USA > Ohio > Fairfield County > History of Fairfield County, Ohio, and representative citizens > Part 11
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Berne-Tal Baumgardner, Lancaster. Bloom-Geo. R. Weiser, Lithopolis.
Clercreek-C. O. Barr, Stoutsville. Greenfield-O. C. Moore, Carroll. Hocking-C. D. Hoffman, Lancaster. Liberty-Wm. L. Macklin, Basil. Madison-O. P. Shaeffer, Amanda.
Pleasant-Fred A. Hampson, Pleasantville.
Richland-R. W. Hyde, Rushville.
Rushcreek-John W. Mccullough, Bremen.
Violet-P. A. Kraner, Pickerington.
Walnut-L. H. Soliday, Thurston.
CORONERS OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY ELECTED SINCE 1826, WITH YEAR OF ELECTION
Gotleib Steinman, August 1, 1826; John U. Geisey, 1832; Maris Levering, 1838; James Brown, 1840; Jacob Sites, 1846; William Le- fever, 1848; E. A. Richards, 1858; William Bush, 1866; William Halderman, 1874; Thomas R. Tarpy, 1878; Simpson Sturgeon, 1882: William Jeffries, 1886; Samuel Cly, 1888; Joseph McNeil, 1903; Thomas J. Keir- nan, 1905; Peter Bugh, 1908 and 1910.
SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES
The following is a list of all the members of the General Assembly of Ohio from 1808 to 1912, inclusive, who were citizens of Fairfield County. The date shows the year of their election.
REPRESENTATIVES
1808, Patrick Owings and Elijah B. Mer- win.
1809, Thomas Swearingen and Thomas Ijams.
1810, Thomas Swearingen and Thomas Ijams.
18II, Thomas Ijams and Richard Hooker.
1812, Richard Hooker, Nathaniel Wilson, Sr., George Nye, Sr.
1813, Emanuel Carpenter, John Leist and Benj. Smith.
1814, Benj. Smith, Richard Hooker and John Leist.
1815, Benj. Smith, Richard Hooker and John Leist.
1816, Jolın Leist, Jacob Claypool, Jacob Catherlin.
1817, Daniel Smith, Robert F. Slaughter, John Leist.
1818, Daniel Smith, Jacob Claypool, John Leist.
1819, Robert F. Slaughter and Jolın Leist.
1820, William Trimble and Valentine Reber.
1821, Robert F. Slaughter and George Sanderson.
1822, George Sanderson and Jacob Clay- pool.
1823, George Sanderson and Robert F. Slaughter.
1824, John Leist and Robert F. Slaughter.
1825, George Sanderson and William W. Irvin.
1826, William W. Irvin and Samuel Spangler.
1827, William W. Irvin and Samuel Spangler.
1828, Samuel Spangler and John Chaney.
1829, John Chaney and David Ewing.
1830, David Ewing and John Chaney.
1831, David Ewing and Samuel Spangler. 1832, David Ewing and M. Z. Kreider.
1833, Jos. Stukey and John M. Creed.
1834, Jos. Stukey and John M. Creed. 1835, William Medill and John M. Creed.
1836, William Medill and John Grabill. 1837, William Medill and John Grabill. 1838, John Brough.
1839, Louis Hite.
1840, Charles Brough.
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HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY
1841, William McClung.
1842, John Chaney and William McClung.
1843, Jacob Green and Joseph Sharp.
1844, David H. Swartz and Andrew Foust.
1845, Andrew Foust and David H. Sharp. 1846, Salmon Shaw and David Lyle.
1847, David Lyle and Salmon Shaw.
1848, Daniel Keller.
1849, Daniel Keller.
1850, Christian Baker.
Here the rule changes by the new Constitu- tion under which the legislature is elected every two years, the first General Assembly under it being chosen in 1852 and thereafter every other year. The following dates refer to the meeting of the legislature instead of, as pre- viously, the year of choosing the members.
1852, Christian Baker.
1854, Samuel H. Porter.
1856, John Chaney and David Lyle.
1858, B. W. Carlisle and T. W. Bigory.
1860, B. W. Carlisle.
1862, J. C. Jeffries.
1864, Edson B. Olds.
1866, U. C. Butler.
1868, U. C. Butler.
