USA > New York > Dutchess County > The history of Dutchess County, New York > Part 3
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The prevailing types of crystalline rock composing the strata of the Fishkill and Taconic mountains are gneisses, granites, granulyte,. quartz-syenite and mica-schist. The varieties under these heads are very numerous, since the constituent minerals are present in so vary- ing proportions.
The ore deposits are in two principal ranges and limestone valleys. First, the Fishkill-Clove belt, stretching northeast from the High- lands of the Hudson across the towns of Fishkill, East Fishkill, Beek- man and Union Vale; second, the north-south valley, traversed by New York and Harlem Railroad. The limonite, or hematite ore, is found in small pockets of irregular shape, and also in large deposits, which are associated with ochreous clays, and in some cases, with a gray carbonate of iron, in beds underlying it. These ore bodies are wholly in the limestone or between the limestone and the adjacent slate or schist formations. Near Fishkill and at Shenandoah, the deposits are at the border of the Cambrian sandstone and at the foot of the Archaean ridges.1
The limestones in the eastern part of the county are a continuation of those found in Westchester county, while those found in the central and western portions of the county are a continuation of the Orange county Cambro-Silurian limestone belts. The former are meta- morphosed limestones and partake of the nature of marble, being highly crystalline, while the latter are not. Although there are out- crops of the limestone at a number of points in the valley followed by the Harlem Railroad, only two large openings have been made. These are at Dover Plains and South Dover.
1. 1898 Report New York State Museum, Vol. IV, 220.
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THE COUNTY OF DUTCHESS.
The limestones in the western part of the county, are usually a hard fine grained bluish-gray rock, containing less magnesia than the whiter phases to the southeast and east. It has been used for lime, but on the whole is so silicious that the resulting lime would be lean. The western belt has been quarried in large quantities at Clinton Point, two miles north of New Hamburgh.
"The great mass of the limestone," says Professor W. B. Dwight,1 "along the Wappinger Creek from Willow Brook to New Hamburgh appears to be calciferous and shows its fossils in many places all along this line. The Trenton rock and fossils are much more limited in their exposures, and yet there are long stretches of this formation usually lying on the eastern side of the limestone ridges. A little Trenton crops out at a quarry, near Salt Point, ten miles northeast of Pough- keepsie. It appears largely at Pleasant Valley, then at Rochdale, and for about one mile south of that place. Fossiliferous Trenton forms the eastern edge of the limestone ridge from this point, for at least three miles south. It also appears in the parallel ridges to the west of Cliffdale, and further south."
Extensive and important clay formations occur in southern Dutchess, along the bank of the Hudson. The clay is chiefly blue, but where the overlying sand is wanting or is of slight thickness, it is weathered to yellow, this weathering sometimes extending to a depth of twelve feet below the surface. At some localities the layers of the clay are very thin, and alternate with equally thin layers of sandy clay.
Several brick manufacturers having yards near Dutchess Junction, obtain their clay from the escarpment of an eighty foot terrace. The clay has a fairly uniform thickness, the upper four to eight feet are yellow, the rest blue. The greatest thickness of clay known, for this locality, is at Aldridge Brothers' yards, where a well was sunk sixty- five feet through the clay, which added to the height of the bank (sixty-five feet) gave a total thickness of one hundred and thirty feet at this point.
The varied character of the soil of this county, adapts it to mixed farming, and all of the branches of agriculture, possible in the climate, have been more or less followed. Stock raising has also received con- siderable attention. In more recent years dairying has increased in many of the interior towns, and has been followed with much success.
1. Transactions Vassar Brothers' Institute 1883-'84, Vol. II, 149.
2 A Matthieu, Publisher.
33
INDIAN DEEDS. LAND PATENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
INDIAN DEEDS. LAND PATENTS.
