USA > Ohio > Darke County > The Farm journal rural directory of Darke County, Ohio [with a complete road map of the county] 1916 > Part 32
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For cases not too far gone to cure give sugar of lead, pulverized opium, gum camphor, of each, 60 grains, pow- dered capsicum (or fluid extract of cap- sicum is better, 10 drops), grains, 10. Dissolve the camphor in just enough al- cohol that will do so without making it a fluid, then rub up the other ingredients in the same bolus, mix with soft corn meal dough, enough to make it into a mass, then roll it and divide the whole into one hundred and twenty pills. Dose, one to three pills a day for grown chicks or turkey, less to the smaller fry. The birds that are well enough to eat should have sufficient powdered charcoal in their soft feed every other day to color it slightly, and for every twenty fowls five drops of carbolic acid in the hot water with which the feed in moistened.
ROUP .- The first symptoms are those of a cold in the head. Later on the watery discharge from the nostrils and eyes thickens and fills the nasal cavities and throat, the head swells and the eyes close up and bulge out. The odor from . affected fowls is very offensive. It is contagious by diffusion in the air and by contact with the exudations from sick fowls. To disinfect houses and coops burn sulphur and carbolic acid in
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them after turning the fowls out and keep closed for an hour or two. Pour a gill of turpentine and a gill of carbolic acid over a peck of lime and let it be-' come slaked, then scatter freely over the interior of houses and coops and about the yards.
For the first stages spray the affected flock while on the roost or in the coop with a mixture of two tablespoonfuls of carbolic acid and a piece of fine salt as big as a walnut in a pint of water. Re- peat two or three times a week. Or, if a dry powder is preferred, mix equal parts of sulphur, alum and magnesia and dust this in their nostrils, eyes and throat with a small powder gun. The nasal cavities should be kept open by injecting with a glass syringe or sewing machine oil-can a drop or two of crude petro- leum. A little should be introduced also through the slit in the roof of the mouth. Give sick birds a dessertspoon- ful of castor oil two nights in succession, and feed soft food of bran and corn meal seasoned with red pepper and pow- dered charcoal. A physician advises the following treatment : hydrastin, 10 grains ; sulph. quinine, 10 grains; capsi- cum, 20 grains. Mixed in a mass with balsam copaiba and made into twenty pills; give one pill morning and night; keep the bird warm and inject a satu- rated solution of chlorate potash in nos- trils and about 20 drops down the throat.
PIP, so-called, is not a disease but only a symptom. The drying and hardening of the end of the tongue in what is called "pip" is due to breathing through the mouth, which the bird is compelled to do because of the stoppage of the nostrils. By freeing the natural air passages the tongue will resume its nor- mal condition.
DIPHTHERIA is a contagious disease. The first symptoms are those of a com- mon cold and catarrh. The head be- comes red and there are signs of fever, then the throat fills up with thick, white mucus and white ulcers appear. The bird looks anxious and stretches its neck and gasps. When it attacks young chicks it is frequently mistaken for gapes. When diphtheria prevails, impregnate the drinking water with camphor, a tea- spoonful of the spirits to a gallon of water, and fumigate the house as recom- mended for roup.
Spray the throat with peroxide of hydrogen or with this formula: 1 ounce glycerine, 5 drops nitric acid, 1 gill water. To treat several birds at once with medi-
cated vapor, take a long box with the lid off, make a partition across and near to one end and cover the bottom with coal ashes. Mix a tablespoonful each of pine tar, turpentine and sulphur, to which add a few drops, or a few crys- tals, of carbolic acid and a pinch of gum camphor. Heat a brick very hot, put the fowls in the large part and the brick in the other, drop a spoonful of the mixture on the brick and cover lightly to keep the fumes in among the patients. Watch carefully, as one or two minutes may be all they can endure. Re- peat in six hours if required.
CROP-BOUND .- The crop becomes much distended and hard from obstruction of the passage from the crop to the giz- zard by something swallowed; generally, it is long, dried grass, a bit of rag or rope. Relief may sometimes be af- forded by giving a tablespoonful of sweet oil and then gently kneading the crop with the hand. Give no food, ex- cept a little milk, until the crop is emptied. Wet a tablespoonful or more of pulverized charcoal with the milk and force it down the throat. Should the crop not empty itself naturally pluck a few feathers from the upper right side of it and with a sharp knife make a cut about an inch long in the outer skin. Draw this skin a little to one side and cut open the crop. Remove its con- tents, being careful not to miss the ob- struction. Have a needle threaded with white silk ready, and take a stitch or two in the crop skin first, then sew up the outer skin separately. Put the pa- tient in a comfortable coop, and feed sparingly for a week on bran and meal in a moist state, and give but little water.
