USA > Ohio > Ohio's progressive sons; a history of the state; sketches of those who have helped to build up the commonwealth > Part 13
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1 897.
Joseph Benson Foraker U Marcus A. Hanna.
Hamilton
January 15, 1896. Appointed vice Sherman.
1898-1903. . ! Joseph Benson Foraker ( Marcus A. Hanna.
1903-1909. .
Joseph Benson Foraker.
1905-1911 .. Marcus A. Hanna.
1905-1911 ..
Charles Dick
Cuyahoga.
Elected to succeed himself for the short term and the full term, January 12, 1898. January II, 1902. January 13, 1904. February, 1904, vice Hanna, de- ceased.
Of these thirty-one Senators, three-Meigs, Ruggles and Tappan-were from Eastern Ohio; one, Thurman-from Central Ohio; eight, Brice, Garfield, Griswold, Hanna, Sherman, Wade and Dick-from Northern Ohio, while Southern Ohio had the honor of furnishing all the other nineteen Senators. From seventy-one counties in the State no Senator has been
144
contributed, while one has come from each of the following thirteen counties: Allen, Ash- tabula, Belmont, Brown, Clermont, Fairfield, Franklin, Highland, Jefferson, Lake, Rich- land, Summit and Washington. Two had their homes in Warren County, three in Cuya- hoga, four in Ross and not less than nine in Hamilton County. Two of the Senators-Har- rison and Garfield-reached the highest office in the gift of the American people, and it is a noteworthy coincidence that both died while holding the great office of President of their country. But most of the men who have held the office of Senator from Ohio also held other offices and places of honor and distinction in the public service. Corwin, Morrow, Payne, Pendleton, Sherman, Thurman and Dick, each served one or more terms in the House
-
A COAL FLEET, OHIO RIVER
of Representatives, while Meigs was Postmaster-General in the Cabinet of President Mon- roe; and Chase, Corwin, Ewing and Sherman each held the office of Secretary of the Treasury. Ewing served also as Secretary of the Interior, and the last office held by Sher- man was that of Secretary of State. Chase and Matthews gained seats on the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States, one as Chief Justice and the other as an associate Jus- tice. Tappan won distinction as Judge of the United States Court for the District of Ohio, and Griswold filled with honor the office of Judge of the United States Court for the North- western Territory, to which he was appointed by President Madison. Brown, Burnet, Meigs, Morris and Thurman served as Judges of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and Brown, Corwin, Harrison and Pendleton all held high rank in the diplomatic service. Brice, Dick, Foraker, Garfield, Hanna, Harrison, Matthews, Meigs, Pugh, Trimble and Worthington all served in
145
the army, and nine of the United States Senators-Worthington, Tiffin, Meigs, Morrow, Brown, Allen, Corwin, Chase and Foraker-filled the office of Governor of Ohio. All but five were lawyers and successful practitioners, but of Burnet, Chase, Ewing, Matthews, Pugh, Tappan and Thurman, it can be truthfully said that they stood pre-eminent in their profes- sion. Of the earlier Senators, all were Democrats, except Harrison, Burnet, Ewing, Corwin and Chase, who were Federalists and Whigs. Of their successors, Wade, Sherman, Mat- thews, Garfield, Foraker, Hanna and Dick were elected as Republicans, and Pugh, Thur- man, Pendleton, Payne and Brice, as Democrats.
While Ohio had only thirty different representatives in the upper house of the National Congress since her admission into the Union, she had, in the same length of time, more than four hundred different men in the House of Representatives. Of these many have passed through the period assigned them and have disappeared and are forgotten. Others have filled, with marked ability and great distinction, the positions given to them, and oppor- tunity has come to some to make careers which would not have accorded them in the ordinary current of every-day events. Three of the representatives from Ohio-Hayes, Garfield and Mckinley-reached the Presidency of the United States ; others became United States Senators, noted Judges, diplomats or filled other important positions in life. The representation from Ohio in Congress is regulated as to localities by the action of the General Assembly, in apportioning the State into Congressional districts from time to time, on the ratio of population, fixed by Congress for that purpose. From 1803 to 1812 Ohio had but one Congressional district and but one Representative, in the person of Jere- miah Morrow, afterwards Governor of the State, and United States Senator. From 1813 to 1823 the State was divided into six Congressional districts; from 1823 to 1833, there were fourteen districts : in the decade following, nineteen districts ; from 1843 to 1863, twen- ty-one ; from 1863 to 1873, nineteen : from 1873 to 1883, twenty, and from 1883, twenty-one.