T HE early divisions of the territory embraced within the limits of Dutchess county, and other lands in this vicinity, pos- sessed many peculiarities, and led to uncommon experiences by the pioneers. While the Dutch authorities sometimes made land grants to colonists regardless of the Indian rights, the English after they came into power adopted a different policy, and first aimed to extinguish the Indian title by treaty. When the Province of New Netherlands was surrendered to the English, September, 1664, the third article of the terms of capitulation stipulated that "All people shall continue free Denizens, and shall enjoy their Lands, Houses, and goods, wheresoever they are within the country, and dispose of them as they please." Many of the old Dutch grants were upheld by con- firmatory English grants, issued previous to 1674, when English possession was forever established by the treaty signed at West- minster. In June of that year the Duke of York, obtained a new grant of the same territory included in that of ten years earlier. The duke through his appointed governor of the province, made many grants in fee, and after his accession to the throne continued their issue under seal of the province through authority given to the gov- ernors, who acted under instructions from the crown. In only two instances were grants of land made under the seal of Great Britain. Purchases made from the Indians were held not to give legal title, the King only being considered the true source of title. Governor Tryon in his report to the Captain General and Governor-in-Chief of the Province of New York, in 1774, says, "Purchases from the Indian natives, as of their aboriginal right, have never been held to be a legal title in this province, the maxim obtaining here, as in England, that the King is the fountain of all real property, and from this source all titles are to be derived."
Colonial grants were broad in their terms, indefinite in their boun-
34
THE COUNTY OF DUTCHESS.
daries, and a common condition was the payment of an annual quit- rent, sometimes in money but more frequently in furs, grain or some other article that merely represented the acknowledgment of indebted- ness.
Following the division of the Province of New York into counties in 1683 all the lands in Dutchess county were taken up in large tracts, less than a dozen in number, by men of influence or capital who under- took "to settle, build up and cultivate the new county" and let them wholly or in part for a term of years, at a nominal rent, or merely for the payment of taxes.
Francis Rombout and Gulian Verplanck took the initial step in securing the immense tract embraced in the Rombout Patent, granted October 17, 1685. This was followed by the patent granted to Robert Sanders and Myndert Harmense October 24, 1686. Schuyler's Patent, in two tracts, one near Red Hook and one south of Poughkeepsie, June 2, 1688. On the same date a patent was granted to Artsen and Co. for a small tract. The Nine Partners' Patent (Great or Lower) May 27, 1697. Rhinebeck and Beekman Patents June 25, 1703. Little or Upper Nine Partners' Patent, April 10, 1706. The Oblong Patent, covering a narrow strip along the east borders of Dutchess, Putnam and Westchester counties, was ceded to the State of New York by Connecticut, May 14, 1731. These patents, with the excep- tion of the Oblong, were granted under Colonial Governors, Dongan, Fletcher and Cornbury.
The Rombout Patent covered a tract of 85,000 acres, which em- braced the present towns of Fishkill, East Fishkill and Wappinger, the westerly part of LaGrange, and nine thousand acres within the southern limits of the town of Poughkeepsie.
A license to purchase the above named tract of the Wappinger Indians, was given to Francis Rombout and Gulian Verplanck by Governor Thomas Dongan, February 8, 1682. The purchase was consummated and the native title extinguished August 8, 1683, and a patent issued therefor October 17, 1685, but prior to the latter date Verplanck died, hence Stephanus Van Courtlandt became asso- ciated with Rombout, and Jacobus Kipp became the representative of Verplanck's children.
In 1708, by authorization of the Supreme Court, a partition was
35
INDIAN DEEDS. LAND PATENTS.
made of the lands embraced in this patent lying between the Fishkill and Wappingers Creek, the lands to the north and south of those streams being still held in common by the patentees or their repre- sentatives or heirs. In this division the southern third fell to the lot of Catherine, wife of Roger Brett, daughter and sole heir of Francis Rombout, and the intermediate third to the children of Gulian Ver- planck.
