USA > Ohio > Ross County > Chillicothe > Ohio centennial anniversary celebration at Chillicothe, May 20-21, 1903 : under the auspices of the Ohio State Archaelogical and Historical Society : complete proceedings > Part 35
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Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65
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Wright, D. Thew., Jr., First District, Cincinnati, December, 1893, to December, 1898.
Wright, O. W. H., Seventh District, Logan, December, 1899, in office.
Wright, Silas H., Seventh District, Logan, October, 1866, died 1887.
Wylie, Hawley J., Fifth District, Columbus, February, 1882, to February, 1887.
Young, Boston G., Tenth District, Marion, April, 1900, in office.
JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF CLEVELAND UNDER ACT OF 1847.
Sherlock, J. Andrews, February 7, 1848, to February 14, 1853.
UNDER ACT OF 1873.
Gershom M. Barber, July 15, 1873, to June 30, 1875.
Seneca O. Griswold, July 15, 1873, to June 30, 1875
James M. Jones, July 15, 1873, to June 30, 1875.
JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY UNDER THE ACT OF MARCH 29, 1856.
Daniel A. Haynes, July 1, 1856, to 1869.
J. A. Jordan, July 1, 1869, to 1871.
Thomas C. Lowe, July 1, 1871, to 1876.
Daniel A. Haynes, July 1, 1876, to 1881.
Dennis Dwyer, July 1, 1881, to July 1, 1886.
JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF FRANKLIN COUNTY, UNDER THE ACT OF 1857.
Fitz James Mathews, May 1, 1857, to May 1, 1862. J. William Baldwin, May 1, 1862, to April 1, 1865.
JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF CINCINNATI, UNDER THE ACT OF 1838.
David K. Este, from 1838 to 1845.
Charles D. Coffin, from 1845 to 1847.
William Johnston, from 1847 to 1850.
Charles P. James, from 1850 to 1851.
George Hoadly, from 1851.
The Act of 1852 terminated this Court with February, 1853.
JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF CINCINNATI, UNDER ACT OF 1853.
Coffin, Charles D., 1862-1863. Dempsey, Edward J., 1898-1903.
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Ferris, Howard, 1902, in office.
Foraker, Joseph B., 1879-1882.
Force, Manning F., 1877-1887. Fox, Charles, 1865-1868.
Gholson, William Y., 1854-1859.
Hagans, Marcellus B., 1869-1873.
Harmon, Judson, 1878-1887.
Hoadly, George, 1860-1865.
Hosea, Lewis M., 1903, in office.
Hunt, Samuel F., 1890-1898.
Jackson, William H., 1897-1902.
Matthews, Stanley, 1863-1865.
Miner, John L., 1872.
Moore, Frederick W., 1887-1897.
Noyes, Edward F., 1889-1890.
O'Connor, Timothy A., 1873-1877.
Peck, Hiram D., 1883-1889.
Sayler, John Riner, 1890-1891.
Smith, Rufus B., 1891, in office.
Spencer, Oliver M., 1854-1861.
Storer, Bellamy, 1854-1871.
Taft, Alphonso, 1866-1871.
Taft, William H., 1887-1890.
Tilden, Myron H., 1874-1878.
Walker, J. Bryant, 1872.
Worthington, William, 1882-1883.
Yaple, Alfred, 1873-1878.
JUDGES OF THE CRIMINAL COURT OF HAMILTON COUNTY UNDER ACT OF 1852.
Jacob Flinn, from March, 1852, to May, 1854.
OHIO IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
Salmon Portland Chase, Chief Justice, December 13, 1864, to May 7, 1873.
Morrison Remick Waite, Chief Justice, January 21, 1874, to March 23, 1888.
John McLean, Justice, March 7, 1829, to April 4, 1861.
Noah Haynes Swayne, Justice, January 24, 1862, to January 24,. 1881.
Edwin McMasters Stanton, Justice, December 20, 1869, to Decem- ber 24, 1869.
Stanley Matthews, Justice, May 12, 1881, to March 22, 1889.
