USA > Ohio > Sandusky County > History of Sandusky County, Ohio : with portraits and biographies of prominent citizens and pioneers > Part 68
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The N. C. West was built for the Fre- mont trade. Having been begun by Messrs. Skinner & Donaldson, who failed financially, she was transferred to Charles Foster, George T. Dana, and Charles O. Tillotson, who finished and launched her about half a mile below the Lake Erie & Western Railroad bridge on the west bank of the river. Her carrying capacity is equal to about nine thousand bushels of wheat. She was launched in 1867, and is still in the Fremont trade. The N. C. West is the last vessel built in Fremont, and should railroad building go on it may be doubted whether there will beany further ship-building at this once admirable point for that industry.
A railway leading to Sandusky City now crosses the river at a point where some of the above-mentioned vessels were built, and gives a cheap and rapid transit for freight and passengers to that city, thus establishing a competing line which has superseded transportation by the waters. of the river and Sandusky Bay.
And a fact worthy of note, and which palpably illustrates the changes of time and progress of the day, is that at this very time the Wheeling & Lake Erie Rail- way is engaged in procuring the right of way along the bank of the river, and ap- propriating for a railroad track the very ground on which most of the vessels above-mentioned were built.
BANKS AND BANKING.
The first banking house in Fremont was a private bank started by Sardis Birchard, esq., and Judge Lucius B. Otis, and was opened for general business on the Ist day of January, 1851. Mr. Birchard, who was at that time about fifty years of age, had for many years been one of the lead- ing merchants of the place. He was one of the early settlers, greatly interested in the town, and always active and earnest in his efforts for its prosperity. Judge Otis,
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HISTORY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY.
his partner, was a lawyer about thirty-three years of age, and was about that time elected judge of the court of common pleas, which position he filled with ability. In 1856 he moved to Chicago, where he still resides, a gentleman of wealth and prominence. Starting with two such men as its founders, the banking house of Birch- ard & Otis commenced at once doing a prosperous business. Mr. Jacob Lesher, who is still a worthy business man of Fre- mont, was the first depositor.
The following letter from Judge Otis, in response to one from A. H. Miller, gives an interesting account of the beginning of banking business in Fremont:
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, October 3, 1881.
DEAR SIR :- On the ist day of January, 1851, Sardis Birchard, in partnership with Lucius B. Otis, established the first banking house in Fremont, under the name of Birchard & Otis. The firm continued without change, doing business in the same bank building (the first one erected in the town), until Jan- uary 1, 1856, when I commenced making my ar- rangements for a removal to Chicago. Birchard and Otis were equal partners. I withdrew from the firm January 1, 1856, and then Anson H. Miller, and one year later Dr. James W. Wilson, came into the bank as partners with Mr. Birchard, under the firm name of Birchard, Miller & Co. I removed to Chicago from Fremont December 9, 1856.
For twenty years previous to the starting of the first bank in Sandusky county, merchants and others doing business with banks had been compelled to send to Norwalk or Sandusky, where the nearest banks were to be found. One was established, how ever, in Tiffin about 1847. It was the custom for some one to go from Fremont, about once a week to one of these places where banks could be found, and do up the whole banking business for all the bus- iness men of Fremont. Mr. Birchard, General Buck- land, and myself frequently made these trips, pur- chasing New York drafts for several merchants, get ting certificates of deposit, paying notes, etc., at banks. The well-known wealth of Sardis Birchard, and his high standing and character as an old mer- chant, gave the banking house of Birchard & Otis first-rate standing and credit from the day of its opening. It never had a run upon it, and never failed to pay on demand, and I am rejoiced to say that such has been the standing of its successors to the present time. When the bank was first opened, January 1, 1851, Dr. Alvin Coles, now living at Ot- tawa, Illinois, at the advanced age of seventy-six,
was employed as cashier in the bank for Birchard & Otis. He had long been a popular county officer in the court-house, a man of sterling worth. His name and face in the bank contributed considerably to make it popular. For a few months after the business was opened, and the word "Bank" was put up over the door, it was a common occurrence for clusters of Sandusky and Ottawa county farmers to form in the street, looking at the sign and discussing the subject. Few of theme had ever seen or knew anything about a bank. It was a common thing to hear some of them say: "Well, Birchard has land adjoining my farm, and I know the bank is safe. I'll deposit my money there."
