USA > Oregon > The Oregon trail : sketches of prairie and Rocky Mountain life > Part 1
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org.
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32
H
PARKMANS THE OREGON TRAIL
z
GEN ma
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 03018 9432
ton
Gc 978 P2310 Parkman, Francis, 1823-1893. The Oregon trail
THE OREGON TRAIL
Macmillan's Pocket American and English Classics
A SERIES OF ENGLISH TEXTS, EDITED FOR USE IN ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS, WITH CRITICAL INTRODUCTIONS, NOTES, ETC.
16mo
Cloth 25 cents each
Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley. Andersen's Fairy Tales.
Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum.
Austen's Pride and Prejudice.
Austen's Sense and Sensibility. Bacon's Essays.
Baker's Out of the Northland.
Bible (Memorable Passages).
Blackmore's Lorna Doone.
Boswell's Life of Johnson. Abridged.
Browning's Shorter Poems.
Mrs. Browning's Poems (Selected). Bryant's Thanatopsis, etc.
Bulwer-Lytton's Last Days of Pompeii. Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress.
Burke's Speech on Conciliation.
Burns' Poems (Selections).
Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Byron's Shorter Poems. Carlyle's Essay on Burns.
Carlyle's Heroes and Hero Worship.
Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonder- land.
Chaucer's Prologue and Knight's Tale.
Church's The Story of the Iliad.
Church's The Story of the Odyssey. Coleridge's The Ancient Mariner.
Cooper's The Deerslayer.
Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans. Cooper's The Spy.
Dana's Two Years Before the Mast.
Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. Part I.
Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. Abridged.
De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium-Eater.
De Quincey's Joan of Arc, and The Eng- lish Mail-Coach.
Dickens' A Christmas Carol, and The Cricket on the Hearth.
Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities.
Dickens' David Copperfield. (Two vols.) Dryden's Palamon and Arcite.
Early American Orations, 1760-1824. Edwards' Sermons.
Elrot's Mill on the Floss. Eliot's Silas Marner.
Emerson's Essays.
Emerson's Early Poems.
Emerson's Representative Men.
English Narrative Poems.
Epoch-making Papers in U. S. History. Franklin's Autobiography.
Mrs. Gaskell's Cranford.
Goldsmith's The Deserted Village, and Other Poems.
Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield.
Gray's Elegy, etc., and Cowper's John Gilpin, etc.
Grimm's Fairy Tales.
Hale's The Man Without a Country.
Hawthorne's Grandfather's Chair.
Hawthorne's Mosses from an Old Manse.
Hawthorne's Tanglewood Tales.
Hawthorne's The House of the Seven
Gables. Hawthorne's Twice-told Tales (Selec- tions).
Hawthorne's Wonder-Book.
Holmes' Poems.
Holmes' Autocrat of the Breakfast Table.
Homer's Iliad (Translated).
Homer's Odyssey (Translated).
Hughes' Tom Brown's School Days.
Hugo's Les Miserables. Abridged.
Huxley's Selected Essays and Addresses.
Irving's Life of Goldsmith.
Irving's Knickerbocker's History.
Irving's Sketch Book. Irving's The Alhambra.
Irving's Tales of a Traveller. Keary's Heroes of Asgard.
à Kempis : The Imitation of Christ.
Kingsley's The Heroes. Lamb's The Essays of Elia.
Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. Letters from Many Pens.
Lincoln's Addresses, Inaugurals, and Letters.
Lockhart's Life of Scott. Abridged. Longfellow's Evangeline.
Longfellow's Hiawatha. Longfellow's Miles Standish.
Longfellow's Miles Standish and Minor Poems. Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn.
Macmillan's Pocket American and English Classics
A SERIES OF ENGLISH TEXTS, EDITED FOR USE IN ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS, WITH CRITICAL INTRODUCTIONS, NOTES, ETC.
16mo Cloth 25 cents each
Lowell's The Vision of Sir Launfal. Lowell's Earlier Essays.
Macaulay's Essay on Addison.
