USA > New York > New York City > The beginnings of Lutheranism in New York, written for the United Lutheran Synod of New York in connection with its celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the oldest Lutheran Church in America > Part 6
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11 I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909, 4:55. It had been generally believed that 1623 was the year in which the first permanent colonists sailed for New Netherland. "But more recent investigations prove that the New Nether- land (the ship which brought the colonists) sailed in the spring of 1624." Ibid.
12 Ibid., 4:48, 52-53.
13 Ibid., 4:64, 952. The Dutch names were: [1] ALBANY: Fort Orange (1624), Beverwyck (1652) ; the colony of Rensselaerswyck (1630) completely surrounded Fort Orange; for the relationship see "The Oldest Lutheran Church in America," in The Lutheran Church Quarterly, cited above, pp. 58-59, note 8. [2] MANHATTAN: Fort Amsterdam (1624), New Amsterdam (1653) ; upon the English conquest (1664) New York City. [3] Gloucester, N. J .: Fort Nassau. In the present volume, the familiar names of Manhattan and Albany are uniformly used.
14 Ibid., 65-67. In Dutch currency, it was 60 guilders. A guilder or florin was worth about 40 cents.
15 Isaac Jogues, "Novum Belgium," in Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664, ed. by J. Franklin Jameson, 259, 262.
16 "Petrus Stuyvesant," in Dictionary of American Biography, 18:187-189.
17 Stokes, op. cit., 4:121.
18 Ibid., 1:81; 4:231.
19 Jogues, op. cit., 259.
20 ·Stokes, op. cit., 4:55.
21 The author's Lutheranism in Colonial New York, 3-5, wherein the sources are cited in full.
22 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 19, 23.
23 Jogues, op. cit., 260.
24 Stokes, op. cit., 4:152, 155, 158, 165, 166.
25 Ibid., 4:163-164.
26 Ibid., 4:172.
27 Ibid., 4:181.
28 Ibid., 4:184, 186, 187.
29 Ibid., 4:209.
CHAPTER 2-LUTHERANS IN NEW NETHERLAND
30 Unless other citations are given for Chapter 2, see the author's Lutheranism in Colonial New York, pp. 49, 53-57, as well as his "The Oldest Lutheran Church in Amer- ica" in The Lutheran Church Quarterly, cited above, pp. 58-61, 64-65. The sources are cited in full.
70
THE BEGINNINGS OF LUTHERANISM IN NEW YORK
31 Concerning the question as to whether most of the Lutheran colonists came directly from their native countries, or settled first in Holland and later went to New Netherland, all that the Lutherans themselves have said (in their petitions for freedom of worship) was that they had come "from divers lands of Europe." Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 14-15. Prof. W. J. Kooiman, of the University of Amsterdam, as well as of the Evangelical Lutheran Seminary in that city, in his De Nederlandsche Luthersche Gemeenten in Noord-Amerika, published in 1946, p. 55, note 76, believes that "many Scandinavians had lived long in Amsterdam and had become Netherlanders" prior to going to New Netherland.
32 Albert Andriessen Bratt, a leader of the Albany Lutherans, arrived in 1637. Jochem Beekman, a leader in Manhattan, arrived in 1639 or earlier.
33 Jonas Bronck arrived in 1639, and died in 1643. John O. Evjen, Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630-1674, Minneapolis 1916, 167, 180.
34 PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS: Christian Niessen, Sgt. (Colonial Documents, New York, 13:86) ; Andries Rees (Stokes, op. cit., 2:332) ; George Hanel (Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in Albany, 1:196) ; Andries Lauren (Evjen, op. cit., 116). TUR- NERS: Davidt Wessels (Year Book, Holland Society of New York, 1900, p. 126) ; Laurens Andriesen [Van Buskirk] (Records of New Amsterdam, 2:144). FARMERS: Pieter Jansen Winckelhoeck (Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in Albany, 1:383) ; Harmen Eduardsen (Colonial Documents, New York, 13:233). TAVERN-KEEPERS: Hans Dreper (Records of New Amsterdam, 2:197) ; Lucas Dircksen, who had a tavern "of questionable character" (Stokes, op. cit., 2:219). BAKER: Hendrick Willemsen (Stokes, op. cit., 2:257). ACCOUNTANT: Matthys Capito (Ibid., 6:335). REAL ESTATE DEALER: Harmen Smeeman (Evjen, op. cit., 278-280, cites his large holdings). SKIPPER: Claes Jansen de Wit (Correspondence of Jeremias vanRensselaer, ed. by A. J. F. vanLaer, p. 235). MASTER CARPENTER: Christian Barentsen (Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in Albany, 1:384). He lived in the house which later was to be- come the first building of the Lutheran Church. COOPER : Meyndert Barentsen (Records of New Amsterdam, 3:142). COBBLER: Jochem Beekman (Ibid., 1:162). BREWER'S MAN: Jacob Eldertsen (Ibid., 2:318). LABORER: Luycas Eldertsen (Ibid., 7:146).