Yours truly, L. B. OTIS.
The building in which Birchard & Otis commenced banking is still starding, and is the small, one-story brick on the east side of Front street, between State and Cro- ghan streets. Mr. F. S. White, a gentl _- man well known among bankers, was cashier in the banking-house of Birchard & Otis for about two years previous to the summer of 1854, at which time he re- signed to establish with Mr. O. L. Nims and Mr. C. O. Tillotson, another banking- house, which for many years did a highly successful business. The position made vacant by the resignation of Mr. White was offered to Mr. Anson H. Miller, who at the time was bookkeeper for Dr. Wil- liam F. Kittredge, treasurer of the Toledo, Norwalk & Cleveland Railroad company. He accepted, and came to Fremont on the 2d day of August, 1854.
At the time referred to in Judge Otis' letter, from 1851 to 1856, and for some years later, the customary rate for money was one per cent. a month, and for New York exchange one per cent. premium was charged. The paper money in those days was a queer mixture of various and uncer- tain values. The sorting of this money was one of the important duties of the bank clerk. The New York city, New England, and some of the Ohio bank notes, being carefully selected to be sent home, or to some broker for the purpose
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HISTORY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY.
of getting in return New York exchange, that being one of the cheapest and most available ways of obtaining it.
On the first day of January, 1857, Dr. James W. Wilson became a partner in the bank of Birchard, Miller & Co., the firm name remaining unchanged. Dr. Wilson had been, since 1838, one of the leading .and most successful physicians in the town, was well known in Sandusky and the adjoining counties, and his wealth and careful business habits gave to the bank still another element of strength and safe- ty. The bank continued to prosper with Sardis Birchard, Dr. James W. Wilson, and Anson H. Miller as partners, and without further change until the year 1863, when it was merged into the First National Bank of Fremont, which succeeded the pri- vate banking-house of Birchard, Miller & Co., and was organized in 1863, wth a paid up capital of one hundred thousand dollars, and with an authorized capital of two hundred thousand dollars.
THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK.
The first preliminary certificate was dated April 24, 1863, but in consequence of a change in the regulations of the department at Washington, this was afterwards cancelled, and another dated May 23, 1863, was adopted; the articles of association were dated May 23, 1863. Both the preliminary certificate and arti cles of association were signed by the fol_ lowing named persons: Sardis Birchard, James W. Wilson, Anson H. Miller, James Justice, Robert W. B. Mclellan, Jane E. Phelps, LaQuinio Rawson, Mar- tin Bruner, Robert Smith, Abraham Neff, Augustus W. Luckey.
The first stockholders' meeting was held May 27, 1863, at which James Justice was chairman and Robert W. B. Mclellan secretary. At this meeting the following first board of directors was elected: Sardis Birchard, James W. Wilson, James Jus-
tice, Martin Bruner, Robert Smith, Au- gustus W. Luckey, Anson H. Miller.
The first directors' meeting was held on the same day, at which Sardis Birchard was elected president; James W. Wilson, vice president, and Anson H. Miller, cash- ier.
The certificate of authority from the Comptroller of the Currency, at Washing- ton, was dated June 22, 1863. The bank commenced business September 1, 1863, and soon thereafter was designated by the Government as a depository of the public money. The first report of its condition was made April 1, 1864, which shows among its resources, of loans, $121,305.29; total resources, $347,703.05; and among its liabilities, due depositers, $ 133,620.56; due United States as Government depos- itory, $64,450. In its last published re- port, dated October 1, 18SI, the bank makes the following showing under the same heads: Loans, $417,443.91; total resources, $694, 112.32 ; due depositors, $414,216.91, which only partially shows the increase in the bank's business. At the time the bank was merged into the First National, Mr. Miller, with the help of a young clerk, did all the routine work of the bank; now six experienced men are constantly employed. The bank came near being the first one organized in the United States, being only number five on the official list.