The patentees were required to pay to the governor for this im- mense tract "six bushels of good and merchantable winter wheat every year." The Indian deed for this purchase is an interesting document, recorded on page 72, volume V, Book of Patents, in the Secretary of State's office, an exact copy of which follows:
"To All CHRISTIAN PEOPLE To Whom This Present Writeing Shall Come, Sackoraghkigh for himselfe, and in the name of Megriesken, Sachem of the Wap- pinger Indians, Queghsijehapaein, Niessjawejahos, Queghout, Asotews, Wappege- reck, Nathindaeniw, Wappappee, Ketaghkainis, Meakhaghoghkan, Mierham, Pea- pightapeieuw, Queghitaeuw, Minesawogh, Katariogh, Kightapiuhogh, Rearowogh, Meggrek, Sejay, Wienangeck Maenemanew, and Ginghstyerem, true and Lawful Owners and Indian proprietors of the land herein menchoned, send Greeting. KNOW YEE-that for and in Consideracon of a Certain Sume or Quantity of Money, Wampum, and diverse other Goods in a Schedull hereunto Annexed Per- ticularly Menconed and Expressed to them the said Indians, in Hand Payed hy Mr. ffrancis Rumbouts and Gulyne Ver Planke, both of the Citty of New York, Merchants, the Receipt whereof they, the said Indians, Doe hereby Acknowledge, and herewith ownes themselves to be fully payed, Contented and Sattisfied, and thereof of every Parte and Parcell, Doe hereby Acquitt, Exonerate and Discharge them, the said ffrancis Rumbonuts and Gulyne V. Planke, their Heires and As- signes, have Given, Granted, Bargained, Sold, Aliened, Enfoeffed, and Confirmed, and by these Presents Doe fully Cleerly and Absolutely Give, Grant, Bargaine, Sell and Alien, Enfeoffe, and Confirme unto the said Francis Rumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke, All that Tract or Parcel of Land Scituate, Lyeing and being on the East side of Hudson's River, at the north side of the High Lands, Beginning from the South side of A Creek Called the fresh Kill, and by the Indians Matteawan, and from thence Northward along said Hudson's River five hund Rodd bejond the Great Wappins Kill, called by the Indians Mawenawasigh, being the Northerly Bounds, and from thence into the Woods fouer Houer's goeing, always Keeping five hund Rodd Distant from North side of said Wapinges Creeke, however it Runns, as alsoe from the said fresh Kill or Creeke called Matteawan, along the said fresh Creeke into the Woods att the foot of the said High Hills, including all the Reed or Low Lands at the South side of said Creeke, with an Easterly Line, fouer Houers going into the Woods, and from thence Northerly to the end of the end of the fouer Houers Goeing or Line Drawne att the North side of the
36
THE COUNTY OF DUTCHESS.
five hund Rodd Bejoyond the Greate Wappinger Creek or Kill called Mawenawasigh, together with all the Lands, Soyles, Meadows, both fresh and Salt, Pastures, Com- mons, Wood Land, Marshes, Rivers, Rivoletts, Streames, Creekes, Waters, Lakes, and whatsoever else to the said Tract or Parcell of Land within the Bounds and Limitts aforesaid is Belonging, or any wise Appurteining, without any Reservation of Herbage, Trees or any other thing Growing or Being thereupon, To have and to hold said Tract or Parcell of Land, Meadow, Ground, and Primisses, with their and every of their Appurtennces, and all the Estate, Right, Title, Interest, Clayme and Demand of them the said Indian proprietors and each and every of them, of, in, and to, the same, and Every Parte thereof, unto them the said ffrancis Rumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke, their Heires and Assigns, to the Sole and only Proper use, Benefitt and Behoofe of them, the said ffrancis Rumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke, their Heires and Assignes, to the Sole and only Proper use, Benefit and Behooffe of them, the said ffrancis Rumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke, their Heires and Assignes for Ever, And they thes said Indians Doe for themselves and their Heires and every of them Covenant, Promise and Engage that the said ffrancis Rumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke, their Heires and Assignes, shall and may henceforth for ever Lawfully, Peacably, and Quietly have, hold, Possesse, and En- joy the said Tract or Parcell of Land, and all and Singuler other the Primisses, with their Appertences without any Lett, Hindrance, or Interrupeon whatsoever of or by them, the said Indians, Proprieters or their Heires, or of any other Person or Persons whatsoever clayming or that hereafter shall or may Clayme by, from, or under them, or Either of them, And that they shall and will, upon rea- sonable Request and Demand made by the said Francis Rumbouts and Gulyne Ver Planke, Give and Deliver Peaceably and Quiettly Possession of the said Tract or Parcell of Land and Primisses, or of some Parte thereof, for and in the Name of the whole, unto such Person or Persons as by the said ffrancis Rumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke, shall be Appointed to Receive the same. In witness whereof, the said Sackoraghkigh, for himselfe and in the Name of Megriskar, Sachem of Wappinger Indians, Queghsjehapeieuw, Niesjawehos, Queghout, Asotewes, Wap- pergereck, Nathindaew, Wappape, Ketaghkanns, Meakaghoghkan, Mierham, Pea- pithapaeuw, Queghhitaeuw, Memesawogh, Katariogh, Kightapinkog; Rearawogh, Meggiech, Sejay, Wienangeck, Maenemaeuw, Guighstierm, the Indian Owners and Proprietors aforesaid, have here unto sett their Hands and Seals in N. Yorke, the Eighth Day of August, in the 35th Yeare of his Maties Reigne, Anno Dom, 1683. "The marke of X SAKORAGHUCK, (L. S.)
