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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
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HISTORY
-OF-
TIOGA COUNTY,
PENNSYLVANIA.
EMBRACING
ITS TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES; INDIANS AND WHITE EXPLORERS ; BEGINNING AND ORGANIZATION; PIONEERS AND EARLY SETTLEMENT; EARLY COURTS AND CASES; INTERNAL IMPROVE- MENTS; INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; COAL MINES AND MINING ; PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND OFFICIALS ; LEGAL AND MEDICAL PRO- FESSIONS; MILITARY HISTORY ; LITERATURE; SKETCHES OF BOROUGHS, TOWNSHIPS AND VILLAGES; MATERIAL, SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS PROGRESS; BIOGRAPHIES AND PORTRAITS OF PIONEERS AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS, ETC., ETC., ETC.
ILLUSTRATED.
R. C. BROWN & CO. 1897.
-
324758 B 1403
PRESS OF HARRISBURG PUBLISHING COMPANY HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
SM
PREFACE.
ORE than one hundred years have passed away since the first white settlers built their cabins along the Cowanesque and Tioga rivers and commenced laying the corner-stone of American civiliza- tion within the confines of what is now Tioga county. The Indian occupants had been pushed back farther into the wilderness by the advancing tide of progress, and in their place came the hardy, reso- lute, intelligent pioneers whose descendants now occupy the land. Several genera- tions have come and gone since these events occurred, and the historian of to-day finds a difficult task to unravel the story and harmonize the many conflicting ac- counts that tradition has handed down from one generation to another.
In writing a history of Tioga county it has been our aim to preserve, as far as possible, a chronological order. Its topographical and geological features come first, followed by a sketch of the Indians whose numerous camping sites, paths and villages prove that "The Land of Tioga" was a favorite dwelling place and hunting ground. The Caucasian race came next, holding aloft the torch of civili- zation-the founders of communities in which the church and the school followed in the wake of the cabin home. With the gradual settlement of the country came the erection of the county, the establishment of a county seat, civil organization and courts of justice. The early construction of roads, the improvement of water- ways and the building of railroads furnished transportation for the product of the farm, the mill and the mine, thus keeping pace with the industrial development of the country. The official history of the county has been carefully compiled, and the names of her citizens who have filled publie office in the Nation, the State and the county have thus been preserved. The legal and medical professions; the pioneer fathers who served in the Revolution and War of 1812; a roster of Tioga's sons who went out to defend the flag during the dark days of civil atrife; the "Lit- erature of Tioga," and the creation and growth of townships, boroughs and vil- lages all find appropriate mention in the pages of this work.
The labor involved in this undertaking required the examination of state, county, borough and township records; the careful perusal of books, pamphlets, newspaper files, old family documents, deeds and letters, and the personal inter- viewing of local authorities in every part of the county. To John F. Meginness, Faq., of Williamsport, the veteran historian of the West Branch valley, was in- trusted the first twenty-two chapters of the book, and he spent over a year in their compilation. The remaining thirty-six chapters embraced in the general history, were compiled by Mr. John Meagher, an experienced and pains-taking writer, with the exception of Chapter XLIV. contributed by Rev. David Craft, of Law- renceville. The chapter on "Coal Mines and Mining" was also written by Mr. Meagher, and the whole work was compared, revised and edited under the personal supervision of the senior member of the firm, who has had a wide experience in this line of historical effort.
vi
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI. COUNTY ORGANIZATION COMPLETED.
Location of County Seat-Trustees Appointed-Proposals for a Site Advertised for The Offer of Benjamin Wistar Morris Accepted-Location Made-Why Named Wellsborough-A Town Laid Out- Activity of Morris-Delmar Township Formed First Commissioners-Early Financial Statements-Other Statistical Informa- tion-Growth of Population by Decades,. .71-79
CHAPTER VII. EARLY COURTS AND CASES.
Arrests and Trials Under the Intrusion Law-The Case of Ezra Spaulding-History of the Defendant-Other Tioga Settlers Indicted-First Courts of Tioga County- Docket Entries-A Horse Thief Convicted-Six Magisterial Districts Established -The Great Slave Hunt-Important County Records Stolen-An Obdurate
.80-93 Judge,
CHAPTER VIII.
