USA > Ohio > Jefferson County > Steubenville > Century History of Steubenville and Jefferson County, Ohio and Representative Citizens, 20th > Part 27
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guage was good and well chosen, and he was undoubtedly a man of genius. Some- times in speaking of fruits his eyes would sparkle and his countenance grow animate and really beautiful, and if he was at table his knife and fork would be forgotten. In describing apples, we could see them just as he, the wood painter, pictured them- large, lush, creamy-tinted ones, or rich, fragrant and yellow, with a peachy tint on the sunshiny side, or crimson red, with the cool juice ready to burst through the tender rind."
His tenderness for the animal creation was carried to an extreme. He was a vegetarian in diet, and if he saw any do- mestic creature maltreated he would buy it and give it to a humane person on con- dition that it be kindly treated. He deeply regretted having once killed a rattlesnake, and noticing that mosquitoes were lured to death by the flames of a campfire, lie ex- tinguished the fire, exclaiming, "God for- bid that I should build a fire for my com- fort which should be the means of destroy- ing any of his creatures." Once he started a fire in a hollow log, when he discovered within a bear and cubs which had taken refuge from the cold. Rather than dis- turb them he put out the fire and spent the night upon the snow. If tenderness for animals made St. Francis worthy of canoni- zation, then Johnny Appleseed has at least an equal claim to this honor. During the War of 1812 he did good service in warn- ing settlers of the Indians. The latter never molested him, regarding him as a great "Medicine Man;" neither does any wild beast ever seem to have attacked him. He died of fever resulting from ex- posure in Allen County, Indiana, on March 11, 1847, and was buried in David Archer's graveyard, two and one-half miles north of Fort Wayne. Most of his later days were spent in Richland County, Ohio, and on November 8, 1900, a monument was dedicated to his memory at Mansfield.
It must not be inferred that while Johnny Appleseed was pursuing his itinerary and scattering his seeds and his ideas there
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were no others interested in fruit growing in these western wilds. The honor of be- ing the pioneer in this direction must be awarded to Jacob Nessley, who settled on the river opposite the mouth of Yellow Creek in 1785, and to whom Chapman re- ferred in his remarks ou grafting given above. Nessley began grafting towards the end of the 18th or beginning of the 19th century, and during his lifetime had under cultivation 1,800 acres, one-half being orchard. His work was the beginning of what were afterwards known as the Mahan fruit farms, opposite Yellow Creek and Mingo, and the MeCullough and other farms on this side of the river, the beauty of which in the later spring, when the trees presented a perfect ocean of snowy bloom, was beyond description. It is not pleasant to consider that the exigencies of manufac- turing and commercialism are converting this from a terrestrial paradise into a con- dition very much the reverse. His leading varieties were the Gate, sometimes called the Belmont apple, Dominie or Wells, Rambo, Early Pennock or August apple, Golden Pippin, Golden Bell and others. In the early days there was a very limited home market for the fruit, and a consider- able portion was converted into brandy and shipped to New Orleans and interme- diate points, a trade that continued for up- wards of thirty years. The great advan- tage of the Nessley nursery to this section was that it enabled the farmers to secure improved fruit trees through a process more certain than the Chapman methods.
Ebenezer Zane started a nursery on Wheeling Island in 1790, from which the farmers in Jefferson County and adjoining counties reaped considerable advantage.
Samuel Wood began the cultivation of fruit trees in Smithfield Township in 1816, and after overcoming the difficulties inci- dent to his isolation built up a flourishing trade in grafted trees, and his nursery be- came the parent of others in the neighbor- hood, among them John Hobson's, of Smithfield, from which hundreds of bar- rels of choice Bellflowers were shipped an-
nually to New Orleans; and James Kinsey, of Mt. Pleasant. There was a small nurs- ery at Steubenville, and John D. Slack, the pioneer landscape gardener of this section, also had an extensive combination of seed store, greenhouse, fruit and flower garden, which business was subsequently carried on by the descendants of Bezaleel Wells.
