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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 00825 2428
Gc 977. 1 B52b v. 2 The Biographical cyclopaedia and portrait gallery . . .
1
-
"เขาพูดขอบุก
THE
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA
AND
PORTRAIT GALLERY
WITH AN
HISTORICAL SKETCH
OF THE
STATE OF OHIO.
ILLUSTRATED WITH MANY FINE STEEL ENGRAVINGS.
VOLUME II.
IN
WESTERN BIOGRAPHICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1884.
COPYRIGHT, WESTERN BIOGRAPHICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1884.
ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED BY THE WESTERN METHODIST BOOK CONCERN, CINCINNATI.
1378367
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
ACKLEY, HORACE A.,
537
AMICK, MARION L.,
400
ANDREWS, CHAUNCEY H.,
550
AXWORTHY, THOMAS,
434
BALL, ALFRED,
350
BARBER, GERSHOM M.,
498
BARBER, OHIO C.,
539
BARNETT, JAMES,
369
BARTON, CHARLES A., .
479
BATES, JOSHUA H.,
432
BATTELLE, JOSEPH B., .
328
BEATTY, CHARLES C.,
514
BEEBE, ARTEMAS,
355
BELL, THOMAS J., .
482
BENNDORF, KARL F.,
420
BIERCE, LUCIUS V.,
565
BIGGAR, HAMILTON F.,
456
BIRCHARD, SARDIS,
397
BOYCE, GEORGE W.,
476
BOYD, WILLIAM F.,
477
BRADSTREET, EDWARD P.,
457
BRIGHT, SAMUEL H., .
333
BROWN, BENJAMIN S., .
319
BROWN, JOHN,
374
BROWN, JAMES D.,
373
BROWN, LE ROY D.,
410
BROWN, THOMAS W. S.,
333
BUCHTEL, JOHN R.,
452
BUCK, JIRAH D., .
375
BURR, ERASTUS,
392
BURTON, JONATHAN P.,
467
BUSHNELL, WILLIAM,
479
CALVERT, GEORGE W., 451 CALVERT, ROBERT A., 451
CAMPBELL, FRANCIS,
407
CAMPBELL, JAMES E.,
442
CAMPBELL, JOHN W., .
446
CAMPBELL, LEWIS D.,
441
CAMPBELL, SAMUEL D., 430
CANFIELD, GEORGE S.,
538
CARPENTER, SAMUEL S.,
453
CARSON, ENOCH T.,
427
CHAMBERLAIN, SELAH,
382
CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH M.,
348
CLARE, JAMES D.,
391
CLARK, JOHN,
364
CLARK, JAMES F.,
435
CLARK, MILTON L.,
555
CLENDENIN, WILLIAM,
421
COBB, AHIRA,
500
COLLINS, ISAAC C., .
524
COOK, MATTHEW S.,
408
COOKE, ELEUTHEROS, .
565
CRAWFORD, JOHN M.,
375
CRITCHFIELD, LEANDER J.,
449
CROUSE, GEORGE W., .
531
CUNNINGHAM, DAVID,
357
CUNNINGHAM, THOMAS B.,
373
CUNNINGHAM, THEODORE E.,
418
DAVIS, GEORGE,
343
HEDGES, JOSIAH,
.
404
DAVIS, SIMON S.,
559
DE CAMP, DANIEL, .
504
HILL, WILLIAM D.,
367
DE CAMP, JAMES M., .
508
DELAMATER, JOHN, .
525
DENISON, AMOS,
435
DENNISON, WILLIAM,
509
DEWEY, CHAUNCEY,
406
DOUGHERTY, FRANK C.,
508
DRAKE, DANIEL,
384
EATON, MORTON M.,
405
EGGLESTON, BENJAMIN,
47I
EMERSON, LOWE,
440
FORAKER, JOSEPH B.,
484
FOSTER, CHARLES, .
470
FULLERTON, WILLIAM,
478
GANO, DANIEL,
443
GARDNER, MILLS,
439
GIBBS, DAVID W.,
. 378
PAGE.