1870, Geo. S. Baker and Jesse Leohner.
1872, Jesse Leohner.
1874, George S. Baker.
1876, Adam Seifert.
1878, Abram Seifert.
1880, Robert L. Sharp.
1882, Robert L. Sharp.
1884, William A. Schultz.
1886, William A. Schultz.
1888, Thos. H. Dill. 1890, Thos. H. Dill. 1892, Jas. H. Farrell.
1894, Jas. H. Farrell.
1896, Geo. \V. Lamb.
1898, Geo. W. Lamb.
1900, Robert H. Sharp.
1902, Robert H. Sharp. 1906, J. M. Steward. 1909, Albert F. Turner.
19II, Albert F. Turner.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
Frank P. Miller, Lancaster, O., delegate for Fairfield County.
SENATORS
1808, Elnathan Scofield.
1809, Jacob Burton and Elnathan Sco- field. ISIO, William Trimble and Robert F. Slaughter.
18II, Robert F. Slaughter and William Trimble.
1812, William Trimble.
1813, William Trimble.
1814, William Trimble.
1815, William Trimble.
1816, William Trimble.
1817, William Trimble.
1818, Richard Hooker.
1819, Richard Hooker.
1820, Elnathan Scofield.
1821, Elnathan Scofield.
1822, Elnathan Scofield.
1823, John Creed.
1824, Jacob Claypool.
1825, Jacob Claypool.
1826, Robert F. Slaughter.
1827, Robert F. Slaughter.
1828, Robert F. Slaughter.
1830, Robert F. Slaughter.
1831, Robert F. Slaughter. 1832, Samuel Spangler.
1833, Samuel Spangler.
1834, Samuel Spangler.
1835, Samuel Spangler.
1836, Samuel Spangler. 1837, Samuel Spangler.
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AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS
1838, Samuel Spangler.
1839, Samuel Spangler. 1840, Samuel Spangler. 1841, Samuel Spangler.
1880, Basil W. Carlisle. 1882, C. S. Foresman. 1884, Calvin S. Welch. 1886, Calvin S. Welch.
1844, John Chaney.
1888, Charles Townsend.
1845, John Chaney.
1890, V. C. Lowrey. 1892, John Q. Abbot.
1848, Henry C. Whitman.
1849, Henry C. Whitman.
1894, Jolın Q. Abbot.
1850, Andrew Foust.
1896, Charles S. Dana.
1856, John T. Brazee.
1898, Charles A. Cable.
1858, Newton Schleich.
1860, Newton Schleich. 1862, Alfred McVeigh.
1904, David H. Moore.
1864, John M. Connell.
1906, Joseph S. Sites.
1870, Michael A. Daugherty.
1908, Joseph S. Sites.
1872, Michael A. Daugherty.
1909, Edward M. Gillette.
1874, Robert E. Reese.
1876, Robert E. Reese.
1878, Basil W. Carlisle.
1900, Samuel H. Bright. 1902, David H. Moore.
1910, Christ McKee (Noble County). 19II, Christ McKee (Noble County).
CHAPTER V
LANCASTER-THE COUNTY SEAT
The Beginning of Things-History of Location, Name, and Sale of Lots by Ebenezer Zanc -First Born-First Schools and Teachers-Mail Routes, Post Office and Postmasters -Commercial Lancaster-Board of Trade-Members of Public Boards-Water Works -Fire Department-The Famous Lancaster Bar-An Historic Structure-Pictures on Memory's Walls-Remarks on Hocking H. Hunter by John T. Brasce, Sr .- Lancaster's Distinguished Visitors-Lancaster Public Library-Municipal Officers-List of Mayors from 1831 to 1912-Lancaster Country Club-Lancaster-The City Beautiful.
THE BEGINNING OF THINGS.
We are all interested in first things-in the oldest things-whether they be the work of man or of nature. In the founding of a great state, a county or a city, the interest is just as intense, and we of today love to read the names and recall the deeds of those who felled the primeval forest, bridged the stream, and made the valley blossom like the rose. We are interested in them because they made possible the comforts and refinements of today. It is, therefore, not. only a duty, but a very great pleasure to begin this chap- ter on Lancaster with the names and deeds of those who were truly pioneers.