The constitution of Ohio provides "That the supreme executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor."
He is elected by the people for a term of two years. He must be an elector and not hold any other office under the authority of the State or the United States. In case of death, removal or other disability, the Lieutenant-Governor shall execute the office of Governor. The Governor must see that the laws are faithfully executed, and may request of the exec- utive officials reports of their respective departments.
At every session of the General Assembly he must report the condition of the State by message, recommending therein such legislation as may to him seem proper. He may convene the General Assembly upon extraordinary occasions. He may adjourn it in case of disagreement upon this subject between the two branches thereof.
At the November election of 1903 a constitutional amendment was submitted to the voters, which gives the veto power to the Governor. This amendment was adopted by a large majority of the voters.
The Governor is Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy and custodian of the Great Seal of the State. He may grant reprieves, commutations and pardons.
Such, briefly, are the constitutional provisions relating to the Chief Executive.
In addition to the powers conferred and duties imposed upon the Governor by the Constitution, are those which the General Assembly has seen fit to provide by statute, and it is through these that the greater portion of the actual duties of this office arise, as well as most of the appointive power of the Governor. As Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy, it seems appropriate that he should appoint the Adjutant General and the six- teen other members of his military staff.
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INLET OF ROCKY RIVER CLEVELAND, OHIO
There are certain State offices not created by the Constitution whose chief incumbents are nominated by the Governor, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate appointed. Such are the Commissioner of Insurance, Commissioner of Railroads and Tele- graphs, Commissioner of Labor Statistics, Inspector of Workshops and Factories, Chief Mine Inspector, State Fire Marshal, Chief Examiner of Stationary Engineers, State Pension Claim Agent and Chief Engineer of Public Works.
Numerous commissions, such as the Canal Commission. Shiloh Battlefield Commission and Fish and Game Commission, containing from two to seven members each, with terms varying from one to five years, have been created by law. Here vacancies are constantly occurring, which are filled by the Governor, and frequently he is called upon, when the General Assembly provides for some new commission, to appoint an entire board.
The Governor is ex-officio the President of the State Board of Charities, composed of six members, who are appointed for a term of three years. This Board exercises a general supervision of the public institutions, and is of valuable aid to the Governor in overseeing the numerous large State properties. There are thirteen benevolent, two penal and two cor- rective institutions in this State. Each of these is managed by a Board of Trustees, com- posed of six members appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term of five years.
Recurring to the duties of this office, we find the Governor, of necessity, a busy man. The actual duties of the office occupy much of his time, while the constant and pressing demands made by the general public leave him few spare moments. He must examine, pass upon and issue requisition papers, investigate applications for pardons, commutations and reprieves, certify under the Great Seal of the State as to the official character of numer- ous State and County officials : upon application commission notaries public and commis- sioners of deeds, and, with few exceptions, commission all elective officers, both civil and military. lle must attend board meetings, counsel heads of departments, maintain a gen- cral supervision of all the great State institutions, examine, approve and sign numerous State papers, preside at public meetings, hear and dispose of complaints against individuals and institutions, and keep a constant watch over the affairs of State. All of this entails the keeping of numerous records, the assorting and filing of many papers and constant attention to a large correspondence.
Since the beginning of Ohio's Statehood the following have filled the office of Governor :
NAME
POLITICS
COUNTY
ELECTED
SERVED
Arthur St. Clair
Federalist.
Territorial.
Appointed
by the
Congress.
1787-1803
** Edward Tiffin.
Democrat.
Ross.
1803-05.
1804-1807
"a Thomas Kirker
Democrat
Adams.
Acting
1807-1808
"Samuel Huntington.
Democrat.
Trumbull
1808.
1809-1810
*Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. . Democrat.
Washington.
1810-12
1811-1814
"Othneil Looker.
Democrat.
Hamilton.
Acting
1814
"Thomas Worthington
Democrat
Ross
1814-16
1815-1818
Ethan Allen Brown
Democrat.
Hamilton
1818-20.
1819-1822
Allen Trimble.
Federalist
Highland.
Acting
1822
Jeremiah Morrow
Democrat.
Varre
822-24
1823-1826
148
NAME
POLITICS
COUNTY
ELECTED
SERVED
Allen Trimble
Federalist.
Highland.
1826-28.
1827-1830
"Duncan McArthur
Federalist.
Ross.