Jefferson County and vicinity were not only famous as an apple growing center, but originated some of the most popular varieties of apples known. The Western Spy, introduced by Samuel Wood, origi- nated on the farm of John Mansfield, in Wayne Township. The tree is a strong, spreading grower, and blossoms late, and as a result the fruit is seldom injured by frosts. The apple is large and globular, slightly flattened at the ends. Color, yel- low with pale red cheek; good keeper and excellent for cooking. Ohio Redstreak, from a seedling on the same farm, was in- troduced by Samuel Wood about 1830. The tree is an upright, open grower and abundant bearer; fruit medium in size, somewhat conical; color, clear lemon yel- low, beautifully striped with light and dark shades of red; flesh, white, of a pleasant taste and good for cooking; season, mid- winter. The Culp, introduced by Samuel Wood and S. B. Marshall, originated on the farm of George Culp, near Richmond. The tree is a vigorous grower and unusual bearer; fruit, medium to large; color, yel- lowish green, with a dull blush on the sunny side ; a little russet at the crown, and sprinkled over the surface with gray dots; fleshi, yellowish white, and neither sweet nor sour; excellent for cooking and desert; season, March and April; quality, one of the best. The Wells apple was originated by Jabez Smith, who planted the tree on South Third street, Steubenville, about 1817. He was in the employ of Bezaleel Wells and planted the tree for him on the home place just below Slack street. It was long a popular apple. The Golden Pippin was originated by Samuel Wood, one of the founders of the Ohio Horticultural Soci- ety. The Bentley Sweet originated with
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Y. M. C. A. BLDG., STEUBENVILLE
CHRISTIAN CHURCH, STEUBENVILLE
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, STEUBENVILLE
JEFFERSON COUNTY INFIRMARY, NEAR STEUBENVILLE
CARNEGIE LIBRARY, STEUBENVILLE
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Solomon Bentley, of Belmont County, and Zane's Greening from Zane's Wheeling Island orchard. Then there were the Rus- sett, Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy and others second only in popularity to those already named, recognized as standard fruits.
And now we come to what is conceded to have been the finest apple ever grown, namely, the Gate, compared with which the best product of Florida or California orange groves is certainly far inferior. In its palmy days it was a luscious fruit of delightful flavor and with a golden yellow rind on which there was a faint blush. It was an early winter apple and an equal fa- vorite whether for cooking or cating in the natural state. It originated in the orchard of Mrs. Beam, near Strasburg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, soon after the Revo- lutionary War, being a seedling which grew near the gate of her premises. When Mrs. Beam had company, her guests, who speedily discovered the merits of the new fruit, would ask her to bring some apples from the gate tree, from which circum- stance it took its name, although the neigh- bors called it Mama Beam, in honor of the old lady. After settling opposite Yellow Creek, Jacob Nessley, who was a son of Mrs. Beam by a former marriage, procured scions from the parent tree and propagated the apple under the name of Gate. Shortly after some children of Mrs. Beam by her second marriage settled in Belmont County and brought the same apple with them and cultivated it under the name of Mama Beam. As if this were not sufficient com- plication, the apple received a third name, Belmont, which was entirely erroneous, although adopted by mauy fruit growers. It appears that about 1810, when Judge Ruggles, of St. Clairsville, was holding court at Steubenville, one of the jurors who lived near Yellow Creek presented him with an apple. The judge was de- lighted with it and inquired its name, and where it grew. The juror said it grew on his farm, and was called the Gate. The judge, who was a fine fruit grower, pro-
cured some scions and grafted them on his trees at St. Clairsville. Some time after a farmer named Beam brought some apples to town for sale. The judge saw them and asked where they grew. The farmer said in his orchard, and they called them Mama Beam. The judge said he had the same apples growing in his orchard, called the Gate, and told where he got them. "O," said the farmer, "that fellow got his tree from Jake Nessley, my half-brother, and Jake got his graft from mother's tree." From this Judge Ruggles, knowing noth- ing of the apple's previous history, sup- posed it originated in Belmont County, and called it by that name. It was presented before the Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety at Boston in 1834 as an original prod- net of Belmont Connty, but here. it has always been known by its true name, Gate. Unfortunately a number of years ago para- sites began infecting the Gate apple trees, and they have now become almost extinct, although a few farmers have saved their trees by vigorous spraying. It is hoped that in time it may be restored to its pris- tine vigor, for no other fruit has taken its place.