On the 2 1st day of January, 1874, Mr. Birchard deceased, and the vacancy there- by caused in the presidency, was filled January 27, 1874, by the election of Dr. James W. Wilson to the place.
The bank has lost by death four direc- tors, viz: James Justice, who died May 28, 1873; Sardis Birchard, who died Jan- uary 21, 1874; Robert Smith, who died April 2, 1878; Augustus W. Luckey, who died March 20, 1881.
There have been no changes in the offi-
438
HISTORY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY.
cers or directors, only such as were caused by death, except in the case of Martin Bruner, who, in consequence of having disposed of his stock in the bank, had ceased to be a director several years before his death. He died September 24, 1876.
The bank never made a practice of pay- ing interest on deposits-neither did its predecessors after the Ist of April, 1859. At that time both Birchard, Miller & Co. and the banking house of Nims, Tillotson & White, discontinued the custom, satisfied that for the future it would be an unwise one.
This bank has been fortunate not only in its officers, but also in its employes. Mr. Augustus E. Rice, one of the directors and the present assistant cashier, came into the bank in March, 1865, and was at that time a mere boy. His industry, in- tegrity, and good habits have well entitled him to the important place he now occu- pies, not only in the bank, but as an influ- ential citizen. Mr. William E. Lang, tel- ler; John G. Nuhfer, individual book- keeper; James W. Wilson, collection clerk; and John W. Pero, general book- keeper, have all been in the bank for years, and are young men well qualified for the positions they hold.
The present officers of the bank are: James WV. Wilson, president; Anson H. Miller, cashier; Augustus E. Rice, assist- ant cashier. The present directors are: James WV. Wilson, LaQuinio Rawson, Rutherford B. Hayes, Anson H. Miller, Augustus E. Rice.
Until the first of January, 1877, the busi- ness of the bank was carried on in the building occupied by Birchard & Otis, previously mentioned. About the ist of January, 1876. the bank purchased of Mr. P ( lose the lot owned and occupied by him on the southwest corner of Front and Croghan streets. The two-story brick building, in which he had been doing bus-
iness, was torn down and the same year the bank erected on the spot a new and elegant three-story Amherst stone front bank building into which it moved Janu- ary 1, 1877, and in which it still does its business.
The bank was one of the few that con- tinued to pay its depositors during the panic of 1873 in full on demand. The condition of the bank on the Ist of Octo- ber, 1881, is shown in the following report :
RESOURCES.
Loans.
$417,443 91
Over drafts
1,275 3I
United States bonds.
150,coo co
Due from other banks.
41,647 15
Real estate.
15,618 27
Expense account ..
4,325 58
Checks and cash items 106 42
Cash on hand
59,195 68
Due from United States Treasury
4,500 00
Total.
$694, 112 32
LIABILITIES.
Capital stock
$100,000 00
Surplus fund.
60,000 00
Undrawn profits.
18,384 58
Bank notes out
Deposits 90,000 00
414,216 91
Due other banks
10,389 03
Tax account.