PAGE.
GOODHART, DANIEL C., .
332
GOODMAN, WILLIAM A.,
413
GOSHORN, ALFRED T.,
487
GRAHAM, GEORGE,
334
GREENE, ELISHA B., 398
GREEN, JOHN K., 501
GREENWOOD, MILES,
469
GROOT, GEORGE A.,
553
GUNNING, OWEN T.,
354
HALL, CHARLES F.,
323
HAMILTON, EDWIN T.,
532
HARLAN, WILLIAM S.,
356
HART, JOHN B.,
461
HATHAWAY, JAMES, .
433
HAYES, RUTHERFORD B.,
309
HEARNE, JONATHAN D., 463
HIESTAND, EZRA B.,
547
HILTON, BRICE, .
419
HINSDALE, BURKE, A.,
376
HOADLY, GEORGE, .
533
HOLDEN, LIBERTY E.,
414
HOLDEN, REUBEN A., .
502
HOLDEN, WILLIAM H.,
348
HOLLINGSWORTH, DAVID A., 417
HOOTMAN, JOHN J., 371
HUBER, EDWARD, 361
HUGHES, HUGH W., 380
HURD, FRANK, .
532
ENGLISH, LORENZO,
517
HUSTON, SAMUEL J.,
358
HUTCHINS, JOHN,
354
IRVINE, JAMES,
326
JACOBS, WILLIAM C., 456
JENNER, JOHN W., .
383
JEWETT, LEONIDAS M., .
374
JOHNSON, THEODORE N.,
390
JOHNSTON, JOHN, .
540
JOHNSTON, SAMUEL,
443
JONES, ELIJAH P.,
495
JONES, JAMES M.,
551
JONES, THOMAS C.,
. 483
.
77717
1-B
FALLIS, DANIEL J., .
438
FLICKINGER, CHARLES A.,
426
FOLLETT, JOHN F., .
562
ESTEP, JOSIAH M.,
474
EVERETT, AZARIAH,
320
308
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
KEIFER, J. WARREN, . 360
KENNON, WILLIAM, 394
KENT, MARVIN, . .
322
STODDARD, HENRY, 564
STONE, BENJAMIN F.,
413
STRIBLEY, GEORGE,
548
STRONG, LUTHER M., 5II
STUDABAKER, ABRAHAM, 534
SWAN, CHARLES J., .
350
SYMMES, JOHN C., .
393
TAFT, ALPHONSO,
. 515
TAYLER, ROBERT W.,
567
TEWKSBURY, MOOR R.,
386
THACKER, JOHN A.,
329
THATCHER, PETER, .
328
THOMAN, LE ROY D., 462
TOD, DAVID, 394
TOWNE, HENRY A.,
351
TOWNSEND, AMOS,
366
TOWNSEND, CHARLES,
327
TURLEY, HENRY C.,
458
TURNBULL, DAVID B.,
385
TURNEY, NELSON J.,
475
TURNEY, SAMUEL D., .
338
VANMETER, JOHN I.,
· 433
WADDLE, JOHN, 409
WADDLE, WILLIAM,
368
WADSWORTH, ELIJAH,
524
WAGGONER, JOSEPH,
358
WALDEN, WILLIAM A.,
487
WALKER, MOSES B., 506
WALKER, NATHAN H., 417
WALLER, GEORGE A., . 328
WALLER, THOMAS,
327
WARNOCK, WILLIAM R.,
530
WAYNE, ANTHONY,
495
WELCH, JOHNSON M., 40I
WELKER, MARTIN, 324
WHITE, JAMES S.,
471
WHITE, THOMAS H., .
368
WHITEMAN, BENJAMIN,
525
WHITNEY, CALVIN,
376
WHITTLESEY, ELISHA, 540
WILKINS, BERIAH, 357
WILLIAMSON, SAMUEL E., 367
WILLIAMSON, SAMUEL, 35I
WILLSON, HIRAM V., 398
WILSON, HORACE, .
385
490
WILSON, JOHN H.,
559
WOOD, WILLIAM, .