Macaulay's Essay on Hastings.
Macaulay's Essay on Lord Clive.
Macaulay's Essay on Milton. Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome. Macaulay's Life of Samuel Johnson.
Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. Milton's Minor Poems. Milton's Paradise Lost, Books I and II. Old English Ballads.
Old Testament Selections.
Palgrave's Golden Treasury.
Parkman's Oregon Trail.
Plutarch's Lives of Cæsar, Brutus, and Mark Antony. Poe's Poems. Poe's Prose Tales (Selections).
Poems, Narrative and Lyrical. Pope's Homer's Iliad.
Pope's Homer's Odyssey.
Pope's The Rape of the Lock.
Representative Short Stories.
Rossetti's (Christina) Selected Poems.
Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies.
Ruskin's The Crown of Wild Olive and Queen of the Air. Scott's Ivanhoe. Scott's Kenilworth.
Scott's Lady of the Lake. Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel. Scott's Marmion. Scott's Quentin Durward.
Scott's The Talisman. Select Orations. Selected Poems, for Required Reading in Secondary Schools. Selections from American Poetry. Selections for Oral Reading. Shakespeare's As You Like It. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Shakespeare's Henry V.
Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Midsummer Night's
Shakespeare's Dream. Shakespeare's Richard II.
Shakespeare's Richard III.
Shakespeare's The Tempest.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Shelley and Keats : Poems.
Sheridan's The Rivals and The School for Scandal. Short Stories.
Short Stories and Selections.
Southern Orators : Selections.
Southern Poets : Selections.
Southey's Life of Nelson.
Spenser's Faerie Queene, Book I.
Stevenson's Kidnapped.
Stevenson's The Master of Ballantrae.
Stevenson's Travels with a Donkey, and An Inland Voyage.
Stevenson's Treasure Island.
Swift's Gulliver's Travels.
Tennyson's Idylls of the King.
Tennyson's In Memoriam.
Tennyson's The Princess.
Tennyson's Shorter Poems.
Thackeray's English Humorists.
Thackeray's Henry Esmond.
Thoreau's Walden.
Trevelyan's Life of Macaulay. Abridged. Virgil's ÆEneid.
Washington's Farewell Address, and Webster's First Bunker Hill Oration. Whittier's Snow-Bound and Other Early Poems. Woolman's Journal. Wordsworth's Shorter Poems.
Allen County Public Library 900 Webster Street PO Box 2270 Fort Wayne, IN 46801-2270
-
By Francis Partement
٠
FRANCIS PARKMAN
THE OREGON TRAIL
SKETCHES
OF
PRAIRIE AND ROCKY-MOUNTAIN LIFE
BY
FRANCIS PARKMAN
EDITED BY
CHARLES H. J. DOUGLAS
CHAIRMAN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH IN THE DEWITT CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY
Neto Work THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1917
All rights reserved
COPYRIGHT, 1910, - BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped. Published January, 1910. Reprinted March, 1911; August, 1912 ; February, July, 1913 ; January, 1914; February, August, 1915; March, August, 1916; June, 1917.
Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co. - Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
1
PREFACE
THE text here presented is that of the Knickerbocker Magazine, in which The Oregon Trail was printed as a serial in 1847, 1848, 1849, at first with the sub-title, A Sum- mer's Journey Out of Bounds. By a Bostonian; but after the first instalment, with no sub-title, and with the name of the author, F. Parkman, Jr. In 1849 the series was pub- lished in book form as The Oregon Trail; Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life - a title subsequently extended by the publisher to The California and Oregon Trail; Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life, which in turn was metamorphosed into Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life; The Oregon Trail. Finally Park- man, who disliked these changes, repudiated all variations of the title as it was given to the first book, and as it is here retained. Of the text itself there have also been numerous readings, - by no means all of them improvements upon
the first. In the present edition the only change from the Knickerbocker text is the omission of certain passages which the author himself, when years and experience had given him perspective, found too personal or too temporary in interest for a historical narrative.