"Ebenezer Zane was the owner of a section of land, one mile square, upon which Lan- caster was built. He acquired this section from the Government, as part compensation for opening "Zane's Trace," from Wheeling,
West Virginia, to Limestone, (Maysville), Kentucky, in 1797.
His article of agreement, with the first pur- chasers of lots, is as follows:
Article of agreement, made and entered into by and between Ebenezer Zane, of Ohio county, Virginia, and the purchasers of lots in the town of Lancaster, county of Fairfield, territory northwest of the Ohio river, now for sale in lots, on the east side of the Hock- ing river, by Ebenezer Zane.
Section I .- The lots to be numbered in squares, beginning at the northwest corner of the town, and thence alternately from north to south, and from south to north, agreeable to the general draft of the town.
Section II .- One-fourth of the purchase money will be required to be paid two weeks from the date of this article. The residue of three-fourths will be required on or be- fore the fourteenth day of November. one
102
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AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS
thousand eight hundred and two, to be ap- proved by secured notes, bearing lawful in- terest, from the fourteenth day of November, one thousand eight hundred.
Section III .- Square number sixteen, in- cluding five lots situated in the southeast cor- ner of the town, was thereafter to be held in trust, for the use of a graveyard, the erec- tion of a schoolhouse, a house of worship, and such other buildings as may be found riecessary, all of which to be under the direc- tion of trustees for the time being.
Also, four lots at the intersection of the two main streets, running east and west, north and south, known by appellation of the center square, are given for the purpose of erecting public buildings not heretofore specified, but under the supervision of the trustees.
Section IV .- Possession will be given im- mediately to purchasers complying with Sec- tion II of this article; when fully complied with, the said Ebenezer Zane and heirs bind themselves to make a deed to the purchasers, their heirs and assigns. If the terms be not fully complied with, the lot shall be considered forfeited, and returned again to the original holder.
Section V .- For the convenience of the town, one-fourth part of an acre, lying west of the lot numbered two, in the square num- bered three, including two springs, will be, and are hereby given for the use of its in- habitants, as the trustees of the town may think proper.
blacksmith, one to a house carpenter and joiner, and one to a tanner, all of whom are to settle, and continue in the town, pursuing their respective trades, for the term of four years, at which time the aforesaid Zane binds himself to make them a free decd.
In testimony of all and singular, the prem- ises, the said Ebenezer Zane, by his attorneys, Noah and Jolin Zane, hath hereunto set his hand and fixed his seal, this fourteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord 1800. EBENEZER ZANE.
A full list of the names of the first settlers of Lancaster are here given, the last one dy- ing more than forty years ago. They pur- chased their lots during the years 1800-1-2:
Emanuel Carpenter, Noah Mccullough, Jacob Taylor, Ralph Duddleston, Ebenezer Marten, Peter Reber, John Barr, John Reed, J. Denny, Benjamin Allen, Nathaniel Willes, Thomas Worthington, Thomas Terrec, Noah Zane, John Zane, Jeremiah Conaway, Jacob Teller, Peter Teller, Philip Teller, B. Teller, Abraham Reeger, Nathaniel Johnston, Wil- liam Trimble, William Stoops, Thomas Barr. Joseph Beard, Nathaniel Wilson, James Denny, Kerp Grubb, and Hampson, Michael Skoag, Joseph McMullen, John Mc- Mullen, Thomas Sturgeon, John Overdear, Rudolph Pitcher, Ralph Morris, Joseph Hun- ter, Jacob Woolford, Henry Meison, James Converse, George Coffenberry, James Hanson, John Williamson, Samuel Coats, William Harper, Mary Pastor, John Vanmeter, Solo- mon Reese, James Hardy, William Rabb, John Lynch, John Jups, John Carson, Amasa De- lano, Henry Westwine.
Section VI .- In consideration of the ad- vantages that arise from the early settlement of mechanics in a town, and the encourage- ment of those who may first settle, lot num- ber three, in the twentieth square; number Lancaster, the county seat of Fairfield County, received its name as complimentary to six, in the fifteenth square; number six, in the twelfth square; will be given, one to a Lancaster, Pennsylvania, mnany of its first
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HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY
citizens being former residents of that town and county.