472
NEAL, LAWRENCE T., 412
NEWMAN, JAMES W., 332
NEWTON, EBEN,
342
NOBLE, WARREN P.,
347
OLDS, CHAUNCEY N.,
. 337
PAGE.
PEARCE, JOHN S., 363
PENDLETON, GEORGE F., . 485
PENDLETON, NATHANIEL G., 528
PENNINGTON, ROBERT G., 455
PERIN, OLIVER, .
396
PERRY, AARON F., 5IO
POSTON, WILLIAM W.,
359
POWELL, THOMAS E.,
460
POWERS, HIRAM,
535
PRATT, E. PERKINS, 345
PROBASCO, HENRY, 521
PUGH, JOHN M.,
. 50I
LANE, EBENEZER,
400
LARKIN, JOSEPH F., .
423
LASH, WILLIAM D.,
345
LAWRENCE, WILLIAM,
557
LEHMAN, JOHN H.,
465
LINCOLN, TIMOTHY D.,
425
LITTLE, LYMAN,
513
LITTLE, WILLIAM,
352
LLOYD, HARLAN P.,
522
LOCKE, JOHN, .
401
LONG, ALEXANDER,
444
LONGWORTH, NICHOLAS,
336
MARKBREIT, LEOPOLD, 549
MARQUIS, WILLIAM V.,
464
MATTHEWS, STANLEY,
497
MCALPIN, GEORGE W., 446
MCCLURE, ADDISON S., .
566
MCCLYMONDS, JOHN,
370
MCCURDY, THOMAS A., 381
MCFADDEN, HENRY S.,
437
MCGUFFEY, JOHN, .
34I
MCGUFFEY, JOHN G.,
494
McKELLY, ROBERT,
519
MEANS, THOMAS W.,
468
MEANS, WILLIAM, .
493
MEILINK, BERNARD,
362
MENARY, JAMES H.,
526
SEIBERLING, JOHN F.,
518
MILLER, JACOB, .
486
MONFORT, ELIAS R.,
459
MONFORT, JOSEPH G., .
448
MOORE, ELIAKIM H.,
346
MORGAN, THOMAS R., 418
MORROW, JEREMIAH, 390
MURRAY, DAVID N., . 325
MUSCROFT, CHARLES S.,
491
MUSSEY, WILLIAM H.,
499
SPENCE, GEORGE,
SPENCER, OLIVER M.,
521
SPRINGER, REUBEN R.,
520
STALLO, JOHN B., 557
STANBERY, HENRY,
347
STARLING, LYNE,
554
STEEDMAN JAMES B., .
563
STEINWEHR, A. W. A. F.,
318
PAGE.
STEWART, GIDEON T., 359
STILWELL, WELLINGTON, . 512
KENT, ZENAS, .
321
KING, CHARLES G.,
476
KING, DAVID L., .
546
KING, LEICESTER, .
545
KINNEY, AARON,
363
KINNEY, PHILANDER C., 364
KIRTLAND, JARED P.,
387
KLINE, HENRY L., .
527
KURTZ, CHARLES L.,
361
RANNEY, RUFUS P.,
436
RAWSON, BASS,
420
REID, ALEXANDER M., 481
RENICK, GEORGE,
431
RENICK, JOSIAH,
434
RENICK, WILLIAM, .
433
RHODES, DANIEL P.,
353
RICE, HARVEY,
466
RICHARDS, CHANNING,
364
RICHARDSON, ALONZO B.,
345
RIDDLE, ABNER,
536
ROBINSON, JAMES W.,
548
ROBISON, JAMES D.,
379
ROBISON, JOHN P.,
330
ROMEIS, JACOB, . 349
ROSECRANS, WILLIAM S., . 542
Ross, ABBOTT Q., 428
ROY, ANDREW,
344
RUSSELL, JOHN W.,
480
SABINE, ANDREW, 543
SAFFORD, WILLIAM H., 4II
SCHUMACHER, FERDINAND, 365
SCOTT, JESUP W., 529
SCOTT, WILLIAM J.,
352
SCRANTON, JOEL, 450
SEASONGOOD, LEWIS, 560
SENEY, GEORGE E., .