1
vil
CONTENTS
PAGE
PORTRAIT OF FRANCIS PARKMAN .'Frontispiece
PREFACE
vii
INTRODUCTION
I. Francis Parkman · xi
II. The Oregon Trail
. xiv
THE OREGON TRAIL
CHAPTER
I. The Frontier 1
II. Breaking the Ice
8
III. Fort Leavenworth
18
IV. " Jumping Off "
21
V. The " Big Blue "
31
VI. The Platte and the Desert
47
VII. The Buffalo
. 59
VIII.
Taking French Leave
74
IX. Scenes at Fort Laramie
. 89
XI. Scenes at the Camp
· 122
XII. Ill-luck
· 139
XIII. Hunting Indians
. 145
XIV. The Ogallallah Village
-
. 167
XV. The Hunting Camp.
.
.
· 186
·
.
.
· X. The War-parties
· 102
1
ix
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PAGE.
XVI. The Trappers
207
XVII. The Black Hills .
216
XVIII. A Mountain Hunt
220
XIX. Passage of the Mountains
· 231
XX. The Lonely Journey .
2447
XXI.
The Pueblo and Bent's Fort
266
XXII.
Tete Rouge, the Volunteer .
· 273
XXIII
Indian Alarms
·
278
XXIV.
The Chase
288
XXV. The Buffalo Camp
297
XXVI. Down the Arkansas
· 311
XXVII. The Settlements .
. 327
NOTES
. 337
·
INTRODUCTION
I. FRANCIS PARKMAN
THE appearance in the Knickerbocker Magazine, in 1847, 1848, 1849, of the series of narrative and descriptive sketches of prairie and Rocky mountain life that were afterward published together as The Oregon Trail marked the cul- mination of an epoch in the life of a writer who twenty years later was to take rank as one of the most command- ing figures in the field of American historical literature.
Francis Parkman, Jr., son of a Unitarian minister in Boston, learned to love out-of-door life on the farm of his maternal grandfather in Medford. When he was twelve or thirteen years old, he witnessed with unalloyed delight the war-dance of a wandering band of Sacs and Foxes upon Boston common. "Soon after this," says Mr. Farnham, in his admirable biography of the historian, "his interest was more deeply stirred by reading Cooper; as early as 1841 he had become so identified with the novelist's red heroes that he dreamed of them, talked of them more than of any- thing else, emulated them in woodcraft, when on his walks and his longer vacation journeys, often in the full flow of his enthusiasm whooping and jumping about and imitating the calls of wild animals." Before he was eighteen he had determined to write a history of the French and Indian war.
But the personality of Frank Parkman was not more different from that of Fenimore Cooper than was the pur- pose of the historian from that of the novelist. "With a breadth of view unusual in so young a mind," declares Parkman's biographer, "he saw that for his theme would be needed a much wider range of experience and knowledge than the study would give; and he wisely estimated a knowl- edge of the wilderness and its life as among the most impor- tant elements of his preparation. . .
" He now began, on entering Harvard, a course of physical
-
xii
INTRODUCTION
training by which he hoped to acquire the utmost strength, agility, and endurance. . .. He took long walks at a pace his companions found it hard to keep up; he practised rifle shooting at birds, chipmunks, and other animals; he also worked in the gymnasium and riding school with great energy and success. Thus he systematically prepared him- self for trips in the wilderness. From his freshman year onward he devoted every summer vacation to journeys about the United States and Canada, partly in inhabited regions to collect historic material, and partly in the wilderness to study its features and the experiences of life on the border and in the woods." 1
That his zeal for physical training outran his judgment appears from the fact that he was obliged to drop his studies for a while, in the fall of 1843, for a trans-Atlantic trip. However, he was able to graduate with his class the next year; and, yielding to the wishes of his father, who dis- approved of his son's plan of devoting his life to exploiting the Indians, he read law for two years. In 1846, though suffering from the complaint brought on by overexercise three years before, and by weakness of the eyes induced by study under improper conditions, he determined upon a journey to the Rocky mountains, "with a view to studying the manners and character of Indians in their primitive state." 2 His route was to be that taken by the emigrant trains which, since the year 1838, had crossed the plains beyond the Mississippi in ever increasing numbers on their way to Oregon and California. For several months he endured the hardships of life among the savages of the Northwest, much of the time living with the fierce Sioux in the Black hills. When, in the fall of 1846, he returned to the settlements, he had obtained the information that he desired; but his health was so broken by exposure that never afterward was he able to venture very far from the boundaries of civilization; and his eyesight was so impaired from the blinding smoke of the Indian lodges and the glare of the prairie sun, that he was thenceforward dependent upon amanuenses for the preparation of his copy.