35 Details in Stokes, op. cit., vol. 2, the "Castello Plan." Two lived outside the city : Pieter Jansen Winckelhoeck had his farm on Long Island; Harmen Eduardsen in what is now Jersey City. (See previous note, under "Farmers.")
36 TRADERS AND REAL ESTATE DEALERS: Jan Hendricks de Bruyn (Joel Munsell, Collections on the History of Albany, 4:105) ; Omy LaGrange (Ibid., 2:115) ; Jan Thomassen Wittbeck (Ibid., 4:184w) ; Tjerck Claessen de Witt (New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, 17:251-252) ; Volckert Jansen Douw, who was also a brewer (Munsell, op. cit., 4:117-118; Early Records of the City and County of Al- bany, 2:15) ; Albert Andriessen Bratt, who was also a tobacco planter (Stokes, op. cit., 2:333). BAKERS: Willem Juriaensen (VanRensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, p. 820) ; Evert Luykassen (Minutes, Court of Albany, Rensselaerstyck and Schenectady, 1668-1685, 1:120) ; Jan Harmensen [Backer] (Ibid., 2:48; Early Records of the City and County of Albany, 2:193) ; Jochem Wesselsen (Munsell, op. cit., 4:184u) ; Jan Franz vanHosen (Minutes, Court of Fort Orange and Beverwyck, 1652-1660, 1:78). BLACKSMITHS: The Fredericksen brothers, Carsten and Meyndert (Evjen, op. cit., 409-410). TOBACCO PLANTER: Arent Andriessen (VanRensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, p. 810).
37 Locations of their property are given on "Diagrams of Lots in Beverwyck" (present Albany), in Munsell, op. cit., 4:185-224. 38 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 17.
71
NOTES
39 Stokes, op. cit., 2:326; 4:114, 153.
40 Under Section 4 of the Ordinance of February 2, 1657, in Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1674, p. 302.
41 His name does not appear in the "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church of New York, Church Members' List," in New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, 9:38ff, 72ff.
42 Stokes, op. cit., 2:257, 383.
43 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 81.
44 Stokes, op. cit., 2:238; Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in Albany, 1:120; Colonial Documents, New York, 2:105.
45 Stokes, op. cit., 2:381-382.
46 Register of New Netherland, 100; Colonial Documents, New York, 13:232-233; Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in Albany, 1:248.
47 Documentary History, New York, 3:243 (4to ed.), 401 (8vo ed.).
48 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 95. He died in 1702. New York Genealog- ical and Biographical Record, 56:256.
49 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 17. He signed his name there simply as Volchart Jansz.
50 VanRensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, 825-826; Minutes, Court of Albany, Rens- selaerswyck and Schenectady, 3:412; Early Records of the City and County of Albany, 2:15; "Albany County Records," in Joel Munsell, op. cit., 4:117-118.
51 VanRensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, 826; Colonial Documents, New York, 13:108- 110; Minutes, Court of Fort Orange and Beverwyck, 1:15, 126, 216-217, 269.
52 The story is told below, chapter 5.
53 Year Book, Holland Society of New York, 1897, p. 121; Register of New Nether- land, 72.
54 Minutes of the Court of Albany, Rensselaerswyck and Schenectady, 1:19.
55 VanRensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, 809-810; Evjen, op. cit., 22-24; Stokes, op. cit., 2:333, 410.
56 Early Records of the City and County of Albany, 2:73-74.
57 Records of New Amsterdam, 2:158; Colonial Families of America, ed. by Ruth Lawrence, National Americana Society, New York, 11:30.
58 Stokes, op. cit., 2:282.
59 Colonial Documents, New York, 12:360; "Albany County Records," in Munsell, op. cit., 3:209; Year Book, Holland Society of New York, 1900, p. 173.
60 Records of New Amsterdam, 1:296, 379; "Albany County Records," in Munsell, op. cit., 3:188, 4:257. On the rarity of the title, see Mrs. Schuyler VanRennselaer, History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century, 1:210.