William R. Day, Justice, January, 1903, in office.
INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS OF OHIO .*
MARCUS A. HANNA.
Ladies and Gentlemen: Coming among you this evening in the very midst of your festivities and absorbing a large amount of the inspiration which I find on every hand, I am happy in the fact that I was born in Ohio. (Applause.) I never tire of singing her praises and I never fail to state facts, because her history needs no embellishment.
Standing upon the threshold of this new century it is a vantage ground in retrospective for you to witness the development of our state in a hundred years. That backward look reveals to us glories of which the early pioneers of Ohio never dreamed. The infant industries began when the pio- neers flocked to our state, every man MARCUS A. HANNA. hewing his own log and making his own shingles, his interest lying in the fact of securing for him- self and his family a roof over his head, a home for his family, a castle for himself from which to begin to build his fortunes.
Who could have dreamed that among those sturdy men who came here from the east, as General Cowen described - from whatever motive they came to this section of our country it mattered not - there were those whose pioneer character and nature should so well have qualified them to hew their way in the forests of our new state.
And well they hewed. Blest as we are by a magnificent soil, endowed by nature with mineral wealth and all the nec- essary attributes to lay the foundation of an industrial develop-
* Stenographic report.
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ment, well it was that those who came to lay that foundation stone came from every section of our country and originally from every nation of Europe. No better combination of blood could be made than that composing that cosmopolitan people; starting back originally from the countries where personal lib- erty was unknown, guided by the inspiration of those who had gone before, lured here by the stories that were wafted back across the ocean - a land of liberty, a land in which every man could enjoy all the rights and blessings due to men. And when that migration took its westward step the very flower of those people were first to take advantage of the opportunities heralded from our shores and coming to Ohio in small groups, yet growing every year to an army of working men, hewing their way through our boundless forests and reaching into the soils from which nature gave a rich reward. Oh, it was a splendid people that laid the foundations of this great, enterpris- ing state! Is it any wonder that with the combination of those natural resources and the activity and industry of this people we have risen, not by steps, but by strides in the industrial world?
Originally a farming state and prosperous in that industry, happy because happiness comes from success of effort, health- ful in climate, invigorated and inspired by the very air that surrounded them, that people went forward and have never stopped nor halted. (Applause.)
I say that we have been blessed by nature not alone in the fact of a splendid climate, a fruitful soil, but in the deposits of mineral wealth placed there as a reserve force of wealth to become a part of our prosperous development.
Almost among the first industries developed in the United States was that founded upon the discovery of iron ore in small portions of our state-in your own neighborhood, the Hocking Valley, where, utilizing the fuel made from the tim- ber, those small charcoal furnaces began. Then, later on, in the north-eastern part of our state, in Mahoning and Trum- bull Counties, we discovered a fuel, a quality of coal which up to that time had been the unknown factor in the manufacture of iron; so that under the combination of the native ores and
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later on the ores that were imported from other states, by virtue of the superiority of that fuel, the foundation was laid of that infant industry, the manufacture of iron and steel.
In those two primitive industries Ohio was one of the early pioneers. Those industries, successful from the begin- ning, attracted kindred industries of all varieties until we have grown and grown and grown and to-day cease to be an agri- cultural state, scarcely raising enough to feed our own people. And what is the result - a great manufacturing and industrial state, second or third in the nation.
It is not owing alone to the raw material that Ohio has. been so successful, but it has been because, coming from that race of men, from that cosmopolitan race so ably described by General Cowen, the mingling of blood, the creation of the Ohio man made it what it is. And that Ohio man, seizing upon every opportunity, availing himself of every opening in the in- dustrial world, with the Ohio man at the helm, advantages not here were brought here, and industry, ingenuity and integrity combined placed him among the leaders of industrial captains .. That combination has made us a great state in the industrial world, and this development must go on ; it is the history of Ohio that her course has never been checked in its industrial progress.