So : OR SWELLED-CROP arises from lack of grit, or from eating soggy and unwholesome food. The distended crop contains water and gas, the bird is fever- ish and drinks a great deal. By holding it up with its head down the crop will usually empty itself. When this is done give teaspoon doses of charcoal slightly moistened twice at intervals of six hours. Restrict the supply of water and feed chopped onions and soft feed in moder- ation.
EGG-BOUND, DISEASES OF THE OVIDUCT. Overfat hens are often troubled in this way. Forcing hens for egg production will sometimes break down the laying machinery Give green food, oats, little corn, and no stimulating condiments. Let the diet be plain and cooling in its
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nature. To relieve hens of eggs broken in the oviduct, anoint the forefinger with sweet oil and deftly insert and draw out the broken parts. When the hen is very fat and the egg is so large it cannot be expelled, the only way to save the hen is to break the egg and remove it as above directed.
WHITE-COMB OR SCURVY, caused by crowded and filthy quarters and lack of green food. The comb is covered with a white scurf. This condition some- times extends over the head and down the neck, causing the feathers to fall off.
Change the quarters and diet, give a dose of castor oil and follow this with a half a teaspoonful of sulphur in the soft food daily.
RHEUMATISM AND CRAMP caused by cold and dampness. Chicks reared on bottom-heat brooders are particularly subject to these troubles. Damp earth floors and cement floors in poultry houses produce it in older birds.
Give dry and comfortable quarters, feed little meat, plenty of green food, and soft feed seasoned with red pepper.
DIARRHEA of chicks with clogging of the vent. Remove the hardened excre-
tion and anoint the parts. Chamomilla is useful in this complaint, a few drops in drinking water.
" FROSTED COMB AND WATTLES .- As soon as discovered bathe with compound tinc- ture of benzoin.
FOR LICE on perches, walls and coops, use kerosene or lime wash. To make the lime-wash more effective, pour a little crude carbolic acid on the lime before slaking or mix with plenty of salt.
For use in nests, pour crude carbolic acid on lime and allow it to air-slake. Put one or two handfuls of the car- bolized lime dust in the nest box.
Pyrethrum powder kills by contact and is effective for dusting in nests, and through the feathers of birds. Its judi- cious use in the plumage and nests of sitting hens will insure immunity from lice for the hen and her young brood.
Chicks and poults are often killed by large lice that congregate about the head, throat, vent and wings. To de- stroy them, soak fish berries in alcohol, take the birds from under the mothers at night and slightly moisten the down of the infested parts with the poison.
How to Preserve Eggs
Now that eggs are dearer as a rule than they have been for years, many. people are inquiring about the methods af preserving them. The old way was to pack them in salt or lime. This served the purpose, but it gave the eggs a very strong taste.
The approved method now is the one which calls for the use of "water glass," or silicate of soda. This is a thick, syrupy liquid which can be had at most drug stores for about 10 cents a pound, and a pound is enough to treat five dozen eggs, so that the cost of preserving is about two cents a dozen.
There are several grades of water glass, and it is wise to get the best. To prepare the solution, stir one part of ·the silicate of soda into sixteen parts of water which has been boiled, cooled and carefully measured.
It is essential to have the eggs fresh, or the experiment will not be a great success. Those over three days old should not be used, as the air has already had a chance to penetrate them. The very best way is to keep the solution made up ready and put the eggs into it just as soon as they are brought in from the nests, if you have your own chickens.
It is worse than useless to try to pre- serve eggs that are not fresh or that have been cracked or washed.
Incubation and Gestation Tables
Chickens .20-22 days
Geese 28-34 days
Ducks 28 days
Turkeys 27-29 days
Guinea fowls
28 days
Pheasants 25 days
Ostriches 40-42 days
The period of gestation in animals varies considerably, but the following is an average period based on a long series of observations :
Elephant 2 years
Camel 11-12 months
Ass 12 months
Mare 11 months
Cow
9 months
Sheep
5 months
Goat 5 months
Pig 31/2 months
Bitch
9 weeks
Cat
8 weeks
Rabbit 30 days
Guinea pig
65 days
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Horse Ailments (From the Biggle Horse Book)
The majority of horse ailments may be traced, directly or indirectly, to im- proper feeding and watering, careless management in the stable and in harness. A careless driver is a very frequent cause of loss.