1,121 80
$694, 112 32
Anson H. Miller, who has been so prominently connected with this bank, and consequently with the business in- terests of the city, is a native of Hinsdale, New Hampshire, and was born May 2, 1824. His father, John Miller, was a de- scendant of Nathan Doyles, who was a sufferer by the burning of New London, Connecticut, during the Revolution, and to whose heirs was granted a large tract in the Firelands near New London, in Huron county. By inheritance and purchase Mr. Miller came into possession of the whole tract. He removed with his family to Norwalk in 1825 and in 1839 settled on the farm near New Indon. Anson H., during the family's residence in Not-
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HISTORY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY.
walk, attended the seminary, and during the year 1845 continued his studies at Milan academy. In 1847 Mr. Miller en- tered the employ of Prague & Sherman, lumber dealers, at New Orleans. He was there about fourteen months, during the yellow fever epidemic, and was him- self a sufferer from the disease. In 1852 . he attended Commercial college at Cleve- land, and soon after was employed as bookkeeper in the office of the treasurer of the Toledo, Norwalk & Cleveland Rail- road, which position he held until enter- ing the bank in 1854. Since 1856 the burden of management has mainly been borne by the cashier. The exceptionally successful career of the bank, both as a partnership and a corporation, is the best commentary on Mr. Miller's worth as a banker. His management has always been honorable to himself and profitable to the stockholders.
BANK OF FREMONT.
The partnership of Nims, Tillotson & White was formed in 1854, and conducted a general banking business under that name for about four years. The name was then changed to Bank of Fremont, and business conducted to the entire sat- isfaction of its patrons until 1878, when every depositor was paid in full and a suc- cessful career closed by a dissolution of the partnership.
THE BANK OF FREMONT.
In October, 1880, a partnership under the above style began a general banking business with L. Wideman, president; C. M. Spitzer, cashier, and J. C. Wideman, assistant cashier. The business has been in charge of the two last named gentle- men. In addition to general banking an exchange and brokerage business is tran- sacted.
FREMONT BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
Besides the long-established and more
extensive firms mentioned in the above pages, the following business houses and factories are located in Fremont :
Agricultural implements-Treat & Corl. Architect-J. C. Johnson.
Attorneys-at-law-Bartlett & Finefrock, H. P. and H. S. Buckland & Zeigler, Samuel Brinkerhoff, Everett & Fowler, Byron Dudrow, F. R. Fronizer, Finefrock & Bell, Garver Bros., J. L. Green, Lem- mon, Wilson & Rice, Frank O'Farrell, Smith & Kinney, M. L. Snyder, L. E. Stetler, M. E. Tyler, E. Williams.
Baggage, express and hack line-Dr. G. O. Harlan, J. H. Stewart.
Bakers-D. Hock, H. Lesher, A. Voght.
Barbers-J. Berling, O. E. Curtis, F. E. Gerber, F. J. Rheinegger, F. Schoeffel, S. Wolf.
Billiard halls-C. P. DePuyster, George Nighswaner, W. D. Sherwood, C. Grett.
Blacksmiths-G. A. Berger, D. S. Blue, J. Cookson, John Fend, G. Greiner, Wil- liam Groves, W. Hund, Peter Nolf, D. Rooney.
Bottling works-A. Hauck.
Cabinet-makers-S. Doer, Casper Smith.
Carpenters-S. E. Anderson, A. Foster, Anthony Kiser, Rich & Richards, J. B. Schraff.
Carriage-manufacturers-D. Consedine & Son, John Keefer.
Cigar manufacturers-A. Good, J. L. Rafferty, John Stober.
Clothing-Charles Strong, B. Young- man, W. Dean & Co.
Coal dealers-E. P. Underhill & Co.
Cooper shop-John A. Grant.
Dentists-A. F. Price, F. T. Creager. Druggist-G. W. Petty.
Dry goods-Hermon & Wilson, Jen- kins & McElroy, John Ryan, J. Joseph.
Elevator-E. H. Underhill & Co.
Fancy goods-D. H. Altaffer, S. P. Hansom & Co., E. Sympkins, W. H. Hart
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HISTORY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY
Flour and feed-Chan. Norton.
Grain dealers-George Engler, Gusdorf Bros., D. Wagner.
Grocers-Baker & Stine, G. F. Buch- man, P. Dillane, H. F. Dwelle, Ernst Bros., T. F. Heffner, Frank Bauman, D. Hock, J. Horn, Kelly & Hauck, - Lynch, A. Miller, J. C. Street, Robert Hidber, S. P. Wottring, Lawrence Dick.