It is a notorious fact in the commercial world that the credit of Ohio's business men and industrial captains has been equal if not superior to that of any other state in the Union. What, then, can be said for our future? Why, my fellow- citizens, standing, as I say we do to-day, upon the threshold of this new century and looking backward, witnessing the won- derful developments of the last hundred years, who can prophesy what shall be the fruition of this great promised combination with which Ohio will be blessed ?
There is no other section of the United States which has more natural advantages. In transportation our state is traversed with a network of railroads, well built and well managed. Our towns are bristling with industries, established upon merit and prosperous because of their merit and good management. Having passed the time of our early natural advantages, and coming to our day, now, in the contest for commercial and industrial su-
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premacy within the limits of our country, Ohio will reap the advantage of those people who have come from the difficulties which I have named and who have benefitted by this grand system of our common school education. And I am glad to hear such a favorable report from our School Commissioner ; there lies the bulwark which all the ideas and isms of socialism and anarchy might butt against until the end of time-they will remain. (Applause. )
We welcome to our shores people from every clime and every nation, who coming here seeking may find a home, an asylum where hope and plenty enter in. We love them all. There is work for willing hands to do.
Because this wonderful development of this country is not abnormal under the conditions of to-day, the industry and in- genuity of our people are being felt everywhere and Ohio shares a large part in that enterprise which is carrying our manu- factured goods to every clime under the sun.
To the inventive genius of her citizens we owe many of the ripe machines that have been brought to the aid of labor, not to the detriment of labor, but to the benefit of all the people. It is to that enterprise and to that inventive genius that we look in our future development for a realization of all that for which men hope; our beneficent laws protecting and caring for our industries, and inviting here those who associate together with capital large and efficient enough to carry on enterprises under the laws of our state. '
We have cared for them and nurtured them, but under this development there comes a time, my fellow-citizens, when it is necessary, in keeping pace with the rapid progress, to adjust ourselves and our laws to meet these conditions. We must not be led astray by false sentiment of demagogism. We must not yield to any cry that would in any way intimidate or paralyze capital, but, recognizing that other great factor which is associated with capital, our laws and our policy must be in the interest of all classes and those who work with their hands. (Applause. )
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Important questions in connection with this industrial de- velopment are forcing themselves upon us every year, aye, every month. I say important questions because nothing can be more important than the questions which strike at the very heart of industrial development. It is the duty, the bounden duty of every citizen of Ohio to feel that his interests and responsi- bilities are not limited within the environment of his own town or county. It is this great civic pride which permeates the whole state and occasions of this kind will bring into life the public-spirited and patriotic feeling, so that the very name of Ohio and its future will be an inspiration. (Applause.)
ยท Let it be known that we as a people, that we as a state, consider from the standpoint of individual and corporate in- terests the value of all that aids in the production and develop- ment of our industries, and that a good name abroad will bring within the limits of our own state all the elements needed to feed and to nourish this spirit of evolution and development. The people have as much to do with that success, almost, as does nature, because it is the people who create the sentiment, who fill the very atmosphere with that sentiment, of fair deal- ing, of honest but effective laws, of the consideration of every man's interest, individual or corporate, with a desire, aye a determination to do that which is best for the whole people.
Ohio, I am glad to say, in all her past history has shown that spirit both in law and sentiment, and it is because of the success and the growth of that spirit that I join with you in the prophecy of the future, that the greatness of our state has only just begun; that what has been accomplished in a hun- dred years, aye, within the last fifty years, and with the condi- tions favorable, with that spirit which I hope fills the heart and mind of the people when they are called together in convention or in conference or in the celebration of an occasion like this, that they, appreciating what has been wrought out' and called to their attention, will go home and think about it, think about it from the standpoint of good citizenship and humanity, think about these economic questions from the standpoint which will uplift society-and when I say society, I mean from the bot- tom up (great applause), place all classes, as God Almighty in-
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tended, upon the same equality, and let them work out their own destiny in proportion to their enterprise and ability. (Re- newed applause. )
What an inspiration it is, my friends! I do not believe we fully appreciate that in these United States, after a little more than a hundred years, we have brought together men from all nations and all conditions and harmonized and equalized and made them a part of this great body politic, all bound first on bettering their own condition, then their duty and loyalty to their fellow-man, and then to their state and country.