It was first called New Lancaster, but it soon became obvious that confusion would arise in the mail service between New Lan- caster, Pennsylvania, and New Lancaster, Ohio. To avoid this, the Legislature of 1805 changed the name to that of Lancaster.
The place continued, however, to be called
line of Berne township, where Maple street is now located, running due north and south, so that citizens residing east of that line, and all of East Lancaster, were in Berne town- ship. By an act of the Legislature, East Lan- caster was annexed to Lancaster, and con- stituted the Fifth ward. By the same act, the boundaries of Lancaster were extended one mile each way, making a square of two
N. - High Street
& N.
So,-
Home of Henry Stanberry
Home of Thos. Ewing
East Wheeling St .- W .- >
Sold to
Sons were Sen'l Hugh
John Trafford Bra- see ; ma, Mary Jane, daut, of Elnathan Scofield had son, John Scofield
Thos. Daut. Ellen m'a
Gen'l. Sherman
Brasee .
azley
Home of Gen'l Wm.
J. Reese m'a
Mary Eliz, Sherman Laut, of Charles. Had son Col. neese
Home of Judge Whitman
Now the residence of Edward Wetzler
Home of Chas.
editor of "The Eagle" 4
azley which is Section Line
Sherman - birthplace of John & Ser'l W. T. Sher- man.
W. Main St. - East ->
PLAN OF A HALF BLOCK IN LANCASTER, O., SHOWING THE LOCATION OF RESIDENCES OF SOME FAMOUS MEN AND WOMEN.
New Lancaster for years afterwards, and mistakes in sending letters continued to oc- cur, until 1840, Pennsylvania mail being re- ceived at Lancaster, Ohio, and letters intended for the latter place, were carried to the former.
Lancaster is situated on the east bank of the Hocking river, and in the northeast cor- ner of Hocking township. In 1877, its east- ern boundary was parallel with the western
miles, which territory was by law annexed to Lancaster township, with a municipal or- ganization independent of the city proper."- Graham's History of Fairfield County.
FIRST BORN.
This is a question rather difficult to settle at this late date, and we shall, therefore, not attempt to decide it. In Chapter IV we have
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AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS
given quite a lengthy discussion of the rela- six months in 1825. Samuel L. and Mark tive claims of Hocking H. Hunter who is generally regarded by the people of Lancas- ter as the first white child born within the limits of the county, and Allen Green, son of John Green and his wife, Mrs. Ruhama Bilderback Green. Academy, was discontinued and the Howes erected a large frame building on Mulberry street, where they conducted an academy of their own. They educated many young men. Senator Sherman says of them: "I entered (1835) the academy of Mark and Matthew Howe, then well established and of good reputation and deservedly so.
Hocking H. Hunter was born August I, 1801, and it is claimed that in the year 1798 Allen Green was born. Still another claimant for this honor is Delilah Shaeffer, who was the daughter of Isaac Shaeffer and was born in 1800. Mr. Levi Stewart, for many years a resident of Lancaster and still living when Dr. Scott wrote his History of Fairfield County, claimed to be 13 months older than Hocking H. Hunter. We have great respect for the writings of Dr. Scott on historical matters. His "History of Fairfield County" was the editor's "boy's own book" and the first history of its kind he had ever seen. These statements are entitled to attention. Dr. Henry Howe is also a writer of authority, as is A. A. Graham, and for this reason we have, in this book, quoted the three authori- ties upon the question of the first white child born in Lancaster and Fairfield County.
EARLY SCHOOLS OF LANCASTER
There were private schools in log cabin days, near Columbus street, taught by James Hunter, and one on Main Street, taught by Miss Flora Butler as early as 1812. In 1820, a two-story brick building was erected on Wheeling street for an academy. Gen. P. Beecher, Elnathan Scofield, William W. Ir- win, Robert F. Slaughter, John Noble, Thomas Ewing, Charles R. Sherman, Gotlieb Steinman, John Creed, Hugh Boyle were the promoters. John T. Brasee was principal for Howe took charge of it between 1825 and 1830. This first academy, called Lancaster
"The schoolrooms were large and furnished with desks and chairs, an improvement on the old benches with boards in front. Latin was taught but little. From the first, arithmetic, algebra and surveying were my favorite stud- ies and in those I became proficient. We had an improvised theatre in which we acted plays and made speeches. Matthew Howe was the regulator, teacher and dominie. All the boys respected him, for he certainly was a good teacher. Some time in the forties the Howes left Lancaster."