CHAPTER 3-COME OVER AND HELP US
61 Ecclesiastical Records, State of New York, 1:429.
62 Ibid., 1:440.
63 Ibid., 1:423, 428-430.
64 William H. Kilpatrick, The Dutch Schools of New Netherland and Colonial New York, Washington 1912, 68; Stokes, op. cit., 4:216.
65 Kilpatrick, op. cit., 72, quoting Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:97-98.
66 Estimated on the basis of the 150 families which they claimed four years later, in
1653. Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 14.
72
THE BEGINNINGS OF LUTHERANISM IN NEW YORK
67 For Manhattan: Stokes, op. cit., 4:115; For Albany : Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:394-395.
68 Cf. Ibid., 1 :449.
69 Stokes, op. cit., 4:89, 92, 186. The years were 1639 and 1658 respectively.
70 This is what they eventually did, purchasing a dwelling in 1670. See Chapter 10 below.
71 Stokes, op. cit., 4:103.
72 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 16. The sum, in Dutch currency, was 800 guilders.
73 Lutheranism in Colonial New York, 4.
74 Referred to in their letter of Oct. 4, 1653. Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 15. The original petition, most unfortunately, appears not to be in existence; exhaustive search has been made for it by Mr. Simon Hart, archivist of the Lutheran Church in Amsterdam, Holland.
75 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 16.
76 Ibid., 15.
77 Ibid., 22; "The Oldest Lutheran Church in America," in The Lutheran Church Quarterly, cited above, pp. 65-66.
CHAPTER 4-BLOCKED
78 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 13. This is the earliest known record pertaining to the Lutheran Church in New Netherland. The original, in Dutch, is re- produced in the frontispiece. Because of its importance, it is transcribed here in full : Absente : Ordinaris Dingsdaechse Consistoriale Vergaderinge van de E[dele]
S[eigneu]r Heeren Predicanten, Gedeputeerde ouderlingen en[de] voorstaenders Pieter deser Gemeente gehouden op den 12 Octob[ris] Anno 1649.
Hunthum.
1. Is geopent ende gelesen, het schrijvens van eenige ledemaeten haer verclaerende toegedaen te wesen, onse religie der onveranderde Aughsburgsche Confessie, in Niew Nederlandt, omme etc., aldaer met een predicant voorsien te mogen werden.
Is verstaen dese saecke, als van verre insicht sijnde, in bedencken te houden, omme naermaels met rijpe deliberatie, dienaengaende resolutie genomen, ende dienvolgende, rescriptie gedaen soo bevonden sal werden te behooren.
79 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 13.
80 Ibid., 13-15.
81 Ibid., 15-17.
82 "The Oldest Lutheran Church in America," in The Lutheran Church Quarterly, cited above, p. 64.
83 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:317-318.
84 Ibid., 1:320-321.
85 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 18.
86 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:322-324.
87 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 18.
88 Ibid., 19.
89 Ibid., 254.
CHAPTER 5-PERSECUTED
90 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 254; Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1 :429, 449.
73
NOTES
91 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 20; Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1 :359. Cf. also Lutheranism in Colonial New York, 67, for the simplicity of the Lutheran service under Dutch Reformed influence.
92 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 254.
93 Laws and Ordinance of New Netherland, 211-212; Records of New Amsterdam, 1 :20-21. The fines, in Dutch currency, were 100 pounds Flemish and 25 pounds Flemish respectively.
94 Minutes, Court of Fort Orange and Beverwyck, 1:251-252; Carl Carmer, The Hudson, N. Y. 1939, 41.
95 Minutes, Court of Fort Orange and Beverwyck, 1:247. The fine was six florins ($2.40).
96 Ibid., 1:251-252. In Dutch currency, 115 guilders.
97 He signed third on the list of magistrates sitting that day. It is possible, of course, that he did not sit at this particular case.
98 "Albany County Records," in Munsell, op. cit., 4:239.
99 Letter of March 18, 1656. This was not found in the archives of the Lutheran Church in Amsterdam. It is referred to in the Minutes of the Consistory, dated June 13, 1656, in Lutheran Church of New York, Records, 20, and in the Consistory's reply, dated June 14, 1656, in Ibid., 254.
100 Lutheran Church in New York, Record, 20.
101 Ibid., 254-255.
102 Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 213 1.
103 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:381.
104 Ibid., 1:359.
105 Ibid.
106 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 20-21.
107 Mentioned in the latter part of the letter.
108 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 255.
109 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:372-373.
110 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 22.
111 Ibid.
112 In the records there are various spellings. He himself wrote it Gutwasser. The Dutch wrote it Goetwater, or sometimes in the hybrid form Goetwasser. oe in the Dutch has the same sound as the u in German.