A hundred years has done this and from what a begin- ning! It would startle, aye, it would stagger, the mind of the people of the old world could they have been told that such a result would have occurred. Could any man have prophesied that under our institutions a people governing themselves could have come out of all this combination of men from all nations, could have been molded into a body politic, the majority of which are inspired by the highest motives of doing good to themselves and their fellow-men. That is American and that is the Ohio idea. (Great applause. )
It gives me great pleasure, my fellow-citizens, to be present on an occasion like this, because it gives me an opportunity of meeting face to face so many of our people, so many of my fellow-citizens whom it has not been my pleasure to see and know ; to join with you in the celebration of this great event.
I join with you in the bright hopes of your future here in Ross County, and I join with you in the feeling that this great function has been and will be productive of good everywhere. It is good to have these conferences, these heart to heart talks, this dissemination of facts which is appreciated by all, the op- portunity to know more than we would have known in regard to our state affairs and our growth and development.
From the standpoint of her commercial and industrial in- terests, if I know anything, I know that Ohio stands, and de- servedly so, in the front rank, and if our opportunities for the future are no less -aye, but they are greater than a hundred years ago, because there is no teacher like experience - there is no better proof of what can be done than to judge the future
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by the past as to what has been done; therefore, on every hand there is every reason why this should be made an opportunity for rejoicing, and here's hoping that we may all live to enjoy another one. (Loud and long continued applause.)
CAMPUS MARTIUS, MARIETTA.
THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF OHIO.
LEWIS D. BONEBRAKE.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
NO MINOR INSTITUTION.
The history of the public schools of Ohio and the state- ment of the present condition of public education in our com- monwealth can not be condensed into a few words or be covered by a few fragmentary sentences. The institu- tion commonly called the free public school system is too large an institu- tion ; its history covers too much de- tail ; its glorious achievements are too many, and its benefits are too far- reaching, to condense them into a few words or adequately to recount them in small compass. The wisest states- men of one hundred years ago could hardly have foreseen the wonderful development destined to come from the free school system in the ten dec- LEWIS D. BONEBRAKE. ades covered by the first century of our statehood. The thought- ful and far-seeing might have hoped for larger usefulness, for extension and improvement, but the present glorious heritage of free universal opportunity for culture and learning at the expense of the state could hardly have been dreamed of even by the wisest of the period. The public schools are no minor institution.
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DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION.
In a retrospect of the conditions as they existed a little more than a hundred years ago in America there is much of interest and profit. The closing years of the eighteenth century witnessed both in Europe and America, a remarkable outburst of the spirit of democracy. In the public meetings and the political dis- cussions of the period the words "people," "demos," "citizen," "voter," "commons," "inalienable rights," and other similar ex- pressions were in constant use. The teachings of Rousseau and his associates, and the declarations and doctrines of the French Revolution, were widely scattered and very much in evidence in the political assemblies. It was only five years prior to the time the bells tolled out the old century and their merry chimes wel- comed in the new, that a young Corsican officer had with con- summate skill planted his cannon in the streets before the Tuiller- ies, and by use of grapeshot and ball ended the great French Revolution. This act made Napoleon a prominent figure; and at once he began his remarkable career of twenty years in un- settling Europe, overthrowing hereditary thrones, and dispelling forever the ancient fiction of the divine rights of kings. The eighteenth century closed with him as First Consul of France; but the people felt somehow that he was of them and that his cause was theirs. England, Austria, Italy, the German States, and all Europe recognized his power. The French Revolution had passed beyond the political boundaries of France. There was a great awakening ; in some way the people had learned that ability and talent, rather than kingly birth, counted in human affairs. A new day had come to Europe.