The public schools of Lancaster opened May 30, 1830, on Columbus street, south of Main street in a building then known as the "Old Reformed Church." William Charles was the teacher and Samuel Carpenter, George Sanderson, Henry Dubble were the trustees. Another school was opened on Wal- nut street, with Louis A. Blair as teacher. In 1838 two more schools were opened, 1842 another, but because the public school fund was sinall, these schools could run only four months a year. This fact created a demand for private schools and filled Howe's Acad- emy. Henry M. Booth, the father of the distinguished attorney, H. J. Booth, of Co- lumbus, came to Lancaster in 1843 and con- ducted a private school. Later he entered the public schools, and taught until his death in 1853.
In 1847 a public meeting of citizens was held at the courthouse to devise some way
-
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HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY
to improve the efficiency of the schools. As better equipment was obtained. Perhaps one a result the Legislature passed an act (1848) of the most noted carriers in the history of the Lancaster postoffice was Gen. George Sanderson. He was the carrier between Lan- caster and Chillicothe when a lad of fifteen years of age. He was faithful, earnest and honest, knowing no danger and with a loyalty to his task that knew no bounds. His route was over the old Zane's Trace. for the support and regulation of the schools of Lancaster, known as the Union School Law. This divided the town into two dis- tricts, North and South. The North District built a two-story brick building in 1849. John S. Whitnell was the first superintendent and teacher of the high school. He received $600 per year and his assistant, M. M. Barker, $300. Lancaster became a common school district in 1850 and John Reber, John D. Martin, Robert Reed, John L. Tuthill, Jacob Hite and J. C. Rainey became the first board of edu- cation.
So much for the beginnings of education in Lancaster; further information will be found in Chapter XIV.
FIRST MAIL ROUTE AND POSTMASTERS
"In 1799, the government established a mail route from Wheeling, Virginia, to Limestone, Ky., to be carried on horseback over Zane's Trace, once a week each way, the whole dis- tance being 226 miles. With the exception of a few cabins at the crossing of the Mus- kingum, Hocking and Scioto rivers, almost the entire distance was an unbroken wilderness. The line was divided into three routes. The first extended from Wheeling to Muskingum, the second from the Muskingum to the Scioto, and the third from that to the Ohio at Lime- stone. This was the first mail route in the 'Northwest Territory.'"
Lancaster was not long without a postoffice and a postmaster, for in 1799 Samuel Coates, Sr., was appointed postmaster and kept the office in his cabin and, like Lincoln, carried the letters around in his hat. Upon his death his son served in his stead. As the village grew into a town and the town into a city, . Coates, Sr., Samuel Coates, Jr., Jacob D. Dit- better buildings were used for postoffices and rich, E. Scofield, H. Drumm, Thomas N.
In a few years after the opening of this "Star Route" over the old Zane Trace, the government introduced wagons for the mail service, which were to be used six months in the year; the other six months the mail was to be carried on horseback. Rates of postage in those early days differed greatly from those of today. They were regulated by distance and not by weight. The charge was 61/4 cents for 50 miles or less ; 121/2 cents for from 50 to 150 miles; 1834 cents up to 300 miles and 25 cents to any part of the United States. Today a letter may be sent from Lancaster to London, England, for two cents, and to the ends of the earth for five cents.
The old fashioned letters were written on a single sheet and so folded as to form the envelope. This was sealed with wax and thus Inade secure. If two sheets were used the postage was doubled.
POSTMASTERS OF LANCASTER
Early in the history of Lancaster the post- office was in a cabin at the west end of Wheel- ing street and remained there until about 1860, when it was removed to the City Hall, where it remained until it was removed to the beau- tiful new federal building on South Broad street. The following postmasters have served the people of Lancaster since 1799: Samuel
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FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, LANCASTER
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ST. PETER'S GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH, LANCASTER
SUMMER HOUSE, MT. PLEASANT, LANCASTER
KIRN BLOCK, LANCASTER
ST. MARY'S CATHOLIC CHURCH, LANCASTER
O
EPISCOPAL CHURCH, LANCASTER
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AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS
White, Daniel Sifford, Henry Miers, James Cranmer, John C. Castle, Benjamin Connell, J. L. Tuthill, C. M. L. Wiseman, John M. Sutphen, Charles H. Williams, Jonas M. Shallenbarger, Charles B. Martin, William E. Newman, James T. Pickering and H. C. Drinkle, appointed April 25, 1910.
