen
The Strand. (Now Pearl St.)
Localed from historical & legal records.
New York 1897.
From a Colored Map locating the
The .Vorlb
Martin Cruque
J'an . Alkinner
2. In Ewigen Bond
7 '%Rods,
1'2Rods
( Now Greenwich St.
6 Rods 3/2ft
Dom: S Drissins. 1654.
12 Rads 2ft.
9'Rods 3ft.
1657
1649
1643.
Schoolmaster.
Jan Stevenson.
12 Rods 8ft.
Old Church yard.
10 Rods 9/2.
Great High way (Now "Broadway
5'Rods
8'Rods Gft.
9 Rods Sfret.
Niarts Oft.
SRødsoft
22.957.
6. Douwman
. Rods Sfb.
Govori Loockermans.
Isaac . Allerton and
18 Rods 2 feet.
Tunis .Nysens.
18 Rods 2 feet.
18 fods 2feet
1643.
18Rods 2 feet
1643.
Com! Volkertsen.
18 Rods 2 fcet.
464,3.
Philip 'Geraerdy.
.Andries Hadde.
Thomas Sanderson'
18 Rods 2ft
17 Rods
Boye Jansen
Hendrick Jansen Smith.
14 Rods 4 Feel
W" Breden bent. 14 Rods ufent.
Paulus Vanderbeeck .
1646.
Il Rotts 8 fert.
Dencon's House
Cor
the Poor House
Thomas Windell.
جواهر Trench. !
1012 Rods.
FRods
-E
1012 Rode.
To Rods.
& Albert Ticterson.
Jacob Steendam
La. Montagnic
4 29 Rods.
24 Rods
Corn Y'an Tien boven.
24 Rods.
24 Heds
¡ Kods y! ! ft
et Deuwman
ZRods J'R 70 Ditch.
10 Reds
Ib" Rucken
Breds SI
1646.
io'n 4ft 2m.
1643. 19 Rods S feet Evert Duyrbing
12 Rods 7 feet Hin.
Keying.
Kiersted .
R. 44 2in to the
Wessel Evertsen 1646.
7 Rods 5 feet
9 Reds Sport 4in
Ferry(now Stone St )
12 Rods 4feet.
20Rods.
Augustyn Acermans.
Clock 1655, >
11 Root Wool.
GROS.
NOW Hanover Square)
Jacob Hendricks Varravanger
16 Rods 4 feet.
Vicasius De Sitte.
Carel l'an Brugh
Dome Samuel Drissius
7 Boas tifeet 12 Rods " Rods 4 feet ..- & Rods. Jan . Honfort. 1646. 10 Rods oft.
Swamp
Bryan Newton .
2 Reds Efcet
10Raly 1ft. 6in.
Hiøds +
Mare's house.
1645. fieler, Andricsen. 8 Rods 5feet.
Jacob Wolferlsen
. 1645. Van Couwenboven. 9Rods Jfl. Sin.
Borger Jorisen.
1643.
Hendrick Jansen,
11Rods.
Thomas Willet . 1645
any 119 49
Richard Smith. 1645.
4 Rods
14 Reds 5 feet
ast River. (Non Peurt St.)
1
& Rods
Thomas Brown .644.
R. 7ft
Paulus Leendersen Vandicgrist.
261 feet.
Hendrick Van Dyck.
20 Rods to M'River.
1649.
14Rods
Nich : W" Stuyvesant?
ert West India CompanysI.tharde 20 Rods.
Balthazar Stuyvesant,
1649
20 Rods
Garden.
West India Company's
7 %Ris
.
2 % Rods
9the Reds
4 Rods sfl. 4 Rode & fi
The
Coenraet Ien Kyck.
Thodosjast .
I Rods ift.
7.Rods A fect. ,
58 feet.
14 Rods. ..
'lousiant Briel .A.
C. Y'an Ruyven .
nsen
E Evert. 8'Kods 7feet
uRods inft
3_
and Fort Marketfi
Win Cornelisen 1647. 8 Ruud Ifect
.vier
Mods 2R.3
In Reds.
Road . (Now Beaver St.)
IT Mods 2foot.
salder. Adrian Vincent
124.11.4in
15 Rods 5 feet
Jan Jansen Damens Farm. ( Now Wall St.).
Leendert Aerden
18 Rodf.
17 Rods
1643.
1643.
Cosin Gerritsen (1646)
Rutgers.ArentsYan Seyl.
Marsh
ft | 6 Rods 3ft.
The Old Dutch
The Sheep's Pasture(Now 'Broad St.)
Pieter Monfort. 1646 :~
th Ross y feel.
tiver
CHAPTER II.
UNDER THE DUTCH FLAG.