"The marke of X QUEGHSJEHAPAEIN, (L. S.) "Signed Sealed and Delivered in the psen of us "Antho Brockholls, "P. V. Courtlandt, "John West.
"The marke of CLAES the Indian Inter. (Verite.)
"The marke of X MERHAM, (L. S.)
"The marke of X PEAPIGHTAPAEW, (L. S.)
E
BEAVER
MAP OF THE
PONDS
WIGWAM
ROMBOUT PATENT R COPY OF THE AFFIDAVIT OF THE SURVEYOR JOHN HOLWELL ENDORSED ONTHE BACK OF ORIGINAL MAP. APPEARS ON PAGE 30I ORIGINAL IN POSSESTON OF W. E. VERPLANCK.
SEVERAL STAMPES'
A SWAMPE
WAPPINGERS CREEKE
A PLAINE
75
أعد
WIGWAM
A PLAINE
WIGWAM
N
THE FALLS
4'
VIEWAM
Đ
YE FRENCHMANS
FISHKILL
SURVEYED Y DELINEATED PYME JOHN HOLWELL SURVEYOR APRIL I" ANNO DOMINI
THE FALLS
1689
W
A SCALE OF FURLONGS.
1 2 34 5 6 78 9 10 20 30
HUDSON'S RIVER.
A PLAINE
A PLAINE
THE HIGH LANDS.
A SWAMPE
37
INDIAN DEEDS. LAND PATENTS.
"The marke of X QUEGHHITAEMW, (L. S.) "The marke of X MEINESAWOGH, (L. S.) "The marke of X KOTARIOGH, (L. S.) "The marke of X KIGHTAPINKOJH, (L. S.) "The marke of X REAROWOGH, (L. S.) "The marke of X MEGGENKSEJAY, (L. S.) "The marke of X WIENARGECK, (L. S.) "The Marke of X MAENEMANEW, (L. S.) "The marke of X GUIGHSTJEREM, (L. S.) "The marke of X KETAGHKANNES, (L. S.) "The marke of X MEAKHAJH, (L. S.) "The marke of X OGHKAN, (L. S.) "The marke of X NIESSJAWEJAHOS, (L. S.) "The marke of X QUEJHOUT, (L. S.) "The marke of X SJOTEWES, (L. S.) "The marke of X WAPPEGERECK, (L. S.) "The marke of X NATHINDAEUW, (L. S.) "The marke of X WAPPAPE, (L. S.)
"A Schedull or Perticuler of Money, Wampum and other goods Paid by ffrancis Rumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke for the purchase of the Land in the Deed here- unto annexed.
"One hund Royall's, One hund Pound Powder, Two hund fathom of White Wam- pum, one hund Barrs of Lead, One hundred fathom of Black Wampum, thirty tobacco boxes ten holl adges, thirty Gunns, twenty Blankets, forty fathom of Duffills, twenty fathom of stroudwater Cloth, thirty Kittles, forty Hatchets, forty Hornes, forty Shirts, forty p stockins, twelve coates of R. B. & b. C., ten Drawing Knives, forty earthen Juggs, forty Bottles, forty Knives, fouer ankers rum, ten halfe fatts Beere, Two hund tobacco Pipes &c., Eighty Pound Tobacco.
"New York, August the 8th, 1683.