RURAL ROUTES FROM LANCASTER
During Postmaster Pickering's first term (about 1898) he took hold of the rural de- livery work with a vigorous hand and was one of the first postmasters in Ohio. to start the service. The first route was established through Pleasant township and was started Oct. 2, 1899, with Royal Wolfe, a carrier, and it was called the Royal Rural Route from Lancaster, Ohio. On the same day that Route No. I was established, Postmaster Pickering went with special agent W. B. Gaitree to Amanda and met several of the most enterprising men of the county, among them, Zeno Glick, Felix Snope, Jesse Allen, and Charles Sunderman, the postmaster, and while there Mr. Gaitree instituted the second route in Fairfield County at Amanda. Within two years, twenty-seven routes were estab- lished in Fairfield County and thereupon Postmaster Pickering filed an application with the postoffice department through Congress- man Emmitt Tompkins, for the establishment of complete county service in Fairfield County, this being the first application for complete county service filed in Ohio. Owing to a con- templated change of Fairfield County from the Twelfth to the Eleventh Congressional Dis- trict, Mr. Tompkins lost sight of the matter, and a few other counties whose claims were more vigorously pushed by their congress- men, came into complete county service be- fore Fairfield. But after Fairfield County was settled into the Eleventh Congressional
District, Gen. Grosvenor quickly got the mat- ter in hand and one of the best systems of county service in the state was established under the management of rural agent, Charles Swayne, with 41 carriers, covering 1,025 miles of territory. The splendid rural sys- tem from the Lancaster postoffice consists of 12 carriers covering 320 miles of territory daily, except Sundays and legal holidays, and serving about 8,000 country people, who now claim Lancaster as their postoffice. The sal- ary of the rural carriers at the Lancaster office is about $11,000 annually.
POSTOFFICE REPORT FOR 1911
Gross receipts for 1911 $ 29,246.00 Amount
Money orders issued . 15.431
$103,681.30
Money orders issued, foreign 125
1,937.38
Registered letters,
Mailed 4,042
Registered letters,
Received
4,516
The new Federal Building was begun in January, 1910, and was occupied on May 30, 19II. The total cost of building and grounds was $78,500-$75,000 paid by the - Govern- ment and $3,500 paid by private subscription. Furniture and fixtures $6,700 in addition to above. The Lancaster postoffice is second class. Salary of Postmaster $2,700. We have twelve rural carrier routes out of Lan- caster-the largest number perhaps of any second class office in Ohio. The following is the list of employees-not counting rural car- riers: Miss Gretchen Silbaugh, assistant post- master ; Miss Frances H. Smith, money order and register clerk; Miss Florence Mccutcheon, general delivery and stamp clerk; Michael Ef- finger, chief mailing clerk; Byron L. Cave,
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HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY
mailing clerk; Thomas W. Denton, chief distributing clerk; Frank J. Dilger, distribut- ing Clerk; W. F. Hood, mail messenger.
H. C. Drinkle, P. M.
COMMERCIAL LANCASTER
"In commercialism Lancaster has made great progress in the last twenty years, as is shown by the large increase in the number of the employees of the different transportation companies entering this city. The two steam railroads, the Hocking Valley and the Penn- sylvania lines, have doubled their forces in the last few years, while the addition of the Scioto Valley Traction Company, operating between here and Columbus gives cheap and quick facilities from Lancaster to the Capital City.
This city prides itself upon having the best equipped and up-to-date stores of any city in Southern Ohio, with the same population. Only a few years ago the travel of buyers from here to Columbus was enormous, but our business men are wide awake and instead, Lancaster is the trading point for many miles around, the electric line making this possible, and also better service on the steam lines.
We have four banks-The Hocking Valley National, The Fairfield National, The Lan- caster National and Farmers and Citizens, all as sound as old Mt. Pleasant.
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