113 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 22.
114 Ibid., 18.
115 Andreas was married in the Amsterdam Lutheran Church (Trouwregister der Ev. Luth. Gemeente te Amsterdam) ; and his two children were baptized there (Doopregister, Gemeente Archief te Amsterdam).
116 Unless other citations are given, these data concerning Gutwasser have been taken from the manuscript report of Mr. Simon Hart, Archivist of the Lutheran Church in Amsterdam, made for the United Lutheran Synod of New York, 1948.
117 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 30; Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:405.
118 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 46, 256.
119 Ibid., 256.
120 There were four pastors serving the Amsterdam Church at the time: Paulus Cordes (the senior pastor), since 1641; Elias Taddel, since 1643; Remerus Ligarius, since 1644; and Johannes Erasmus Blum (Bloem), since 1655. Report of Mr. Hart, cited in note 116 above, quoting J. Loosjes, Naamlijst van predikanten, hoogleraren en pro- ponenten der Luthersche Kerk in Nederland (M. Nijhoff, Den Haag, 1925).
74
THE BEGINNINGS OF LUTHERANISM IN NEW YORK
121 In the volume titled Het Formulierboeck, vervattende VII Formulieren, die by de Christelyke Gemeentens, toegedaan de onveranderde Augsburgse Confessie in deeze Nederlanden, gebruykt worden (The [Church] Order Book, embracing seven Orders which are used in the Christian Congregations adhering to the Unaltered Augsburg Con- fession in these Netherlands). The earliest existing copy was printed in 1672, and is in the Library of the Evangelical Lutheran Seminary at Amsterdam. A copy printed in 1689 (70 pages), was generously given by the Consistory of the Lutheran Church in Amster- dam on August 29, 1948, to the United Lutheran Church in America, in commemoration of the 300th anniversary in 1949 of the establishment of the Lutheran Church in New Netherland. A photostat copy has been made for the United Lutheran Synod of New York, and is in the custody of the Synod's Committee on Documentary History. The list of the seven Orders is given in Chapter 8.
122 Copy of Pastor Cordes' portrait was presented to the author by Mr. Simon Hart.
CHAPTER 6-FIRST PASTOR ORDAINED
123 "Het Formulier, 't welk gebruykt word by de Aanneming en Inzegening der Predikanten" ("The Order which is used at the Admission and Consecration of Pastors"). It is No. VI in Het Formulierboeck cited in note 121 above, pp. 40-53. The names "Johannes Ernestus Gutwasser" and "New Netherland" have been inserted here, in the same way as they were inserted when the order was used for his ordination. The Order is to be published in full in a forthcoming issue of The Lutheran Quarterly.
124 The passages were: John 20:21-22, Matthew 28:18-20, Acts 20:28, Titus 1:7-9, I Peter 5:2-4, and Ezekiel 33:7-9. The Authorized (King James) Version is used here for all Scripture passages in this Order, in place of a direct translation of the Dutch.
125 Matthew 16:21-17:9.
CHAPTER 7-CRUSHED
126 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 23, 256.
127 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:377, 380, 382.
128 Ibid., 1:393-394; Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 24.
129 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:387-389.
130 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 24.
131 Ibid., 24-26, 30; Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:405-406.
132 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 27-28. His reports make no mention of any visit to Albany. Ibid., 24-45.
133 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:405-408; Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 30.
134 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:407-409; Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 31: Stokes, op. cit., 4:182.
135 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 32; Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:412.
136 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:430, 433; Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 34, 39. The Dutch name for Newtown Creek was Maspeth Kill.
137 The year 1658. The fathers were Hans Dreper, Jochen Beekman, Lucas Dircksen and Casper Steinmetz. "Baptisms 1639-1730 in the Dutch Reformed Church, New York," in Collections of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, Vol. 2.
138 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:423.
139 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 35-36.
75
NOTES
140 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:433; Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 37-38, 43.
141 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1 :433, 444, 449; Calendar of Historical Manu- scripts in Albany, 1:202; Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 37, 39.
142 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 37-40.
143 Ibid., 41.
144 Ibid., 44-45.
145 Ibid., 45-47.
146 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:449-450.
147 "Dutch Reformed Church, New York, Members 1649-1669," MS translation in New York Genealogical and Biographical Society.
148 "Marriages 1639-1801 in the Dutch Reformed Church, New York," in Collections of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, 1:23; Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:449.
149 "Baptisms 1639-1730 in the Dutch Reformed Church, New York," cited above, 2:70; "Dutch Reformed Church, New York, Members 1649-1669," translation in New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, pp. 29, 34.