"The above Perticulers were Delivered to the Indians in the Bill of Sale Men- coned in the psence of us
"Antho. Brockhalls, "P. V. Courtlandt, "John West.
"I do hereby certify the foregoing to be a true copy of the Original Record, com- pared therewith by me.
"Lewis A. Scott, Secretary."
There is, however, another Indian deed which antedates the above, and covers a portion of the same tract.1 It conveys land consisting of three flats, to Arnout Cornelissen Viele, as a present, by the Indian owners Kashepan alias Calkoen, Waspacheek alias Spek, and Phil- lipuwas, having power of attorney from Awannis, one of the owners,
1. Colonial Hist. N. Y. XIII. 545.
38
THE COUNTY OF DUTCHESS.
and bears date of June 15, 1680. Through this land flows the Wynachkee1 "opposite Danskammer," which is none other than Wap- pinger Creek.2 The tract includes the woodland adjoining this stream, from the river to Matapan fall, "and stretching about two English miles to the North and one mile to the South." It will be noticed there is no similarity in the names of the Indian owners of this tract and those appearing in the Rombout purchase, executed nearly three years later.
Viele in 1704 petitioned Governor Cornbury for a patent covering this land. Although it had been patented to others, the reverse side of his petition bears the following minute: "Read in council 15 April, 1704, ordered to lay on the table 4th May, 1704, granted."
The boundaries of the land conveyed to Robert Sanders and Myn- dert Harmense, known as the Minnisinck Patent, dated October 24, 1686, are very indefinite. Beginning at a point on the Hudson "north of the land of Sovryn alias Called the Baker with the arable and Wood Land Marshes with the Creeke Called Wynachkee with Trees Stones (or Tones) and further Range or out Drift for Cattle and the fall of Watters Called Pondanickrien and another marsh to the north of the fall of Watters Called Wareskeechen."
Schuyler's Patent, dated June 2, 1688, grants to Col. Peter Schuy- ler two tracts, the boundaries of which are thus defined :
First tract "Situate, lying and being on the east side of Hudson's river in Duchess county, over against Magdalene Island, beginning at a certain creek called Metambesem (now the Sawkill) ; thence run- ning easterly to the south-most part of a certain meadow called Tauquashqueick, and from that meadow easterly to a certain small lake or pond called Waraughkameek; from thence northerly so far till upon a due east and west line it reaches over against the Sawyer's Creek; from thence due west to the Hudson's river aforesaid; and thence southerly along the said river to the said creek called Metam- besem."
Second tract, "Scituate, Lying and being on ye East side of Hud- son's River in Dutchess county at A Certaine Place Caled ye Long Reach Slenting Over Against Juffrow's Hook, At a Placed Called
1. "Wynogkee, Wynachkee and Winnakee are," says Ruttenber. "record forms of the name of a district of country, from which it was extended to atreama. The derivativea are Winne 'good. fine, pleasant,' and acki 'land'."
2. History of Poughkeepsie, 11.
39
INDIAN DEEDS. LAND PATENTS.
the Rust Plaest. Runs from Thence East Ward into the wood to A Creek Caled by The Indians Pietawickquasick Knowne by the Chris- tians for Jan Casperses Creek Northwarde to a Water fall where the Saw Mill belonging to Myndert Harmense Stands Upon and so South- warde Alongst Hudson's River Aforesaid to said Rust Plaest."1
In 1689 Col. Schuyler sold to Harme Gansevoort, a brewer, of Albany, one-half of what he estimated to be one-fourth of the former tract. He also conveyed August 30, 1699, to Messrs. Sanders and Harmense all the land embraced in the second tract. The uncertain boundaries and ambiguous descriptions of land patents in the vicinity of Poughkeepsie evidently caused much confusion for Sanders and Harmense had prepared for settlement a portion of the land included in Schuyler's patent at least two years previous to the above trans- fer. It also led to the practice of fraud, evidenced by the granting of the so-called Poughkeepsie Patent, May 7, 1697, to Henry Ten Eyck and eight associates, by Governor Fletcher. The grant in- cluded the greater portion of the town, and proved to be fraudulent, as the land was covered by previous patents. This could hardly have been the result of ignorance, inasmuch as Governor Fletcher was re- garded as one of the most corrupt officials the Province ever had. Lord Bellamont complains of him, that he made grants to persons of no merit.