There is no reason why a first-class team, six to eight years old, should not serve continuously and satisfactorily for a term of twelve to sixteen years, if properly protected, fed and looked out for.
If, from improper care or feeding, or from some unavoidable cause, your horse is out of condition, you should dose him with little medicine and much common sense.
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The horse that allows himself to be caught lying down may be considered out of condition or lacking sufficient nutritious food. A quart of linseed meal divided into three feeds and added to his grain daily will do him much good and help a quick shedding of the coat.
BLINDNESS .- Consult a skilled veteri- narian at once.
Bors .- The bot-fly resembles a honey- bee in size, and in late summer deposits eggs of a yellowish color on the hair of the horse's breast, legs, etc. In try- ing to bite at these eggs, the animal gets some of them in his mouth and throat. The eggs soon hatch and the larvæ attach themselves eventually to the lining of the stomach, and are then called "bots." They remain in the stom- ach until the following spring. Of course, the presence of these pests causes more or less irritation, ':t, as a rule, no serious harm is done in ordinary instances. Contrary to popular belief, bots do not eat holes through a horse's stomach. We do not know of any treat- ment that will remove bots. Prevention should be the horse owner's main re- liance. Kill the flies whenever pos- sible; hang pieces of red cloth from the halter throat-latch, so that the shaking of the head when a horse is in pasture may serve to frighten the flies away; and scrape off, from time to time, any eggs which are found on the horse.
BROKEN-WIND .- See Heaves.
CAPPED HOCK .- May be reduced in the same manner as Wind Galls (which see).
CHOKING .- Horses that choke thrust out their heads, bend and stretch the neck, while there is a copious flow of saliva from the mouth. In some cases
there is distention of the gullet on the left side of the neck, if it has descended so far. If it be in the upper part of the gullet a man accustomed to giving balls may be able to reach it with his hand. Obstructions that have got lower down may be moved upward gently from the outside. Sometimes an obstruction is soft and may be crushed small enough for the animal to swallow it. A mass of meal or other impacted food is some- times removed by frequent drinks of water, and a drench of olive or cotton seed oil can do no harm. The plan of reaching a whip or heavy piece of rope down the gullet to push the substance into the stomach is risky, in the hands of one not accustomed to the anatomy of the horse.
CHOKING DISTEMPER. - This disease prevails at times in many parts of the country. It is sometimes called spinal meningitis or putrid sore throat. The animal often falls down paralyzed, can- not arise, and if left prostrate is almost sure to die. He must be got upon his feet, and if he cannot stand must be swung. A majority of cases are fatal. It is caused by some specific poison taken into the system with food or drink, mostly the former. Dirty inan- gers, rotting roots or meal, and mouldy hay, especially meadow hay, are usually the media by which the disease is ac- quired. The moral is to have every- thing sweet and clean that the animal eats and drinks, and have no decayed matter in the entry or in any other part of the barn. (See Distemper.)
COCKED ANKLE .- See Knuckling.
COFFIN-JOINT LAMENESS. - Same as Navicular Disease (which see).
COLIC, SPASMODIC .- This begins sud- denly. The horse stamps impatiently, looks backward, soon paws, and then rolls. After an interval of ease the pains return with increased severity. Give chloral hydrate, one ounce, in half a pint of water as a drench; or ether and laudanum, two ounces each, in lin- seed oil, half a pint; or sulphuric ether and alcohol, two ounces of each in eight ounces of water. If nothing else is . handy, give of whiskey half a pint in hot water. If not relieved in one hour repeat any of the doses prescribed. . The body should be warmly clothed and sweating encouraged. Dip blankets in hot water containing a small quantity
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of turpentine, and hold them in place under the body with dry blankets, or rub the abdomen with stimulants or mustard water. If cramp is due to irri- tation in the bowels, a cure is not com- plete until a physic of aloes, one ounce ; or linseed oil, one pint, is given. Soapy or salt water aids the cure when used as an injection.