439
SHARP, ROBERT LEE,
416
SHERIDAN, PHILIP H.,
319
SHERMAN, JOHN, .
530
SHERMAN, WILLIAM T., 316
SHORT, JOHN C., .
567
SMITH, CHARLES K.,
372
SMITH, SAMUEL B.,
445
YOUNG, CHARLES L.,
339
YOUNG, EDMOND S.,
396
ZIMMERMAN, JOHN, .
· 343
MITCHELL, ROBERT,
402
SHANK, JOHN A.,
465
BIOGRAPHICAL
CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY
OF
REPRESENTATIVE MEN
OF THE
STATE OF OHIO.
*
HAYES, RUTHERFORD B., nineteenth President of the United States, was born at Delaware, Ohio, October 4th, 1822. President Hayes is of Scotch lineage, his ancestry being traced back through five generations to George Hayes, who emigrated from Scotland to Windsor, Connecticut, prior to 1680. The female line of descent is from old Colonial stock. Daniel Hayes, son of George, when captured by the French and Indians, was ransomed by the Colony of Con- necticut. Ezekiel Hayes, son of Daniel, gained a military title in defense of the Colonies, and married the great-grand- daughter of the Rev. John Russell, who concealed the regi- cides. Rutherford Hayes, grandfather of the President, who was born at New Haven in 1756, was an officer in the mil- itary service of the State of New York. Rutherford Hayes, father of the President, was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, January 4th, 1787. His mother was Sophia Birchard, whose family was of English descent. These parents removed to Delaware, Ohio, in 1817, where, in 1822, the father died, the mother, a noble Christian woman, surviving until 1866. The subject of this sketch began his classical education with Judge Finch, a former tutor in Yale College, and completed his preparation for college at Middletown, Connecticut, under Isaac Webb, a graduate of Yale. Here he was awarded the first prize in Latin and Greek. He entered Kenyon College, Ohio, at the age of sixteen, and graduated in 1842, as vale- dictorian. He began the study of the law at Columbus, but entered the law department of Harvard University in 1843, graduating in 1845. He was the same year admitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession at Fremont, Ohio, subsequently settling permanently in Cincinnati, where he married, in 1852, Miss Lucy W. Webb. In the practice of the law, he was eminently successful. He was appointed and subsequently elected city solicitor, which office he filled with marked ability for three years. On the fall of Fort Sum-
ter, he left the profitable practice of his profession, and began the work of raising troops. He was commissioned by Gov- ernor Dennison, on June 7th, 1861, major of the 23d Ohio Vol- unteer Infantry, and after five months' service in West Vir- ginia, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. At South Mountain, where he was wounded, he showed great intrepidity, and was made colonel of the 23d Ohio, October 24th, 1862. He fought at the head of brigades or divisions in the battles of Cloyd Mountain, Winchester, Berryville, Ope- quan, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek. On the last-named field he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, upon the recommendation of Sheridan, for conspicuous services. March 13th, 1865, he was promoted to the rank of brevet major-gen- eral, "for gallant and distinguished services during the cam- paign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the battles of Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, Virginia." General Hayes was wounded four times in battle, and was for a hundred days in battles and skirmishes, exposed to death under fire. Au- gust 6th, 1864, while in the field, he was nominated for Con- gress. On August 24th he wrote from camp to William Henry Smith : "Your suggestion about getting a furlough to take the stump was certainly made without reflection. An officer fit for duty who, at this crisis, would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought to be scalped. You may feel per- fectly sure I shall do no such thing." He was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, over Joseph C. Butler, by a majority of 2,455, and in August, 1866, was renominated for Congress by acclamation, being elected to the Fortieth Congress by a ma- jority of 2,556 over Theodore Cook. As chairman of the library committee, he projected and carried through measures which greatly increased the size and usefulness of the library of Congress. His time was largely consumed in looking after the claims and interests of the Union soldiers who had served with him or under him. On issues growing out of the admin-
310
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPÆDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY.