The patent granted Gerrit Artsen, Arie Rosa and Jan Elton, June 2, 1688, covered twelve hundred acres in the southwest part of the present town of Rhinebeck. The Indian title was extinguished by deed dated June 8, 1686. This patent was granted with the under- standing that adjoining lands deeded to Hendrick Kip by the Indians, July 28, 1688, were to be covered by the same Royal Patent.
The Pawling patent granted to Neiltie, widow of Henry Pawling, and her seven children, May 11, 1696, contained four thousand acres north and west of Crom Elbow Creek.
The forming of associations to obtain large grants was a frequent occurrence in different counties, often composed mainly of those hold- ing official positions under the government. The men composing the co-partnership of the Nine Partners' Patent (Great or Lower) were: Caleb Heathcote, Major Augustus Graham, James Emott, Lieut. Col. Henry Filkins, David Jamison, Hendryck Ten Eyck, John Aar-
1. Dutchess County Deeds. Liber A, p. 276.
40
THE COUNTY OF DUTCHESS.
etson, William Creed, and Jarvis Marshall. Governor Fletcher granted this patent May 27, 1697, described by the following boundaries: "A Tract of Vacant Land Situate, Lying and Being on Hudson's River in Dutchess County. Bounded on the west by the said Hudson River Between the Creek called Fish Creek (Crum Elbow?) at the marked Trees of pauling (Including the said Creeke) and the Land of Myn- dert Harmensen & Company then Bounded southerly by the Land of the said Myndert Harmense and company as far as their bounds goes westerly by the Land of the said Harmense and until a southerly line runs so far south until it comes to the south side of a certain Meadow wherein there is a White Oak Tree markt with the Letters H. T. then southerly by an east and west Line to the Division Line between the province of New York and the colony of Connecticut and so Easterly to the said Division Line and Northerly by the aforesaid Fish Creeke as far as it goes and from the head of said Creeke by, a parallel line to the south Bounds east and west Reaching the aforesaid Division Line."
The tract covered that portion of the present town of Hyde Park, south and east of Crom Elbow creek, the greater portion of the towns of Clinton and Stanford, the entire towns of Pleasant Valley and Washington, and that part of Amenia and the southern section of North East not included in the Oblong. This great tract was divided into thirty-six principal lots, and nine "water lots," the latter front- ing upon the Hudson.
The "Calendar of Land Papers" says that in 1695, Henry Beek- man, the son of William, petitioned the government for a patent for land in Dutchess county, lying opposite Esopus Creek. He obtained the patent April 22, 1697, and also secured a grant of all the land east of Rombout's Patent to the Connecticut line. These are known as the Rhinebeck and Beekman Patents. For each of these tracts he was to pay an annual rental of forty shillings to the crown of England. Concerning the grants Lord Bellamont writes Secretary Popple July 7, 1698, as follows: "One Henry Beckman, a Lieut. Coll, in the Militia, has a vast tract of land as large as the Midling county of England, for which he gave Fletcher a hundred dollars, about twenty-five pounds in English, and I am told he values his pur- chase at £5,000."
41
INDIAN DEEDS. LAND PATENTS.
As the boundaries of the first tract were not as definite as Mr. Beek- man desired he obtained another patent in its place granted June 25, 1703, which sets forth the boundaries as follows: "All that tract of land in Dutchess County aforesaid, situate, lying and being on the east side of Hudson's river, beginning at a place called by the Indians Quaningquious, over against the Klyne Sopus Effly, being the north bounds of the lands called Pawling's purchase, from thence extending northerly by the side of the Hudson's river aforesaid, until it comes to a stone creek, over against the Kallcoon Hoek, which is the south- erly bounds of the land of Colonel Peter Schuyler; from thence so far east as to reach a certain pond called by the Indians Warangh- keemeek ; and from thence extending southerly by a line parallel to Hudson's river aforesaid until a line run from the place where it first began easterly into the woods does meet the said parallel line, and southerly by the line drawn from the place where it was first begun, and meeting the said parallel line, which is the northern bounds of the said land before called Pawling's Purchase."
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