COLIC, WIND .- Is caused by feeding after a long fasting, or when the animal is exhausted by driving, or by new grain or hay, too much grain fed, or by sour or indigestible food. The horse seems dull, paws, and the pains are continuous. The belly enlarges, and when struck in front of the haunches sounds like a drum. If not soon relieved, difficult breathing, sweating, staggering and death follow. Give alkalines to neutralize the gases formed. No simple remedy is better than common baking soda, two four ounces. If this fails, give chloride of lime in half-ounce doses, or the same quantity of carbonate of am- monia dissolved and diluted with oil or milk, until relieved. Chloral hydrate is particularly useful in both wind and spasmodic colic. Horsemen would be wise to keep it ready for emergencies. Physic should be given in flatulent colic, and turpentine, one to two ounces, with linseed oil, eight ounces, frequently, to stimulate the motion of the bowels. Colic should not be neglected nor the patient left, until you are certain of cure or death.
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COUGH .- If a horse coughs, dampen his hay, wet his mixed feed, keep him out of a draught; after exercise blanket him. (See Heaves.)
CRIBBING OR WIND-SUCKING .- This is a bad habit, rather than a disease. The horse bites his manger or other con- venient object, sucks air and makes a peculiar grunting noise. Prevention aids a cure. Iron mangers and stable fittings are a great help; or box stalls containing no projecting wooden objects.
CURB .- A curved, unnatural condition of the back part of the hock. Lameness, enlargement and more or less inflam- mation are symptoms. Liniments, iodine ointment, blisters, and, as a last resort, firing, are all recommended.
DISTEMPER .- Keep hot poultices of bread and milk or oil meal on the neck of horses with throat distemper; change them often. In severe cases, rub the glands and muscles with spirits of tur- pentine and camphor. (See Choking Distemper.)
DYSENTERY .- If this trouble exists, place the horse in a dry, well-ventilated stable, rub the surface of the body fre- . quently, and keep it and the legs warm with blankets and bandages. The food must be light and easy to digest, "the water pure and in small quantities. Give first, castor oil, one-half pint, and laudanum, two ounces. The strength must be kept up by milk punches, eggs, beef tea, oatmeal gruel, etc.
EYE. - See Hooks, Pink-Eye and Blindness.
FARCY .- A form of glanders which at- tacks the skin. (See Glanders.)
FETLOCK .- If this be sprained and the .injury slight, bandage and apply cold water frequently. Where the lameness is intense, and the swelling and heat great, the leg should be kept in a con- stant stream of cold water. When the inflammation has been subdued, the joint should be blistered. (See Knuckling.)
FITs .- See Staggers.
FOUNDER .- The front feet are usually affected, the delicate laminæ being in- flamed. Acute founder, if not cured, de- velops into chronic founder, and no sure cure is known for the latter stage of the disease. The trouble may come from any one of several causes: Long or hard driving, hard pavements or roads, feeding or watering a horse while he is exceedingly warm or tired, etc., etc. Lameness, pain and heat in the fore feet, are common symptoms. For an attack of this kind, the best things to do are about as follows: Get the shoes off, put the horse in his stall, and soak or pack his feet in cold water, moss, or whatever is handy; give a tablespoonful of saltpeter as a drench three times a day; send for a veterinarian.
GALLS .- See Shoulder and Wind Galls.
GIDDINESS .- A horse which is fre- quently or occasionally overtaken with this trouble is dangerous to use. It is hard to cure. It indicates the need of moderate driving, especially in hot weather, and that a small amount of hay should be fed.
GLANDERS .- Whenever a horse is seen to bleed or emit offensive matter from the nostrils, glanders may be suspected and home treatment should not be at- tempted. It may be a dangerous case, which is fatal alike to man and beast. . A veterinary surgeon should be called.
GORGED STOMACH .- This results when a horse has been fed after a long fast. The small stomach of a horse is so dis-
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tended that it is unable to contract itself upon its contents, a motion which is necessary in digestion. The horse be- comes stupid, slight colicky symptoms are observed, and he carries his head low and extended. As he grows worse he paws, becomes delirious, is covered with cold sweat, trembles, slobbers, stag- gers and drops dead. Treatment is dif- ficult. A purgative of Barbadoes aloes, one ounce, should be given at once, fol- lowed by Cayenne pepper, one-half ounce, or Jamaica ginger, one-half ounce. If the bowels can be stimu- lated to act, they will in a measure re- lieve the stomach. For this purpose, use turpentine, two ounces, and linseed oil, eight ounces.
GREASE HEEL .- See Scratches.
HEAVES .- A peculiar movement of the abdomen and flank, points to heaves; a · cough usually accompanies it. There is no cure for the established disease. Careful dieting will relieve the distress, but this will appear as bad as ever when the stomach is overloaded. The best quality of food lessens heaves. Food that is too bulky and which lacks nutri- ment, has much to do with the disease. Feed affected animals only a small quantity of hay once a day, and in- variably water at least fifteen minutes before feeding, and never directly after meal. Work right after eating aggra- vates the symptoms. Carrots, potatoes or turnips, chopped or mixed with oats or corn, are a good diet. What bulky food is given should be in the evening. Medical treatment is worth less than dieting. A predisposition to the disease may be inherited.