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.
First Traveled Ways-The State Line Survey-A Rude Road Brushed Out-The Williamson Road-Why and How It Was Built-A Princely Entertainment in the Wilderness-The Patterson Brothers-Morris State Road-More Roads Laid Out-East and West State Road-Era of Plank Roads-Early Navigation Schemes-The Corning and Blossburg Railroad-Morris Run and Arnot Branches-The Fall Brook Railroad-The Cowanesque Branch-The Pine Creek Branch-Elmira and State Line Railroad-The Addison and Pennsylvania Rail- road-Other Railroads,
93-108
CHAPTER IX. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT.
Primitive Saw-Mills and Grist-Mills-The Morris Mills-First Mills at Wellsboro- Babb's Mill-In the Tioga Valley-Early Lumbering Operations-A Rafting Reminiscence-Along the Cowanesque River-Pioneer Mills on Pine Creek-An Era of Rapid Development-Risks and Charms of the Business-The Tanning Industry-Iron Foundries and Smelting Works-The Manufacture of Glass- Progress of Agriculture-Agricultural Societies,
109-119
CHAPTER COAL MINES AND MINING.
The Blossburg and Gaines Coal Basins-Theories Concerning Their Formation- Their Extent and Character-The Discovery of Coal at Blossburg-Pioneer Mines and Mining-Early Attempts at Development-The Tioga Navigation Company- First Geological Survey-The Arbon Coal Company-Sir Charles Lyell's Visit- Coal Seams Described-Character and Uses of Blossburg Coal-The Manufacture of Coke-Labor Strikes and Troubles-Recent Statistics-Past and Present, .. 119-132
vii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XI. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND OFFICIALS.
First Meeting Place of the Commissioners-Temporary Quarters Secured-First Pub- lic Buildings Erected-An Odd Contract-High Price of Nails-Description of Buildings-The New Court House and Jail-The Present Jail-The Only Criminal Execution-New Record Building-County House and Farm-Roster of Public Officials, 132-144
CHAPTER XII. THE BENCH AND BAR.
Personal Sketches of President Judges-Many Able and Distinguished Jurists Among Them-The Bar of Tioga County-A Brilliant Array of Legal Talent- The Tioga County Bar Association-John F. Donaldson, Prothonotary and Poli- tician-A Sketch of His Career, 145-188
CHAPTER XIII.
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
Introductory-Pioneer Physicians-Their Courageous Devotion to Duty-Brief Sketches of Prominent Physicians-The First Drug Store-Sketch of Dr. Robert Roy, Its Proprietor-"Brick" Pomeroy's Reminiscences-The Tioga County Medical Association, 189-206
CHAPTER XIV. EARLY MILITARY HISTORY.
Introduction-Early Settlers Who Were Revolutionary Soldiers-They Led the Way Into the Wilderness-Peter Shumway's Discharge-A Priceless Relic-The War of 1812-Settlers of Tioga Who Served in That Struggle Old-Time Militia System-The Mexican War, 206-216
CHAPTER XV. WAR OF THE REBELLION.
The Firing on Fort Sumter-Reception of the News in Wellsboro-Meeting of the Borough Council-Resolutions Adopted-Mrs. Mary H. Clymer's Patriotic Act and Letter-The First Volunteers-Gen. Robert C. Cox's Interesting Narrative- Rosters of Companies Raised in Tioga County-Miscellaneous Commands-In New York Regiments-In Other States-The Fourteenth United States Infantry -Soldiers' Monument-Losses in the War, 216-249
CHAPTER XVI. LITERATURE OF TIOOA.
Josiah Emery's English Grammar-Lydia Jane Pierson, the Forest Minstrel-Mary Emily Jackson, a Native Poetess-M. H. Cobb, Printer and Poet-"Nessmuk," the Lover and Poet of Nature-His Rambles, Travels, and Writings, .249-258
viii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVII.
WELLSBORO.