The plum was a favorite fruit fifty years ago, but insects have done their work here and the erop is now a negligible quantity. Peaches have flourished for a number of years, but the winters have occasionally been so severe that they cannot be relied on permanently. Jefferson County hills are well adapted for grape culture, but are not utilized as they should be, notwith- standing some very successful examples in times past. According to assessors' re- turns the products of Jefferson County farms for 1908 were as follows:
Wheat-Acres sown in 1908 were 9.343; bushels pro- duced, 149,526; acres sown in 1909, 9,870.
Rye-72 acres in 1908; bushels prodneed, 536; acres sown in 1909 are 73.
Buckwheat-Acres sown in 1908 were 32, and busbels produced 591.
Oata-9,831 acres nown and 257,808 bushels produced; neres sown in 1909, 10,055.
Spring barley-3 acres sown in 1908 and 40 bushels produced; 13 acres sown in 1909.
Corn-10,445 neres sown in 1908 and 399,697 bushels
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shelled produced. For 1909 there are to be 10,457 acres HOWD.
Ensilage Corn-241 acres sown in 1908 and 262 aeres estimated for 1909.
Sugar Corn-20 acres planted 1908 and 56 seres this year.
Tomatoes-35 acres planted 1908 and 7,160 bushels produced.
Peas -- 2 seres planted 1908 and 100 busbels produced. Irish Potatoes-871 acres sown in 1908 and 83,250 bushels produced. This year 884 acres planted.
Onions-2 acres planted 1908, and 600 bushels pro- duced.
Acres in grass, 30,043, and 32,773 tons produced.
Clover-4,142 acres in 1908 and 5,140 tons of hay pro- dueed and 3,362 bushels seed; 10 acres plowed under for manure.
Alfalfa-19 acres grown in 1908 and 39 tons of hay produced.
Milk-750.776 gallons in 1908.
Butter-483,245 pounds mado in home-made dairies and 64,660 pounds in factories,
Eggs-488,806 dozen in 1908.
Sorghum-2 actes in 1908 and 15 lbs. sugar and 77 gallons syrup produced.
Maple products in 1909 were 2,062 trees, 20 pounds sugar and 1,217 gallons of syrup.
Honey-5,717 pounds and 1.055 hives.
Commercial fertilizer-1,233,185 pounds used in 1908, and this year there will be used 845,360 pounds.
Grapes-4 acres vineyard; 2,900 pounds grapes gatb- ered and 100 gallons of wine pressed.
Orchards-3,232 acres of apples; 60,151 bushels.
Peaches-400 acres and 5,447 bushels.
Pears-13 acres and 636 bushels.
Cherries-39 acres and 485 bushels.
Plums-10 acres and 716 bushels.
Other small fruits, 32 aeres and 1,290 bushels.
Lands-Cultivated, 73,305; pasture, 92,273; woodland, 25.737; lying waste, 12,244; total owned, 203,559.
Horses owned, 4,744.
Cattle-Milch, 6,234; beef, 651; other cattle, 3,500.
Sheep-48,627; killed by dogs, 246; injured by dogs, 100.
flogs-4,105.
Wool shorn-250,339 pounds.
Domestic animals died-Horses, 92; cattle, 113; sheep, 451; hogs, 132.
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CHAPTER XIII
PUBLIC HIGHWAYS
Indian Trail to Pike-Diversion of the National Road-Era of the Stage Coach-Mod- ern Turnpike Building.