istration of President Johnson, and questions relating to re- construction, he voted consistently with the republican party. After serving three years in Congress, he was elected gover- nor of Ohio, defeating Hon. Allen G. Thurman by 2,983 votes. The Legislature chosen, however, was democratic, and his competitor was rewarded with an election to the United States Senate, in which body he held a commanding position. Re- signing his seat in Congress, General Hayes was inaugurated governor, January 13th, 1868, his executive acts and services being so acceptable that he was renominated for governor by acclamation, June 23d, 1869. General W. S. Rosecrans was first put forward as his opponent, but declined the dem- ocratic nomination, and Hon. George H. Pendleton was then placed at the head of the ticket. After a spirited campaign, in which the greenback payment of the public debt was the main issue, Mr. Pendleton was defeated by 7,506 votes. Gov- ernor Hayes was reinaugurated January 10th, 1870. His in- augural addresses and messages as governor are found in full in "Howard's Life of Hayes." Among the measures of these four years were the establishing of soldiers' orphans' homes ; the enlarging of the powers of the State board of charities ; increasing the usefulness of all the benevolent institutions ; the founding of the Agricultural and Mechanical College ; securing minority representation on election boards; ratifying the fifteenth amendment to the National Constitution; and the reduction of the State debt. In July, 1872, much against his wishes, he was renominated for Congress in the second district of Cincinnati, but, although running a thousand votes ahead of his ticket, he was defeated by General H. B. Ban- ning, the elections going heavily against the republicans in Hamilton county. The same year he declined the appoint- ment of assistant treasurer of the United States at Cincinnati. On June 2d, 1875, against his expressed will, he was nomi- nated by the republican State convention a third time for governor, the republicans insisting that their candidate at this crisis should be their strongest man. Governor William Allen had been by the democrats nominated for re-election by ac- clamation, and the tendencies of the times were favorable to his continuance in office; but, after a contest which aroused an interest not only throughout the United States, but in Europe, General Hayes was elected a third term governor by a ma- jority of 5,544. The contest gave him a national name and fame. The issue between inflation and stable money had been squarely met. His inaugural message was devoted mainly to a discussion of the alarming increase of local and municipal indebtedness, which he urged should be checked by legislative and constitutional restrictions. The sixth re- publican national convention assembled at Cincinnati, June 14th, 1876, and on June 16th nominated Governor Hayes for President of the United States. His chief competitors for the nomination were Senator Blaine, ex-Secretary Bristow, Sen- ator Morton, and Senator Conkling. The vote on the first ballot stood : Blaine, 285 ; Morton, 125; Bristow, 113; Conk- ling, 99; Hayes, 61 ; scattering, 72. On fifth ballot : Blaine, 286; Bristow, 114; Hayes, 104; Morton, 95; Conkling, 82; scattering, 74. Sixth ballot : Blaine, 308; Hayes, 113; Bris- tow, III; Morton, 85; Conkling, 81; scattering, 57. The seventh and decisive ballot stood : Hayes, 384; Blaine, 351 ; scattering, 21. On July 8th his formal letter of acceptance was written. It was admirable in sentiment and style, and was remarkably well received. It took the ground that hon- esty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the only qualifications for office; it declared in favor of a single Presidential term ;
urged the resumption of specie payments; opposed sectarian control of the public schools; and declared the need of the permanent pacification of the country, and the sacred ob- servance of the Constitution and all its amendments. After a hard-fought political contest, in which the public and per -. sonal character of the candidates formed an important factor in the campaign, the electoral colleges returned 185 electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes, and 184 votes for Samuel J. Tilden. The friends of the minority candidate having ques- tioned the correctness of the returns from four of the States, and denied the authority of the president of the Senate to count the electoral vote, a high tribunal was created by law, which was empowered to decide all questions of law and fact in dispute. This tribunal, with full powers and authority ex- pressly conferred to render its decision, decided that the electors of the four disputed States had legally cast their votes for Hayes and Wheeler. The counting of the electoral vote was completed March 2d, and on that day the result was formally announced by the president of the Senate. On Monday, March 