Descriptive-The Original Town Plot-Additional Lots Surveyed-Prominent Pio- neers-Josiah Emery's Reminiscences-Postoffice and Postmasters-John Sheffer, the Young Mail Carrier-His Route Through the Wilderness-Postoffice Statis- tics-Old-Time Taverns and Landlords-Modern Hotels, .258-274
CHAPTER XVIII.
WELLSBORO (Continued).
Village Schools-The Old Academy-Its Incorporation-Its Early and Later History -The Building Now Used as a Church-Common School System Adopted- First Public School Building-Later Buildings and Teachers-Willow Hall .275-295 School,
CHAPTER 2
WELLSBORO (Continued).
The Old Quaker Meeting-House-St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church-Rev. Charles Breck, the Pioneer Pastor-The Work He Accomplished-The Presby- terian Church-Rev. J. F. Calkins' Long Pastorate-His Semi-Centennial Address -First Methodist Episcopal Church-Rev. Caleb Boyer-The First Class- Church Organized-First Baptist Church-Its Organization and Later History -St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church-The Free Will Baptist Church-Ceme- teries-Societies-Wellsborough's Military Band, 295-316
CHAPTER WELLSBORO (Continued).
The Tioga Pioneer-Its Editors and Publishers-Removal to Tioga-Early Adver- tisements-The Phoenix Appears-The Tioga Herald-George Hildreth, the Old-Time Printer-The Wellsboro Advertiser- The Wellsboro Agitator-The Daily Record-The Tioga Eagle and Its Successors-The Wellsboro Gazette-The Tioga Banner-The Hermaic Journal-The Tioga County Leader-The Republi- . 317-327 can Advocate-A Noted Correspondent,
CHAPTER XXI. WELLSBORO (Continued).
Incorporated as a Borough-First Election-Early Ordinances-Burgesses, Clerks, Treasurers and Justices-Borough Boundaries-Fire Department-Water Works System-The Wellsborough Electric Company, 327-334
CHAPTER XXII. WELLSBORO (Continued).
The First National Bank-The Old and New Bank Buildings-The Wellsborough National Bank-The Great Bank Robbery-The Property Taken-Two of the Robbers Captured-Tried, Convicted and Sent to Prison-Cosgrove Reforms- His Visit to Judge Williams-Manufacturing and Other Enterprises-The Wells- boro of To-Day, 335-349
ix
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXIII. DELMAR TOWNSHIP.
Creation-Original Dividing Line-Origin of Name-Reductions of Area-Present Boundaries-Character of Surface-Streams-The "Big Marsh"-Altitude-Popu- lation-Pioneer Settlers-Manufacturing Enterprises-Schools-Churches and Cemeteries-Villages and, Postoffices, .350-360
CHAPTER XXIV.
CHARLESTON TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Reductions of Area-Boundaries-Drainage-Physical Characteristics -Population-The Pioneers-Mills and Other Enterprises-Schools-Justices of the Peace-Churches-Cemeteries-Societies-Villages and Postoffices, ....... 360-369
CHAPTER XXV. MIDDLEBURY TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Reduction of Area-Physical Features-Streams-Population-Early Settlers-Early and Later Enterprises-Schools and Justices-Churches-Cem- eteries-Societies-Villages, .369-378
CHAPTER XXVI. FARMINGTON TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Area and Boundaries-Physical Characteristics-Streams and Drain- age-Population-Early Settlers-Manufacturing Enterprises-Schools and Jua- tices-Churches-Cemeteries-Postoffices and Postmasters,. .379-383
CHAPTER XXVII. ELKLAND BOROUOH.
The Old Township of Elkland-Its Organization and Boundaries-Reductions of Area-Organized as a Borough-Enlargement of Borough Limits-Pioneer Set- tlers-Village Growth-Later Enterprises-Schools-Hotels-Borough Organiza- tion and Officials-Postmasters -- Physicians and Lawyers-Newspapers-Churches -Cemeteries-Societies, .384-394
CHAPTER XXVIII. OSCEOLA BOROUGH.