Gun manufacturers-George Thomp- son, Harry Thompson.
Hotels-Ball House, John Ford, pro- prietor; Peach House, Richard Peach, proprietor ; American House, J. Paulus, proprietor; Tell House, William Hocke, proprietor ; Germania House, J. B. Weber, proprietor.
Ice dealer-A. Hodes.
Insurance agents-L. B. Ward; J. K. Elderkin, William B. Kridler, jr., D. F. Thomson, Z. Ross.
Jewelers-E. L. Cross & Bro., William Gasser, A. V. Hamilton.
Justices of the peace-Samuel Brinker- hoff, M. E. Tyler, F. R. Fronizer.
Lime manufacturers-Gottron Bros., A. D. & F. L. Noble, Quilter Bros.
Marble works-Gurst & Son, Purdy & Williams.
Meat markets-Henry Adler, J. Bau- man & Co., S. Cohn .-
Merchant tailors-N. Barendt, S. Bal- lau, F. Brady.
Organs and pianos-Heberling & Darst.
Photographers-Charles Pascoe, H. Post, R. Groben.
Pump manufacturers-C. Baker, Barney Meyers.
Saddle and harness manufacturer- William Schroder.
Sign painter-George Dole.
Stoves and tinware-Winter Bros.
Tile works-Fremont Brick and Tile Co., William Parker.
Undertakers-E. Swartz, C. W. Tschu- my.
CHAPTER XXVII.
FREMONT -- MEDICAL. *Sanitary History and the Medical Profession.
THOSE who have travelled over San- dusky county within the past ten or twenty years can form but an imperfect idea of this region, then known as the Black Swamp, between twenty-five and forty years ago. There can not probably
*NOTE .- We are under obligations to all the physicians who have furnished information for this chapter, but especially to Dr. John B. Rice and Dr. Thomas Stillwell, for interesting contributions, and to Dr. James W. Wilson for the special interest he has taken in having the subject fully presented.
be found elsewhere a richer or more dura- ble soil. The farms are now mostly well improved, and their owners occupy commodious dwellings, constructed not merely with reference to furnishing com- fortable homes for their occupants, but with due regard to appearances. The barns and other out-buildings are large and pleasing to the eye, and afford ample room for storing and sheltering the immense crops and improved stock that now reward
441
HISTORY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY.
the farmer's toil and intelligent enterprise. The land is adequately drained, for the numerous creeks that help to swell the San- dusky, the Portage, and the Maumee, af- ford every desirable facility toward this end. Thorough ditching, and in many instances tile under-drainage, and the removal of dead timber from the small streams, have accomplished the rest.
The roads are generally well improved, many of them macadamized, and the bridges safe and of good construction.
How remarkable is the change! For- merly, where now are large farms, there were only small clearings of a few acres each, fairly covered with stumps and "gir- dled" or deadened trees. The small log cabin, with its chimney of sticks and clay, puncheon floors and clapboard roof, and the little log stable, were the means of protection from wind and weather erected by the hardy pioneers, generally with their own hands, assisted by willing neighbors on the day of "raising." The small pro- duce of the soil and the stock were gen- erally kept without shelter. The un- threshed grain, hay, and fodder were systematically stacked to favor shedding the rain. Potatoes and other vegetables were covered in "pits," in the absence of cellars. The pigs ran at large, and fat- tened well on hickory nuts and acorns. A little corn was fed for a brief period be- fore butchering, to "harden the fat." The grain saved from the ravages of blackbirds and raccoons was required for bread, and for the work-horses and oxen that richly earned their share for the hard work per- formed among the logs and stumps. The driver was often noisy, and by no means choice in his expressions.