The story of Parkman's life subsequent to the publica-
1 Farnham, Life, pp. 51-52.
2 Prefatory note, The Oregon Trail, 1849 edition.
xiii
INTRODUCTION
tion of The Oregon Trail is quickly told, not because his later career was either brief or unproductive, but because, being devoted unremittingly to the accumulation and digesting of documentary materials for his history, the plan of which grew as the years elapsed, it is without fur- ther spectacular incident. More than a hundred folio volumes of copied documents, accumulated in Europe and America during a period of forty years, formed the basis of The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851) and of the series of his- tories that comprise The Pioneers of France in the New World (1865), The Jesuits in North America (1867), La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1869), The Old Régime in Canada (1874), Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV (1877), Montcalm and Wolf (1884), and A Half Century of Conflict (1892). This series, which covers the struggle between France and England for the mastery of North America, has been pronounced "a work of im- mense research, perfect candor, and very rare ability." Mr. Parkman died at his home in Jamaica Plain in his native state, November 8, 1893, in his seventy-first year. An appreciative and discriminating life of the historian, by Charles Haight Farnham, was published in uniform style with his works by Little, Brown Company, 1900.
Parkman's intellect was strikingly virile and sane. In all his works his method is essentially objective - he is very accurate in observing and entirely candid in recording. The chief merit of his literary style - a merit that, in spite of numerous evidences of haste and inexperience on the part of the author in his earliest work, is conspicuous even in The Oregon Trail - lies in the fact that, free alike from vagaries of sentence-structure and from straining after rhetorical effect, it permits of the apprehension, by means of an exact vocabulary, of subject-matter which, of com- pelling interest in itself, is always presented in orderly sequence.
A straightforward narrative of actual events, based upon a diary written on the spot, The Oregon Trail breathes the very spirit of the prairies and the mountains. " This book," declares Farnham, "merits the reader's attention not only as a record of Indian life now no longer visible, but especially as a revelation of the writer's enthusiastic
xiv
INTRODUCTION
love of freedom, adventure, and activity; it shows with what absolute indifference he faced danger, with what fortitude he endured hardship, fatigue, and suffering, with what energy and persistence he pursued a most hazardous undertaking to a successful close. This trip and its record, so characteristic of the man, were a striking culmination of his study of nature in her wildest and grandest solitudes of prairie, desert, forest, and mountain, and in the com- pany of the wildest tribes of men." 1
II. THE OREGON TRAIL
Oregon, land of mystery ! Guarded on the east by im- passable mountains, and on the west by a trackless ocean ! Stretching from the deserts of the south to the ice fields of the north ! The silence of its impenetrable forests broken only by the thunder of its cataracts ! Home of the beaver, the antelope, and the grizzly bear! Fascinating with promise of adventure and wealth !
The first visits of white men to what later came to be called the Oregon country were made by water, expeditions having been fitted out from the western ports of Mexico for the purpose of tracing the northern coasts, as early as 1539. Thereafter British, Dutch, and French navigators, doubling Cape Horn, touched at various points on the north- ern Pacific coast, at long intervals, for two centuries and a half, during which time a profitable fur trade was built up with the natives.