1830.
1831-1832
*Robert Lucas.
Democrat.
Pike.
1832-34
1833-1836
** Joseph Vance
Whig.
Champaign
1836.
1837-1838
Wilson Shannon.
Democrat.
Belmont
1838
1839-1840
*##$Thomas Corwin
Whig
Warren.
1840.
1841-1842
Wilson Shannon.
Democrat .
Belmont
1842.
1843-1844
*Thomas W. Bartley
Democrat.
Richland
Acting
1844
** Mordecai Bartley
Whig.
Richland
1844
1845-1846
William Bebb.
Whig
Butler.
1846.
1847-1848
*Seabury Ford.
Whig
Geauga
1848.
1849-1850
*Reuben Wood.
Democrat.
Cuyahoga
1850-52
1851-1853
** William Medill
Democrat.
Fairfield.
1853.
1854-1856
*$$Salmon P. Chase.
Republican
Hamilton
1855-57
1856-1860
William Dennison, Jr
Republican
Franklin
1859.
1860-1862
*David Tod
Republican.
Mahoning
1861.
1862-1864
"John Brough.
Republican.
Cuyahoga
1863.
1864-1865
*Charles Anderson.
Republican.
Montgomery.
Acting
1866
** Jacob Dolson Cox.
Republican.
Hamilton
1865
1866-1868
||Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican.
Hamilton
1867.
1868-1872
Edward F. Noyes
Republican.
Hamilton
1871.
1872-1874
#William Allen
Democrat. .
Ross
1873-
1874-1876
||Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican
Sandusky
1875.
1876-1877
*Thomas L. Young.
Republican.
Hamilton.
Acting
1877-1878
Richard M. Bishop.
Democrat. .
Hamilton
1877.
1878-1880
*$Charles Foster
Republican
Seneca .
1879-81
1880-1884
George Hoadly
Democrat.
Hamilton
1883.
1884-1886
Joseph B. Foraker
Republican.
Hamilton
1885-87
1886-1890
James E. Campbell .
Democrat.
Butler.
1889.
1890-1892
+||William McKinley, Jr
Republican .
Stark.
1891-93
1892-1896
Asa S. Bushnell .
Republican.
Clark.
1895
1896-1900
George K. Nash.
Republican.
Franklin
1899-1901
1900-1904
Myron T. Herrick
Republican .
Cuyahoga
1903.
*Governors so marked had previously served in the General Assembly. *Governors so marked also served in the Senate of the United States.
Governors so marked also served as members of Congress from Ohio. ||Governors so marked were subsequently elected President of the United States.
$Governors so marked became Secretary of the Treasury of the United States.
"Governors so marked became Postmaster General of the United States.
aThomas Kirker, Speaker of the Senate, was called to act as Governor, vice Tiffin, re- signed.
The latest contribution of Ohio to the Republic was President William McKinley, the brother in fate of President Garfield, both of whom were killed by the hands of fanatical assassins. Ohio will forever honor the memory of her martyred sons. The marvelous pros-
149
perity during the administration of President Mckinley, which followed the years of depres- sion and financial panic during the administration of his predecessor; the placing of the currency and credit of the country upon a sound and impregnable basis; the prosecution of the war with Spain ; the formulation of policies and principles to meet new conditions in colonial possessions, and the new Republic of Cuba, will remain his everlasting monument.
The population of the State of Ohio in 1900, according to the official United States census, was 4.157.545, as compared with the population of 1890, 3.672.316, represents an increase during the last ten years of the nineteenth century of 485.229, or 13.2 per cent. This rate of increase is slightly less than that for the decade immediately preceding it. when it was 14.8 per cent ; also, the numerical increase was somewhat greater. During the carlier decades of the century the State increased in population rapidly, but the greatest numerical increase, 581.564. occurred in the decade from 1830 to 1840. Since 1850 the advancement of Ohio in population has been comparatively steady. The population of Ohio in 1800 was 45,365. The following table shows the population, as given by the United States census, from 1810 to 1000, inclusive :
1810
230,760
186
.2.339,51I
1820
581,295
1870
2,665.260
1830
937.903
1880
3,198,062
1840
1.519.467
1890
3,672.316
1850
1.980,329
1900
4,157.545
The population of Ohio in 1900 was more than ninety-one times as large as that given for 1800, the census taken three years before the admission of the State into the Union. The total land surface of Ohio is approximately 40,760 square miles, and the average number of persons in 1900 to the square mile was one hundred and two.