In those days there were few roads worthy of the name, and the best of these were mostly thickly set with stumps and dead trees, and scarcely passable for teams during the spring and fall In the worst
places, where they were otherwise impass- able, causeways were made of logs, often of unequal size, placed side by side. This constituted the now obsolete "corduroy road," which, serving a useful purpose in its time, one can not now contemplate without a shudder, remembering the hor- rible jolting of the springless vehicles that passed over them, and the almost un- fathomable mud-hole with which they commenced and ended. There were few bridges, and these of very primitive con- struction, and often unsafe. The prudent horseman often went round them, or dis- mounted in crossing.
The swales and small creeks were so obstructed by fallen trees, that had ac- cumulated as driftwood, that the flow of water was greatly hindered, and when there was much rain it overflowed the adjacent land. A large part of the rain- fall disappeared by evaporation, and slow percolation through the soil. The well water, especially where the land was par- ticularly wet, was colored and flavored by decaying vegetation.
The prevailing diseases during this period, in Sandusky county, were the same as were encountered during a similar era in all Northwestern Ohio, and in Indiana and Michigan, as well as elsewhere. They were of miasmatic origin, and most prev- alent in the autumnal months. Some sea- sons hardly an inhabitant escaped. Occa- sionally the fevers were especially malig- nant. The remittent form of fever was generally, however, amenable to treatment, but still always regarded as a serious mal- ady. When not of the pernicious or con- gestive type, the cases of intermittent fever were usually promptly relieved by reme- dies. This was, however, by no means so with the chronic intermittent, or ague, which was also most prevalent in the fall, and yet had a fashion of staying around during the rest of the year. Whether the
56
442
HISTORY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY.
attack occurred daily, or every second or third day, its coming on was seldom a sur- prise. Its pale and sallow victims were often discouraged by the recurrence of the disease upon the slightest exposure. They wearied of the doctors' monoto- nously bitter doses, and themselves scoured the woods plucking and digging after in- diginous "sure cures." It was an open question among the people whether it were better to try any cure at all, or to bravely "wear it out."
As prevalent as miasmatic fevers were in those days, the improvement of the county gradually effected a decided change for the better, until now Sandusky county is as free from this class of disease as any part of Northwestern Ohio. It is doubtful, indeed, whether any part of Ohio is now more salubrious. Within recent years this region has enjoyed a fair degree of exemption from epidemic diseases. The year 1834 was probably the most dreadful in the history of this locality, made so by a terrible cholera scourge. In August of that year a boat load of emigrants came from Buffalo, among whom was a travelling man. The traveller, upon the arrival of the boat at our landing, came up to the Western House, then the leading hotel of Northwestern Ohio. A man named Marsh was the landlord. The emigrants en- camped on the bottom near the landing. During the night after his arrival the stranger in the hotel was taken sick. He requested the presence of a Free Mason, if there were any in the village, and Har- vey J. Harman was sent for. Mr. Har- man attended the stranger during the night and until he died in the morning. Drs. Brainard and Rawson pronounced cholera the cause of death. The village was panic-stricken. Harman, in a couple of days, died, and then Marsh, the land- lord of the Western House, and his wife. All who could get away left town, and with
few exceptions, those who could not get away closed their houses and admitted no one. The Olmsteds went into the coun- try, leaving their store and the post office in charge of Mr. Everett. Dr. Anderson would see no one, and Dr. Brainard was himself attacked but recovered. At the beginning of the scourge death followed attack quickly. An old bachelor-Billy Stripe-who lived east of the town, came in one day and was seized on the street. He found refuge on a pile of shavings in a new building being erected on the cor- ner of Croghan and Front streets, and in a few hours was dead. The emigrants' camp down by the landing was a place of indescribable suffering. Many of them died without attendance, and the living could scarce bury the dead. Joel Everett was one day passing this encampment on his way home from Lower Sandusky. He had not gone far before the dread disease compelled him to stop. The neighbors dared not take him into their houses, but built a tent over him by the roadside and provided a bed, on which he died on the following day. He was buried near his lonely death-bed.
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