In America great events had transpired just prior to the close of the eighteenth century. Thirteen feeble colonies, wronged by unjust taxation, goaded by the calamitous inflictions of evil- minded ministers and a foolish stubborn king, had at last sought independence, and achieved the same after a long and distressing conflict. Their Declaration made in 1776, and their Constitution made operative in 1789, bear every evidence of their sturdy faith in the people to rule themselves. Their yearnings for self-gov- ernment were everywhere apparent; and their faith was clearly
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and distinctly a faith in the power of majorities. In America at least there was a distinctive tendency to trust the people with larger power.
In a word, without effort at elaborate portrayal, it is safe to say that at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the larger world-tendency among governments was to trust the people themselves with larger civic powers, and to grant to each member of society a wider range of liberties. The individual members of society were assuming, each man for himself and all in their collective capacity, a larger work of managing governmental affairs, where in former times such matters were intrusted to the few. It was clearly the growth of democracy.
PUBLIC EDUCATION A NECESSITY.
But a democracy to be successful and efficient must be made intelligent and resourceful. To grant large civic rights to the people without providing the means for their proper education ; to permit the exercise of the franchise and the control of the affairs of the state itself, without providing culture for all. and a general spread of intelligence, in the end would lead to anarchy, strife and tyranny. These matters were foreseen even prior to the inauguration of the Republic. The literature of the later colonial and revolutionary period abounds in references to the necessity of education. The New England free school, like the New England town meeting, was the outgrowth of the spirit of democracy; and the spirit of democracy was much in evidence in the early colonies.
In President Washington's farewell address among other ex- cellent recommendations he wrote the following: "Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a gov- ernment gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened."
OHIO SYSTEM PART OF NATIONAL POLICY.
The truth of the matter is, the public free school system of Ohio must be linked in history to the public school system of New England and the East. It is not perhaps wise to refer at
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length to the history of the early attempts at education in the colonies. Perhaps the free school system itself in the beginning was not definitely planned. The public school was a necessity that children should not grow up in ignorance. It was not the gift of any man, any prince, or any public benefactor. It was a growth, a development, an evolution: It simply grew - at first a makeshift and a community necessity, later a definitely recog- nized institution, recognized as fundamentally worthy of public approval. From the very beginning spontaneity has been its keynote. Recognized in the town meeting, in colonial assemblies, then later in the surveys of public lands, in state constitutions and state legislation, the free public school system of the United States has taken on many forms. Each state and territory has done about as seemed wise and expedient according to local con- ditions. There is lack of symmetry and lack of definite form. Local preferences in all the states have made the systems dis- similar. Ohio is no exception to the rule.
CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENTS. ACTS OF 1785 AND 1787.
As suggested already the public school system of Ohio must be connected with the system in vogue in the colonies at the time of the revolution. Very properly our school system must be rec- ognized as a part of the growth of that system which had from the earliest settlement and occupancy of the East been growing and developing in the colonies and the original states.
As early as May 20, 1785, by act of the Congress then oper- ating under the old Articles of Confederation, the public lands of the government were ordered to be surveyed in townships six miles square, section sixteen of each township being reserved for common school purposes. The famous "An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio" was enacted on July 13, 1787. Said ordinance contained a strong declaration in Article III relating to education, which reads in part :
Religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good govern- ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.
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On July 23, 1787, just ten days after congress had passed said ordinance, whose strong words are here noted as related to education, and with equally significant utterances on religious freedom, the habeas corpus, trial by jury, slavery, inviolability of contracts and the like, a very important act often lost sight of was also passed. It was supplementary to the act of May 20, 1785, relating to the survey and sale of the public lands. This act, in addition to setting aside every sixteenth section of each township for common school purposes, also ordered that two whole townships were "to be given perpetually for the purposes of a seminary of learning, to be applied to the intended object by the legislature of the state." In this way congress prepared the way for our irreducible school fund, by means of section sixteen, and also began the work of higher education at state expense, the Ohio University at Athens being the beneficiary of the two townships referred to. The names of Manasseh Cutler, Rufus Putnam, Nathan Dane, and Rufus King will live long in this chapter of our educational history.
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