It is scarcely necessary to observe that the primitive roads in this section were the old Indian trails, which in most instances were decidedly marked. Along them the savage followed the war path, and after him came the pioneer settler alone on his hunting and trapping expeditions or col- lectively in bodies large or small, as the occasion demanded. The early military expeditions were obliged to follow the same course, sometimes to victory, but quite as often to disaster. These trails as a rule led along the ridges for several rea- sons. First, they were more open and free from the thick growth of weeds and underbrush, which made travel next to im- possible through the bottom lands. Sec- ond, they were safer, as a traveling party from points of advantage could overlook the country and more easily protect itself from ambuscade. Third, travel was less liable to interruption from freshets, which would have made travel along creek beds impossible, for it is scarcely necessary to state that there were no bridges in those days. The more well defined trails seem to have offered no serious difficulty to travel on horseback, but whenever there were movements, either military or civil, involving the use of artillery, wagons or other vehicles a contingent of axemen was necessary to remove trees and other oh-
structions. There were trails made by deer, buffalo and other animals to and along the water course which were con- venient for local travel, which, however, was very limited. The main trails leading from the river into the interior in Jefferson County were at Yellow Creek, Steuben- ville, connecting with an old road coming down through Holliday's Cove, afterwards the Pittsburg pike, Cross Creek and George's Run. Below there was Zane's trace, which afterwards became part of the National pike. When Congress in 1806 de- cided to enter upon the construction of that thoroughfare it was a warmly debated question whether it should come down Har- mon's Creek to the river opposite Steuben- ville and proceed westward through that town, or strike the river at Wheeling and cross into what is now Belmont County. The commission, composed of Eli Will- iams, Thomas Moore and Joseph Kerr, de- cided in favor of Wheeling, giving the fol- lowing reasons therefor: "It was found that the obstructions in the Ohio, within the limits between Steubenville and Grave Creek, lay principally above the town and month of Wheeling; a circumstance ascer- tained by the commissioners in their ex- amination of the channel as well as by common usage, which has long given a de- cided preference to Wheeling as a place
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of embarkation and port of departure in dry seasons. It was also seen that Wheel- ing lay in a line from Brownsville to the center of the state of Ohio and Post Vin- eennes. These ciremmstances favoring and corresponding with the chief objects in view in this last direction of the route, and the ground from Wheeling westwardly be- ing known of equal fitness with any other way out from the river, it was thought most proper to locate the point mentioned below the mouth of Wheeling." This reads very plausible, but nevertheless the arguments in favor of the Steubenville route were so strong that it is said that it required all the eloquence and influence of which Henry Clay was capable to induce the commis- sjoners to adopt the Wheeling-Behnont line. Be that as it may, it was evident that Jefferson County must look to its own resources in the way of pioneer road build- ing, and this was inaugurated at an early day. The National pike reached the Ohio River in 1818.
On August 14, 1802, the county commis- sioners ordered that "the road tax be uni- formly half the county tax throughout the county," which may be taken as an indica- tion that the importance of converting the old trails into permanent public highways was fully realized. The United States Gov- ernment agreed to give 3 per cent. of re- ceipts of land sales for road building, which was good business sense, as high- ways were absolutely necessary to give any value to the lands. This naturally gave an impetus to road building, and dur- ing the next six years considerable survey- ing was done for this purpose, as may be seen by the following from the records of the county commissioners :
Book A, Commissioners' Journal, Fri- day, June 15, 1804, John Ward, Clerk: "Ordered that William Wells [appointed Justice by Governor St. Clair in 1798] re- ceive out of the county treasury $9 in full for services of viewers and surveyors in laying ont a road from the mouth of Yel- low Creek to the western boundary of Pennsylvania."