5th, 1877, the President elect took publicly the oath of office, and delivered his inaugural address before an immense assemblage of people. On March 7th the Pres- ident sent to the senate the names of the members of his cab- inet, all of whom were confirmed, to wit : William M. Evarts, Secretary of State ; John Sherman, Secretary of the Treasury ; George W. McCrary, Secretary of War; Richard W. Thomp- son, Secretary of the Navy; Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior ; David M. Key, Postmaster-general; Charles Devens, Attorney-general. The disturbed condition of public affairs at the South, particularly in the States of South Carolina and Louisiana, demanded immediate attention; and on March 23d, 1877, a letter was addressed by the President to the rival claimants for the chief executive office in South Carolina, requesting an interview with each claimant, respectively, at Washington. The invitation was cordially responded to, and after full conference an order was issued by the President for the removal of the United States troops from the State-house at Columbia, South Carolina, to take effect April Ioth. On the following day D. H. Chamberlain, the republican governor- elect, withdrew from the capital, and Wade Hampton, the democratic governor-elect, took possession of the executive chamber. On March 29th, 1877, a commission had been ap- pointed to visit Louisiana, and report on the best method for the restoration of order and the adjustment of political diffi- culties in that State, involving the relations of the Federal government with the State authorities. The commissioners were Charles B. Lawrence, Joseph R. Hawley, John M. Har- lan, John C. Brown, and Wayne McVeagh, who proceeded immediately to New Orleans, and entered upon the discharge of the delicate and important mission intrusted to their dis- cretion. On April 20th, following, an order was issued for the removal of the United States troops from the State-house at New Orleans, to take effect April 24th. The order was communicated to General Augur, the officer in immediate command, and on the 24th of April, at twelve o'clock, the troops were withdrawn. On June 22d, 1877, the executive order was issued prohibiting officers of every department of the civil service from taking part in the management of politi- cal organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns. The first annual message, dated December 3d, 1877, urged that suspicion, distrust, and enmity between the sections of the Union lately involved in civil strife should give place to con- cord and harmony, and a united interest in the promotion of
3II
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPÆDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY.
the general welfare of the whole country; that the use of the army for upholding local governments must be discontinued ; that the treasury must resume cash payments at the date fixed by statute; that competency, efficiency, and integrity of char- acter are the true qualifications for official appointment, and that a thorough, radical, and complete reform of the civil service of the government, by appropriate legislation for this purpose, is an imperative necessity. May 17th, 1878, a reso- lution, known as the " Potter Resolution," passed the House of Representatives, under which an investigation of charges of fraud and corruption attending the Presidential election in the States of Florida and Louisiana had been in progress. Not a particle of evidence was presented to weaken the title of the President to the chief executive office of the govern- ment, or to disturb the confidence of his countrymen in his blameless character, honest aims, and pure purposes. It was shown that, during the contest over the disputed States, Gov- ernor Hayes scrupulously abstained from interference with the result, the only act or expression by himn in that connec- tion developed by the investigation being the following letter, brought out in the evidence, to wit :
"COLUMBUS, O., Nov. 27, 1876.
"MY DEAR SIR,-I am greatly obliged for your letter of the 23d. You feel, I am sure, as I do about this whole busi- ness. A fair election would have given us about forty elec- toral votes at the South-at least that many. But we are not to allow our friends to defeat one outrage and fraud by an- other. There must be nothing crooked on our part. Let Mr. Tilden have the place by violence, intimidation, and fraud, rather than undertake to prevent it by means that will not bear the severest scrutiny. I appreciate the work being done by the republicans who have gone south, and am especially proud of the acknowledged honorable conduct of those from Ohio. The democrats made a mistake in sending so many ex-republicans. New converts are proverbially bitter and unfair toward those they have recently left. I trust you will soon reach the end of the work, and be able to return in health and safety. " Sincerely, 1 R. B. HAYES.
" Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, New Orleans."
Of the important subjects with which the administration of President Hayes was called to deal, five may be named as specially prominent. These were : (1) The Southern Question, including the pacification made necessary by sixty years of sectional antagonism, culminating in a great civil war; (2) the National Finances and the Currency, deranged and vitiated by an excessive issue of irredeemable paper ; (3) the Reform of the Civil Service, demanded by nearly fifty years of partisan demoralization ; (4) the Nationality of the Government and the Integrity of the Executive Office, chal- lenged by attempted usurpation on the part of Congress ; and (5) the Chinese Question, involving good faith in international relations. These will be briefly referred to, in the order named. I. At its outset, the new administra- tion was confronted with difficulties of a sectional nature, equaled in delicacy and magnitude only by those which met President Lincoln, the embarrassments being seriously aggra- vated by a disputed election and attending circumstances. Appreciating this state of things, and the vital import- ance of a removal of the evil, Governor Hayes had, in his letter accepting the nomination for President, said: "The condition of the Southern States attracts the attention and commands the sympathy of the people of the whole Union. What the South most needs is 'peace,' and peace depends upon the supremacy of the law. There can be no enduring
peace, if the constitutional rights of any portion of the people are habitually disregarded." Addressing himself more di- rectly to the Southern people, he said : "Let me assure my countrymen of the Southern States, that if 1 shall be charged with the duty of organizing an administration, it will be one which will regard and cherish their truest interests-the inter- ests of the white and of the colored people both, and equally ; and which will put forth its best efforts in behalf of a civil policy which will wipe out forever the distinction between North and South in our common country." Referring to the same subject in his inaugural address, President Hayes said: "The permanent pacification of the country upon such prin- ciples and by such measures as will secure the complete pro- tection of all its citizens in the free enjoyment of all their constitutional rights is now the one subject, in our public affairs, which all thoughtful and patriotic citizens regard as of supreme importance." The means by which this para- mount end could be attained he declared to be "a govern- ment which guards the interests of both races carefully and equally"-"a government which submits loyally and heartily to the Constitution and laws-the laws of the nation and the laws of the States themselves-accepting and obeying faith- fully the whole Constitution as it is." " Resting upon this sure and substantial foundation, the superstructure of benef- icent local government can be built up, and not otherwise." After stating that "the question," as to the Southern States, then to be considered, was "the question of government or no government-of social order and all the peaceful indus- tries and the happiness that belong to it-or a return to bar- barism," he said: "It is a question in which every citizen of the nation is deeply interested, and with respect to which we ought not to be, in a partisan sense, either republicans or democrats, but fellow-citizens and fellow-men, to whom the interests of a common country and a common humanity are dear." As an earnest of his purpose in this connection, the President at once selected as one of his constitutional advisers and cabinet ministers a prominent citizen of the South, who had actively opposed his election, and who had been an officer in the Confederate army. The policy of conciliation, thus avowed and initiated, provoked not a little of surprise, and was made the subject of much adverse criticism, chiefly on the part of political associates of the President, who ob- jected to it as unwise both in its national and its party bear- ing. Based on the broad constitutional principles on which alone could rest the government itself, his policy, notwith- standing such opposition, was adhered to throughout the ad- ministration. The South and its people were treated with undeviating consideration, and every thing of a sectional nature studiously avoided. From the first, the good influences of this policy were seen in the gradual subsidence of sectional animosities and jealousies, until they had almost totally disap- peared at the close of the administration-the extent of such results being indicated by the fact, that, in the first succeeding annual message to Congress, President Arthur found no occa- sion for reference of any sort to the South or to questions of a sectional nature, such being, as is believed, the first instance of like exclusion of that subject within the fifty years preced- ing. Thus was President Hayes permitted to witness the suc- cess of what was styled his "Southern policy," in a pacifica- tion so complete that immediately following his retirement nothing was found worthy even of suggestion in that respect .. Sectional bitterness had almost wholly ceased; elections at the South, so rife with manifestations of passion when he was
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