The credit of having first brought forward the project of crossing the American continent from the extreme white settlements to the shores of the Pacific belongs to Jonathan Carver, a native of Connecticut, who, during service in the French and Indian war and later, while exploring the sources of the Mississippi, had learned from the Indians "that the four most capital rivers on the continent of North America, viz. the St. Lawrence, the Mississippi, the River Bourbon, and the Oregon, or River of the West, . . . have their sources in the same neighborhood." The route pro- posed by Carver, who expressed a belief that the source of
1 Life, p. 71.
2 Red River of the North.
P
XV
INTRODUCTION
the fourth river mentioned by him was "rather farther west" than were the sources of the other three, was "up a branch of the River Messorie, till, having discovered the source of the Oregon, or River of the West, on the other side of the lands that divide the waters which run into the Gulf of Mexico from those that fall into the Pacific Ocean, he would have sailed down that river to the place where it is said to empty itself." Broached in 1768, Carver's scheme was lost sight of in the growing troubles between Great Britain and her American colonies. Twenty-four years later, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, in the service of the North- west fur company of Montreal, ascended the Peace river from Lake Athabasca to its source, in the Rocky mountains, near the 54th degree of latitude, and more than 900 miles from its mouth. Within half a mile of one of these springs he embarked on another stream, now known as Fraser's river, down which he floated in canoes about 250 miles; then, leaving the river, he proceeded westward about 200 miles by land, reaching the Pacific ocean in latitude 53 degrees 21 minutes1 - the first white man to cross the American continent at its widest part.
Interest in the North Pacific country was greatly stimu- lated by the diffusion of information obtained by Captain James Cook, an Englishman who, having twice circum- navigated the globe, was despatched by the British gov- ernment in 1776 to make observations upon the coast of "New Albion," with a view to finding a passage by water from the Pacific ocean to Hudson bay. From a compari- son of the prices of furs which Cook had found prevailing in Canton with those of the same articles obtainable in London, it was evident, not only that the furs of Canada might be gainfully exported to China, but that still greater profit might be realized by means of a direct trade between China and the northwest coast of America, where it was now known that the finest furs were to be obtained more easily than anywhere else in the world. Russian traders were the first to avail themselves of Cook's discoveries, no other countries sending out expeditions till 1787, when the ship Columbia and the sloop Washington were fitted out by a
1 Barrows, Oregon, p. 36, says 53° 21'.
xvi
INTRODUCTION
company of Boston merchants, and despatched around Cape Horn. In 1791 no fewer than seven American ves- sels arrived in the North Pacific, among them the Columbia, whose commander discovered the river that bears the name of his ship.
In the extension of American influence and dominion beyond the Mississippi the services of Thomas Jefferson were of supreme importance. As early as 1787, when Jefferson was American minister at Paris, his efforts had been enlisted in behalf of a scheme for carrying on a trade in furs on the northwest coast of America. In 1792, at his suggestion, Captain Meriwether Lewis, with a French botanist, was engaged by the American Philosophical society to proceed to the northwest coast by land. The recall of the botanist by the French minister for services elsewhere put an end to this enterprise; but in January, 1803, while the purchase of Louisiana by the American government was under consideration, Mr. Jefferson, then president of the United States, in a confidential message, recommended to Congress that steps be taken to have that part of the continent explored by American agents. The approval of the president's plan and the commissioning of Messrs. Lewis and Clark to explore the Missouri to its sources and then to seek and trace to its termination in the Pacific some stream, "whether the Columbia, the Oregon, or the Colo- rado, or any other which might offer the most direct and practicable water communication across the continent for the purposes of commerce," resulted in an expedition the importance of which to the country was second only to that of the purchase of the territory traversed by them.