On November 3, 1804, a petition was pre- sented for a road from the southeast cor- ner of JJonathan West's field, past school- hause near James Pritchard's to intersect state road at 12-mile tree. James Latimer, John Robertson and William Stoaks, view- ers; John Gillis, Jr., surveyor. This road was through Knox Township. Same date. Beginning at Ohio River, opposite King's Creek, at Isaac White's Ferry; across Town Fork of Yellow Creek, near where James Shane is building a mill; to inter- sect state road from Stillwater to the northeast corner of the seven ranges, at Springfield. John Andrews, William Campbell and Michael Myers were ap- pointed viewers and John Gillis surveyor. Same date. Beginning at extension of Clay Lick Road, on dividing ridge in the 26th See., 11th Township, 4th Range ; cross- ing Alder Lick Fork and Dividing Fork of Kennottenbead; to intersect the great road leading from George Town, on the Ohio; to the Moravian Town on the Muskingum. John Sunderland, John Gillis, Sr., and John Myers, viewers; John Gillis, Jr., sur- veyor. Same date. Beginning on the Ohio at the mouth of Jeremias Run; to intersect road from Steubenville to mouth of Yel- low Creek [state road built along the river in 1804] at 12-mile tree; to cross Town Fork of Yellow Creek at James Fitzpat- rick's : to James MeCammis'; to intersect state road at Springfield. Jacob Nessley, William Sloane and Amos Wilson, viewers, and Jolm Gillis, surveyor. Same date. Petition for alteration of road down Cross Creek; past Moodie's mill; to intersect road from Steubenville to mouth of Short Creek. Jolm Carr, John Andrews and John Miller, viewers; Benjamin Hough, surveyor. Same date. John Taggart com- plained of a road having been laid out by Robert Carothers (Road Commissioner) from month of Short Creek to Duncan Morrison's. Robert Moodie, John Carr, John Adams, George Carpenter, Thomas Harper, viewers.
November 4. 1804. Draft of road, be- ginning on new part of ridge south of
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Short Creek, past mills on Long Run; to Crague, John Wiley, viewers; William the three forks of Short Creek; ordered Holson, surveyor. made. Abner Wells, Charles Moore and September, 1806. Beginning at Cadiz; thence past Thomas Dickerson's smith shop, past schoolhouse on Joseph Hohnes' land; thence to Jolm Colbert's, to inter- sect the Short Creek Road; thence toward Newels Town until it strikes the county line. Joseph Huff, Samnel Huff, Josephine Holmes, viewers. Jacob Holmes, viewers; Benjamin Stanton, surveyor. Same date. Beginning at 15th- mile tree, on road leading from Steuben- ville to Henderson's; to 17-mile tree on road from [opposite] Charles Town to Henderson's. John Crague, James Ar- nold, viewers; William Holson, surveyor.
November 8. 1804. Survey of road from month of Salt Run; to intersect road oppo- site Charles Town [ Wellsburg] to Cadiz. Ordered opened. Ebenezer Sprague, Christopher Vanodoll, John Jackson, viewers; John McElroy, surveyor.
Jne session, 1805. Beginning at Bald- win Parson's mill on Short Creek; to Smithfield; to intersect Charles Town [Wellsburg] road near Archibald Arm- strong's. Nathan Shepherd, Malachia Jolly, John Stoneman, viewers; William Denning, surveyor.
Beginning at Joseph Steer's mill on Short Creek; to mouth of Piney Fork; along ridge between Piney Fork and Dry Fork to Nathaniel Kellim's; to intersect Charles Town road between the 13th and 14-mile trees. Charles Cuppy, John Mc- Millen, Sr., William Gillespie, viewers; William Holson, surveyor.
Beginning upper end first narrows of Cross Creek, below Joseph Tomlinson's; down the creek with cart road; thence to "where old man Riddle formerly lived, to old Mr. Smith's;" to intersect road from Steubenville, near Smith's lime kiln, above Bezaleel Wells' saw mill. Jacob Welday, William Forsythe, Samuel Hunter, view- ers : Isaac Jenkinson, surveyor.
Beginning at south boundary line of county ; thence to Jacob Ong's mill on Cross Creek to 14-mile tree on state road to New Lisbon. William Carr, Mason Met- calf, John Kimberlin, viewers; John Gillis, surveyor.