Ohio has now entered upon the second century of her Statehood, with a future as brilliant in promise as it is possible for the mind of man to conceive.
150
OHIO'S STATE INSTITUTIONS -
Great Institutions of a Great State
The Capitol Buildings .- A Temple of Justice .- Ohio's Efforts in the Cause of Humanity .- Institutions for the Care of Unfortunates .- Training of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind .- Reform of Criminals Rather Than Mere Punishment .- How Juvenile Criminals Are Cared For.
A
N exact measure of the civilization and progress of the people are their public institutions. The absence of beneficent institutions in any country marks the plane of barbarism. Consequently, univer- sally, that country which can point to her public institutions with pride as examples of enlightened progress must lead in the march of civilization. This can be said for Ohio. She has within her bor- ders institutions fostered by the people which stand prominent not alone for their usefulness in - uplifting humanity and in caring for the unfortunates, but institutions which have been models for other States and countries to imitate. Ohio has the proud distinction of being the first State or country that created an institution for the treatment of epileptics under the auspices of the Government. The treatment of the insane for the first time in the world's history underwent a radical change for the better on humanitarian prin- ciples when Ohio, discarding ancient and barbarous methods, created the Toledo Hospital, which became a model for the world. Her institutions for feeble minded youth, for the blind, the deaf and dumb are unparalleled for effectiveness; her orphans' homes breathe human sympathy and fostering care, and her penal institutions are maintained with the idea of reformation rather than that of punishment. Millions have been spent on these institutions, many of which are of imposing beauty and monuments to the progressiveness of the State. THE CAPITOL BUILDINGS of the State of Ohio stand in the principal square in the city of Columbus, in a park containing over ten acres of well-cultivated lawns and native forestry, on land which was given to the State by the proprietors of the town site in 1812. The name "Columbus" was selected for the town and bestowed upon it by the General Assembly at a later date. The original State House, erected by the grantors of the public grounds on con- dition that Columbus-then unsettled-should be chosen for the Capitol of Ohio, was a series, or row, of brick buildings on High street, beginning at State Street and running north along the present property to a point about half way to the present west entrance to the State House yard. These structures were burned Sunday morning, the Ist of February, 1852. The old Capitol Building, as it is now called, was begun in April, 1839, and was par- tially completed and dedicated in January, 1857. The corner stone was laid on the 4th of July, 1839. The building was finished in 1861 and was a useful rendezvous for troops gath- ering for service in the Union Army during the Civil War. The Department of Justice Building was built under an act of the 73rd General Assembly, adjoining the old Capitol at the terrace on the east. It thus occupies the Third Street front of the Capitol grounds and, being of similar architecture to its predecessor, adds to rather than detracts from the simple beauty of the structure.
As an illustration of the advance in structural science a comparison of the two methods of building is interesting. As stated, the original structure was begun in 1839 and finished in 1861. Deducting for time consumed in numberless interruptions, the time actually spent in the building of it was fifteen years, the cost $1,360,000. The labor was that of idle con- victs from the Penitentiary ; the material, dressed limestone from State quarries west of the city. The new building was authorized in 1898; the corner stone was laid on the 16th of
153
February, 1899. and on the ist of September, 1901, the several departments assigned to this building took possession of their beautiful quarters. The interior of the new building is of dressed limestone; the trusses are of steel. The actual time of building was three years, the cost 3450,000, and the foot space of public offices equal to about one-half that of the main building. The old building is 304 feet in its longest dimensions (north and south) and 184 feet wide ( east and west), covering about two acres of ground. The height from the ground to the outside pinnacle of the central dome is 128 feet : from the floor of the rotunda to the eye of the dome is 120 feet, and from the floor of the rotunda to the upper sky- light 136 feet. The diameter of the rotunda floor is 64 feet 5 inches and the floor
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OHIO STATE BUILDING COLUMBUS
contains 4,892 pieces of marble; the cupola surrounding the dome (which was never completed as originally designed) is 75 feet in diameter. The Capitol Building contains fifty-three rooms, including the Senate Chamber and the Assembly Hall of the House of Representatives. The new Department of Justice Building is 220 feet north and south and 100 feet east and west and contains three full stories and part of a story on the east side. The rotunda is finished in marble and tastefully decorated, with an architectural effect said to be unequalled in the West. The building contains fifty-five rooms and was primarily intended, as the name implies, to house the Supreme Court. the Clerk of the Court, the Supreme Court Library, and the Attorney General's Department. These departments occupy practically all of the second and third floors, the first story being devoted to the Departments of Agriculture, Health. Insurance and Public Works.