The journals of Lewis and Clark, whose journey, begun in 1804, was not completed till 1806. contain the first de- tailed account of the wonders of the Oregon country. The publication of the history of the expedition produced a profound impression in Great Britain and America. The route of these intrepid explorers, as described by themselves, was "up the Missouri to the Great Falls, 2575 miles, thence by land [over the eastern ranges of the Rocky mountains, through the pass since called by their names, in north latitude 47 degrees, then] following Lewis's River over to Clark's River and down that river [from this point the
xvii
INTRODUCTION
Columbia] to Travellers' Rest, where all the different roads meet, and thence across the rugged part of the Rocky Mountains [the Cascade range] to the navigable waters of the Columbia; thence down the river to the Pacific Ocean, making the total distance 4134 miles."
In October, 1810, John Jacob Astor, a merchant of New York who had long been engaged in the fur trade in connec- tion with the British companies, and who had been deeply impressed with the results of the expedition of Lewis and Clark, became engaged in the great enterprise of the Pacific fur company. His plan was to establish at the mouth of the Columbia river a factory with stations at various ad- vantageous points in the country drained by it, at which agents of the company should procure furs from the Indians and trappers in exchange for manufactured articles to be sent to the factory once a year in a ship from New York. The ship, having reloaded with pelts, was to proceed to Canton, where the furs would be sold and a cargo of tea taken on for New York. In the establishment of this system two expeditions, one by sea and one by land, were to cooperate. The ship Tonquin, leaving New York in September, 1810, arrived at the Columbia in March, 1811, and here a fort called Astoria was erected. The land forces, under Mr. William P. Hunt, leaving St. Louis in October, 1810, did not reach Astoria till February, 1812, and then only after incredible hardships.
With each expedition overland an effort was made to find a shorter and less toilsome route. Mr. Hunt, follow- ing the course taken by Lewis and Clark to the Falls of the Missouri, where the earlier explorers had struck across the country to the northwest, took a southwesterly course, crossing the Black hills and the plains beyond the Big Horn or Wind river, which the party ascended for some distance. Then, crossing to another stream farther south, they made their passage through the mountains near the head of the Yellowstone. On the western side of the ridge they embarked in canoes on a stream, probably the Lewis, expecting to float down it to the falls of the Columbia ; but they encountered so many obstructions that they were forced to resume their march, which from this point to the mouth of the Columbia was made in separate parties pur-
xviii
INTRODUCTION
suing different routes. This enterprise, which was wisely planned and amply financed, was brought to a sudden ter- mination by the breaking out of the war of 1812-1815.
A great step in shortening the overland route to the Rockies was made in 1819-1820, when Colonel Stephen H. Long, with a large number of army officers and men of science, abandoning the circuitous route by the Upper Missouri, proceeded up the valley of the Platte, across the plains of what is now the state of Nebraska, to the forks of that river, whence he followed the South fork to its sources in the Rockies, near the 40th degree of latitude. This expedition, which was sent out by the government in an effort to regulate intercourse with the Indians of the Great plains, did not cross the Rocky mountains, but, crossing the country to the headwaters of the Arkansas in the same neighborhood, descended the valley of that river to the Mississippi.
The unfavorable nature of the reports brought back by this expedition concerning the region traversed by it did nothing to revive trade with the Oregon country, which, since the disastrous ending of the Astoria scheme, had sunk to vanishing proportions.
Before the overthrow of Spanish authority in Mexico, American fur traders had begun to deal with the northern- most provinces of that country; and after that event large caravans passed regularly each summer between St. Louis and Santa Fé, the capital of New Mexico, on the Rio Grande. It was not, however, until 1823 that any attempt was made to reestablish commercial communication between the United States and the territories west of the Rocky moun- tains. In the spring of that year Mr. William H. Ashley, of St. Louis, who had been for some time engaged in the fur trade of the Missouri and Yellowstone countries, pro- ceeded up the Platte, at the head of a party of three hundred Inen, with horses carrying merchandise and baggage, by the North fork, to the Sweetwater, which had not been previously explored. The sources of this stream were found to be situated in a remarkable valley or cleft of the Rocky mountains, in the latitude of 42 degrees 20 minutes ; and immediately beyond them were discovered those of another stream, flowing southwestward, which proved to be the Green river, one of the headwaters of the Colorado.
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.