HIDEBOUND .- A symptom, not a dis- ease. The trouble comes because the horse is out of condition, or because he has worms, bad teeth, indigestion, or some chronic disease.
Hock .- See Capped Hock, etc.
Hooks .- There is a widespread de- lusion that hooks, so called, is a disease affecting the horse's eye. A barbarous custom among cruel men is to forcibly destroy the membrane which keeps the eye free from foreign substances, but the cruelty does not accomplish the de- sired result, though it may injure or destroy the eye. The obstinacy of the membrane simply shows something to 'be wrong in the anatomy of the horse. just as the tongue will indicate to the observing physician when the stomach . of his subject is out of order. To cut or disturb the hooks in the eyes is as
absurd as to doctor the tongue instead of the stomach in the human case.
INDIGESTION .- Some horses, although having a good appetite, remain gaunt and thin from indigestion. They should be given some strong purgative, like Barbadoes aloes, combined with pow- dered ginger, one-half ounce; Glauber's salts, one-half pound, dissolved in a quart of water. When the intestines have been thoroughly cleaned by this process, give daily the following powder : Sulphate of iron, three drachms; sul- phate of soda, two ounces; nux vomica, ten grains; ginger, one-half ounce. This powder may be continued daily for a month. Give all the rock salt the ani- mal will lick.
ITCHING SKIN .- Wash the skin thor- oughly with carbolic soapsuds, and give the horse a half pound of Glauber's salts daily for a week. Do not feed him any grain but wheat, scalded bran and linseed meal, three quarts of the former and one quart of the latter, for two weeks. There will speedily come a change. Card him daily. Scald his oats and give him salt daily. Feed oats, bran and linseed after the two weeks and scald the whole mess. When horses are covered with bunches or lumps, their blood is out of order. Give doses of Glauber's salts daily and hot bran mashes. Give salts a half pound daily. A gill of raw linseed oil every day will be good, mixed with the bran.
KNUCKLING OR COCKED ANKLE .- A condition of the fetlock joint which re- sembles partial dislocation. The trouble is not considered unsoundness, but it predisposes to stumbling. Foals are quite subject to it, and no treatment is necessary, as the legs straighten up naturally in a few weeks. It is caused in horses by heavy and fast work, and is produced sometimes by a disease of the suspensory ligament, or of the flexor tendons. This should be relieved by proper shoeing. The toe must be short- ened and the heels left high, or the shoe should be thin forward with thick heels or high calks.
LAMENESS .- May be due to founder, navicular disease, faulty shoeing, sprains, spavin, etc., etc.
LAMINITIS OR FOUNDER .- See Founder,
LAMPAS. - Usually an imaginary trouble. Very rarely does the mem- brane directly beneath the upper front teeth congest and swell enough to in- terfere with feeding. When this trouble is feared there is no quicker nor surer
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cure than feeding a little corn in the car. When biting off the kernels, the horse naturally compresses the mem- brane or forces it back. The burning of the lampas is cruel and unnecessary, and if the swelled parts are cut, the cut should not be deep, or danger will result.
.LICE .- Remove these by rubbing the horse with a solution of sulphate of potassium, four ounces, and water, one gallon; or with strong tar water; or dust with Persian insect powder; or the skin may be sponged with benzine or quassia chip tea. Any of the applications must be repeated a week later to de- stroy the lice hatching in the interval. All blankets should be boiled, and the stalls painted with turpentine, and lit- tered with fresh pine sawdust.
, LOCKJAW .-- This is caused by cuts, nail in the hoof, etc. Nothing is so common from wounds in the feet and from docking. The horse is unable to open his jaws to the fullest extent, and mastication is impossible. Various muscles twitch, the head and tail are elevated and the nose protruded, and the anus is compressed. The animal swallows with difficulty; saliva flows from the mouth. Of course, in this dis- ease the necessity of calling in a skilled veterinary surgeon is indicated.
MEGRIMS .- See Giddiness.
MENINGITIS SPINAL. - See Choking Distemper.
similar in symptom and demands similar treatment, with the addition of throwing cold water over the animal, particularly wetting the head, and causing a current of air to pass over him that evaporation may take place.
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