HE first of that dynasty of Dutch colonial potentates im- mortalized by the pages of Diedrich Knickerbocker, was not the man whom we have just seen departing from these shores, but Walter Van Twiller. Doubtless for the arrival of that astonishing vessel the Goede Vrouw, and for the settle- ment in the mud of Communipaw, and for the exploring voyages of Oloff Van Kortlandt, the Dreamer,-the learned Knickerbocker had
access to documents which have unfortunately escaped us. But as the only historian of repute who wrote and published before Knick- erbocker, begins the story of Dutch colonial rule with Van Twiller, and has only some slight suspicions of Minuit, we may make a shrewd guess as to the sonrces whence old Diedrich drew his stores of information when it came to real history. It would be well, there- fore, while we continne to laugh over his diverting pages, to be some- what cautious abont receiving their testimony regarding facts and conditions therein described. Already in the preceding chap- ter we have given a glimpse of the Dutch which hardly tallies with Knickerbocker's account THE CITY 1642 of them. By him-Lowell re- marks, with a dash of indigna- tion in his words-by him. FERRY " the ships of the greatest navi- gators in the world were rep- resented as sailing equally T OVOy well stern-foremost." It was a A. The City To- A Yerz. B. The Fort. C. The Wharfs D. Burial Place. E. The Strand. or Shore. pity that in the service of humor Irving should have al- lowed himself these unrelieved misrepresentations; for they fell too cordially into line with EARLIEST MAP OF NEW YORK. the scorn which the republican Dutch had long suffered at the hands of those who hated their princi- ples. "For more than a century "-to cite Lowell again-" the Dutch were the laughing-stock of polite Europe. Meanwhile, dur-
28
HISTORY OF THE GREATER NEW YORK.
ing that very century of scorn, they were the best artists, sailors, merchants, bankers, printers, scholars, jurisconsults, and statesmen in Europe." It was this habit of scornful contemplation of the Dutch which made Irving's jeu d'esprit so inopportune, and caused a rollicking piece of humor to become a most harmful and almost irreparable defamation of the Dutch. The world of letters was too ready to accept caricatures as facts with regard to them.
Walter Van Twiller, the second Director-General of New Nether- land, arrived at his post on Manhattan Island, in the " Salt-Monn- tain " ( Zout Berg), in April, 1633. His council was composed of four members: Captain John Jansen Hesse, Martin Gerritsen, Andrew Hudde, and Jacques Bentyn. John van (or de) Remund, had suc- ceeded to Rasières as secretary, so that this official again, as well as the last named of the council, represented the Walloon element in the government circle. The secretary under Minuit received the munifi- cent salary of $15 per month, and no doubt this was Remund's sti- pend also under the new administration. The Schout or Sheriff, whose main province of authority was to be Manhattan rather than New Netherland, was Conrad Notelman. The presence of a military man, Captain Hesse, in the council, was accounted for by the fact that a company of one hundred and four soldiers came over in the same ship with the Director. This was a rather formidable propor- tion of army to citizens, when we reflect that only a few years before, at a time of temporary panic, when nearly all New Netherland was gathered under the walls of Fort Amsterdam as chickens are gathered under a hen's maternal wings in the hour of peril, the whole number of souls did not exceed two hundred and seventy, or six less than were in the ship with Paul when it went to pieces on the island of Malta. This earliest census of Greater New York, dated 1628, is worth remembering as we count our present millions.
There must have been Dutehmen and Dutchmen in Van Twiller's day, as there are Dutchmen and Dutchmen, or Yankees and Yankees, to-day, or any time. That is, there are always exceptions to the rule. And Van Twiller was of a kind to almost justify Irving's wildest caricatures. He gave evidence of his fitness to figure as clown in any book that wished to make him one, only a few days after his arrival at Manhattan. On April 13, 1633, an English ship, the " William," guided by a Dutchman who used to be in the employ of the West India Company at Albany, or Fort Orange, came up the Bay, and coolly proceeded to go up the river. Of course she was hailed and ordered to stop. Her crew was summoned on shore to give an ac- cont of themselves. The captain claimed that the Hudson's river and all adjoining territories were English property, and the ship had a perfect right to trade there. This was denied. But on being per- mitted to return to their vessel, the captain defied the director's protest, and gayly sailed northward out of sight. Then did the val-
HISTORY OF THE GREATER NEW YORK.
29
M. D.CL. 111
-
WEST- VRIESLANT ENANOORDER QUARTIER
PIETERZ. DE VRIES, ARTELLERY - MEESTER VAN DE
STATE
con detst thus our MAYTU points, before mans, da Amorim abashed & 15 Then first the Grange flax their shores de overtatt senk did star. „ Ver Turk not savage "Hom ded ver has Courage brink Much less ham cerrone Soulnese taw has arm For Good win God's folk raised maist wars alarm
How does he in the lap of Hoorn at length repair From the & flame preserved of arms to have the care
CAPTAIN DAVID PIETERZ DE VRIES.
iant Walter summon citizens and soldiers to the water's edge, and, broaching a cask of the Company's best wine, bade every one drink the health of the Prince of Orange, and the confusion of his enemies, as a mode of asserting the Dutch title to New Netherland. The as- sertion was very cordially indorsed, but it did not stop the progress
30
HISTORY OF THE GREATER NEW YORK.
of the William. A more effective method to secure that end was followed at the instance of a quite different stamp of man, who had arrived at Manhattan almost simultaneously with the director. This was Captain David Pietersen de Vries, one of the Patroons of the Swanendael Estate on the Delaware, a man of great capacity in affairs and decision of character, whose frequent appearances upon the stage in this early history of the colony were invariably creditable to himself and of the greatest benefit to the community. By his ad- vice a force of soldiers was sent after the intruding stranger, and thus their impudent trade with the Indians upon Dutch territory was effectually stopped.
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