154
SUPREME COURT LIBRARY COLUMBUS
In the care of the insane greater progress has been made throughout the civilized world during the past half century than in all previous history, and in this forward movement no State or country has been more conspicuous than Ohio. In fact, Ohio was the first State or country in the world that deliberately took the position that any citizen bereft of reason becomes the child of the State, and is entitled to the best of care, absolutely free of cost to the recipient. This was done by the adoption of Section I, in Article VII., of the State Con- stitution of 1851, which provides that "Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind and deaf and dumb, shall always be fostered and supported by the State, and be subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by the General Assembly. Under this provision of the Constitution, all insane in public care are provided for in eight hospitals for the insane, in which the average daily attendance for the last year in the first century of Ohio's statehood was as follows :
Longview, established in 1821. 1,140
Columbus, established in 1838. 1,38I
Cleveland, established in 1855 1,163
Dayton, established in 1855. 906
Athens, established in 1864. 1,043
Toledo, established in 1889. 1,60I
Massillon, established in 1899 855
Gallipolis, established in 1890 844
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In the forward movement in the care of the insane during the past century by far the most important event was the abolition of mechanical restraints in the care of patients. Less than half a century ago such restraints were everywhere considered a necessity, and for excited patients strong rooms, straight jackets, cribs, airing courts and other mechanical appliances were everywhere in evidence. Only twenty-five years ago there were but four or five institutions in the United States where these appliances were abolished to any large extent, and of these two were in Ohio-Athens and Columbus. Even then, and for several years later, patients were only allowed outdoor liberty and exercise in airing courts, sur- rounded by high walls or wooden stockades. In the great evolution concerning the treat- ment of insane Ohio was in the front rank. Another pioneer movement in Ohio in the care of the insane was the creation of the Toledo State Hospital upon what is known as the cot- tage system, and which has since been the model for all new asylums throughout the United States.
LONGVIEW HOSPITAL is one of the notable charities of Hamilton County, for which the State of Ohio makes annual appropriations. It is the outgrowth of a combination of circumstances which have determined its peculiar legal status. It has been the subject of more than thirty years of contention, and its history is that of a great political wrong, and on account of its establishment, growth and present condition is of general interest.
The first asylum for the insane erected in Ohio was built in Cincinnati under an act of the Legislature, passed on the 22nd of January, 1821, entitled "An Act establishing a Com- mercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum for the State of Ohio."
By the terms of this enactment the Trustees of Cincinnati Township were to furnish a site for said institution, containing not less than four acres of land, within one mile of the public landing on the Ohio River, and erect the necessary buildings, which were to be of brick, for the safe keeping, comfort and medical treatment of such idiots, lunatics and insane persons of this State as might be brought to it for these purposes. The Trustees were to receive certain compensation for the care of such patients, to be paid by the county sending the same, if paupers, or by the friends or guardians, if the patients had estates.
In addition the Trustees were required to admit and care for, free of charge, all boat- men belonging to boats owned by citizens of Ohio, or to boats of the citizens of other States which provided hospital accommodations to boatmen of this State. They were also required to receive into said institution, and care for, all the paupers of Cincinnati Township.
The institution was to be known as "The Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio." The State donated, for the purpose of assisting in the erection of said asylum, $10,000 in depreciated or uncurrent bank bills then in the State Treasury, from which were realized $3,500 in specie. The Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio was the parent institution from which afterwards sprung the Orphan Asylum, the City Infirmary, the Cincinnati Hospital and Longview Asylum. It was the beginning, on the part of the State, which has led to the establishment of the great benevolent institutions of which every citi- zen of Ohio is justly proud. On the 7th of March, 1835, the Legislature authorized the purchase of land for a lunatic asylum, and at the next session authorized the erection of an asylum for the insane on the land recently purchased for that purpose at Columbus. Said institution was to be known as "The Lunatic Asylum of Ohio." On the 9th of March, 1838, an act was passed entitled "An Act to provide for the safe keeping of idiots, lunatics or insane persons, the management of their affairs and for other purposes," which required all persons found to be lunatics to be sent to the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, and repealing all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provision of said act. Thus the Cincinnati Hospital and Luna- tic Asylum ceased to be a State institution, on the 9th of March, 1838, although the name
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