Beginning on road leading from [ oppo- site] Charles Town, to Henderson's; be- tween 17 and 18-mile tree to Mr. Cutshall's mill on Cross Creek. Samnel Dunlap, John
Beginning at mouth of Big Yellow Creek; thence to James Andrews's mill, to James Glenn's, to intersect road from op- posite King's Creek, on the Ohio, to Springfield. Philip Saltsman, John Wells, Aaron Allen, viewers.
Beginning at road from Charles Town to Cadiz between the 20th and 21st-mile trees, to Baldwin Parson's mills on Short Creek. George Moore, Jolin Craig aud Levi Muncy, viewers.
Benjamin Scott presented a petition to change part of road from Belmont County line through his lands. Jonathan Lupton, Nathan Lupton, Joseph Steer, viewers, and Joseplı Steer, surveyor.
Thomas Purviance complained of dam- age sustained by alteration on road from Charles Town to Cadiz. Joseph Porter, John Baird, Daniel Dunlevy, John Ekey and James Forsythe, reviewers. Robert Christie made like complaint, and Elias Pegg, Joseph Mahollen, Thomas Fleming and William Sharron were appointed view- ers. Samuel Cope also complained, and James G. Harra, Samuel MeNary, Jolin Kenney, Jesse Edginton and William Har- vey were appointed viewers.
December, 1806. Beginning at the town of New Salem, past the farm of John Ax; thence past farm of George Pfautz, past farms David Custard, Daniel Bair; thence down Knottenhead, past sugar camp to mouth of Alder Lick Fork, to intersect the Charles Town Road. John Myser, Jacob Whitmore, John Wiley, viewers.
Beginning at James Forsythe's mill on MeIntire's Fork of Cross Creek, past John Jam's; thence on the old path which leads from the Charles Town Road to the Steu-
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benville Road, which passes Bezaleel Wells' sawmill. Samuel Mckinney, Jo- seph Porter, Daniel Dunlevy, viewers.
Beginning at the town of Cadiz, to James Finney's, to Gutshall's mill. Jesse Edgin- ton, William Marshall, Thomas Ford, view- ers; William Denning, surveyor.
Beginning southeast corner Jonathan West's field; to 12-mile tree on state road. Favorably reported. William Steaks, James Latimer, viewers.
At this session John Tagart was award- ed damages sustained in construction of that part of state road laid out by Robert Carothers from mouth of Short Creek to Duncan Morrison's.
November 4, 1805. Beginning nt For- sythe mill on Cross Creek; to Joseph Tom- linson's; thence to left of old Mr. Riddle's; to intersect Steubenville Road on Bezaleel Wells' Mill Run, at the foot of the hill. Samuel Hunter, Joseph Porter, John Ekey, viewers; David McClure, surveyor.
Beginning at the Short Creek Road where Carpenter's old trail leaves it; thence along dividing ridge between Short Creek and Wheeling Creek; to John Me- Connell's horse mill; thence along ridge between Brushy Fork and Bogg's Fork of Stillwater; intersecting Steubenville Road. Joseph Huff, Samuel Huff, John MeCon- nell, viewers; William Holson, surveyor.
Beginning at 17-mile tree on Charles Town Road; thence to Baldwin Parson's mills on Short Creek. Samuel Dunlap, John Wiley, Jobn Crague, viewers; Will- iam Holson, surveyor.
Beginning at the mouth of Piney Fork of Short Creek; thence along side of creek to Arnold's Town. Joshua Meeks, Jacob Holmes, William Gillespie, viewers. '
Beginning on the Charles Town Road, "near MeAdams and west of him;" thence to Eli Kelly's; to Thomas Cantwell's old cabin; under the hill on the west side; to cross the creek above Israel England's sugar camp; thence up Cross Creek to Forsythe's mill; thence up the dug hill west of John Ekey's: to intersect Steuben-
ville Road, on the ridge near Matthew Huffstater's field; also a branch from the mouth of Dry Fork of Cross Creek, to in- tersect said road at John Ekey's. Daniel Dunlevy, Joseph Porter, Christopher Lantz, viewers; Daniel MeClure, surveyor.
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