150 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:423, 425.
151 Ibid., 1 :427, 431, 440, 460-461, 486, 505.
152 Ibid., 1:483, 504, 515.
153 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 47-48.
CHAPTER 8-FREEDOM OF WORSHIP
154 Stokes, op. cit., 1:108-113.
155 Unless other citations are given, see Lutheranism in Colonial New York, 21-22.
156 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 48-50. The date on the petition was December 15, which is "New Style" calendar, used by the Dutch. December 5 is "Old Style" calendar, used by the English down to 1752. When the date is given in both styles it is written : December 5/15, 1664.
157 Original in the archives of St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, New York City. Printed in State Library Bulletin, History No. 2, May 1899 (Albany), "Colonial Records, General Entries, Vol. 1, 1664-1665," p. 136. For clearness, the spelling has been put in modern form in the present volume.
158 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 50.
159 Ibid., 51-63.
160 The pledge was "50 beavers." Ibid., p. 56. A beaver was worth about 8 guilders or florins, or $3.20. Cf. Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:409.
161 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 62.
162 Ibid., 63-64.
163 Ibid., 64-65.
164 Ibid., 64. Het Formulierboeck ... fully described in note 121 above.
165 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 70. The date is "Old Style," correspond- ing to March 1 "New Style." Inasmuch as most of the records in the English period are dated in "Old Style," the dates here used are uniformly old style unless otherwise noted. To make them equivalent to our modern calendar (new style) add ten days to the date given.
166 Ecclesiastical Records, New York, 1:602-603.
167 The original, dated February 20, 1668/[69], is in the archives of St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, New York City. Copy is in Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 65-66.
76
THE BEGINNINGS OF LUTHERANISM IN NEW YORK
168 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 68. The day was Quinquagesima Sunday. 169 Lutheranism in Colonial New York, 67, citing the Constitution for Congregations in New York, adopted in 1735.
CHAPTER 9-FIRST COMMUNION SERVICE
170 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 68.
171 "Het Formulier, 't Welk gebrykt word by de Absolutie na de Boet-Predicatie" ("The Order which is used for the Absolution, following the Sermon of Repentance"). It is No. III in Het Formulierboeck cited in note 121 above, pp. 20-23.
172 The Authorized (King James) Version is used here for all Scripture passages in this Order, in place of a direct translation of the Dutch.
173 "Het Formulier, 't Welk gebruykt word by de bedieninge van des Heeren Avond- maal" ("The Order which is used for the Administration of the Lord's Supper"). This is No. IV in Het Formulierboeck cited in note 121 above, pp. 24-31.
174 The Authorized (King James) Version is used here for all Scripture passages in this Order, in place of the direct translation of the Dutch. In the first passage quoted, the Authorized Version's alternate word judgment has been used in place of damnation, because the former word is closer to the Dutch.
CHAPTER 10-MORE GRIEF AND FINAL JOY
175 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 68.
176 Ibid., 68, 70. It is not known if a record of pastoral acts (baptisms, marriages, etc.) was kept. None is known to exist prior to 1703.
177 Ibid., 70. The original for "overseers" is the German Vorstehern, corresponding to the Dutch Voorstanders, which in other places has been translated as "leaders." Ibid., note 42.
178 Ibid., 71.
179 Ibid.
180 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 73. Prior to the recent recovery of these records, it was generally believed that Fabritius had "first settled at Albany" (Herbert L. Osgood, The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 2:337), and that he "came from Albany to the charge of the Lutheran Church in New York City" (Stokes, op. cit., 2:220).
181 Unless other citations are given, see Lutheranism in Colonial New York, 24-26.
182 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 73-74.
183 Ibid., 78.
184 Ibid., 76.
185 Stokes, op. cit., 2:220.
186 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 79. Location is shown on "Castello Plan, Block A, No. 17," in Stokes, op. cit., 2:224-225.
187 Karl Kretzmann, The Atlantic District of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri ... (Erie, Pa. 1932), p. 6. Dr. Kretzmann was an ardent student of Lutheranism in New York City.
188 In addition to Lutheranism in Colonial New York, 25, note 62, cf. also Early Records of the City and County of Albany, 3:375-376, re a contract signed by Fabritius on November 26, 1670, for the purchase of a house and two lots in Albany.
189 Lutheran Church in New York, Records, 84-85.
190 Ibid., 85.
191 Ibid., 83, 86-87. The arrears in salary, in Dutch currency, was 2,000 guilders.
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