Borough Organization-Unusual Area-The Village of Osceola-Physical Features- Streams-The Word "Cowanesque"-Its Derivation and Definition-"Pindar- ville" -- Origin of Name-Population-Lands and Settlement-Early and Later Industries-Inns and Hotels-Schools-Borough Organization and Officials- Physicians-Churches-Cemeteries-Secret Societies, 395-404
CHAPTER XXIX. NELSON BOROTOH.
Organization-Area and Boundaries-Streams-Physical Features-Early Settlers- Manufacturing and Business Enterprises-Borough Organization and Officials --- Physicians-Schools-Churches and Cemeteries-Societies, 404-411
x
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXX.
DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Changes of Area-Streams, Soil and Forest Growth-Population- Early Settlers-The Strawbridge Lands-Business and Manufacturing Enter- prises-Schools-Early Physicians and Justices-Churches and Cemeteries- Villages, 412-420
CHAPTER XXXI.
KNOXVILLE BOROUGH.
Organization-Origin of Name-Area and Elevation-Billings Park-Population- Early Settlers-Manufacturing Enterprises-Mercantile Enterprises-Inns and Hotels-Schools-Borough Organization and Officials-Postmasters-Physicians and Lawyers-Newspapers-Churches-Cemeteries-Societies, .421-430
CHAPTER XXII. WESTFIELD TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Physical Characteristics-Population-Early Settlers-Early Enter- prises-Schools and Justices-Churches and Cemeteries-Villages, 430-437
CHAPTER XXXIII. WESTFIELD BOROUGH.
Location and Surroundings-Population and Taxable Property-Early Settlers- Borough Organization and Officials-Postmasters-Physicians and Lawyers- Business and Manufacturing Enterprises-Incorporated Companies-Hotels- Newspapers-Railroads-Churches and Cemeteries-Societies, . 438-449
CHAPTER XXXIV. BROOKFIELD TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Location and Area-Physical Features-Streams-Forest Growth- Population-Justices of the Peace-Early Settlers-Mills and Factories-Schools Churches and Cemeteries-Villages, .449-456
CHAPTER XXXV. CHATHAM TOWNSHIP.
Organization -- Reduction of Area -- Physical Characteristics -- Streams -- Timber Growth -Early Settlers-Pioneer Industries-Schools and Justices-Churches and Ceme- teries Societies-Villages and Postoffices, 457-463
CHAPTER XXXVI. CLYMER TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Origin of Name-William B. Clymer-His Generous Treatment of Settlers-Physical Features of Township-Forest Growth-Streams-Area- Early Settlers-Early Industries-Schools and Justices-Churches and Ceme- teries-Societies-Villages and Postoffices, 463-469
.
CONTENTS.
xi
CHAPTER XXXVII.
SHIPPEN TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Present Boundaries and Area-Streams-Physical Features-Popula- tion-Early Settlers-King and Manning's Explorations-Big Meadows-The Furmans-Assessment of 1824-Division of Township-Settlers on Marsh Creek- Early Mills-Schools and Justices-Churches and Cemeteries-Villages, ...... 469-474
CHAPTER XXXVIII. GAINES TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Reduction of Area-Derivation of Name-Physical Characteristics- Streams-Timber and Game-Population-Early Settlers-Past and Present En- terprises-The Gaines Coal and Coke Company-Early Schools-Physicians and Justices-Churches-Cemeteries-Societies-Villages and Postoffices, ... . . . 475-482
CHAPTER XXXIX. ELK TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Boundaries and Area-Mountains and Streams-Timher-Population -- Early Settlers-Industrial Enterprises-Schools and Churches-Justices of the Peace-Villages, 483-485
CHAPTER XL. MORRIS TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Reductions of Area-Physical Characteristics-Timber and Coal- Streams-Railroads-Population-Pioneer Settlement-Mills and Other Enter- prises-Schools-Physicians and Justices-Churches-Societies-Villages and Postoffices, .486-493
CHAPTER XLI. DUNCAN TOWNSHIP.
Derivation of Name-Organization-Area-Boundaries -. Altitude-Population-Jus- tices -- The Fall Brook Coal Company-The Village of Antrim-Hotels-Postmas- ters-Schools-Physicians-Societies-Churches-Villages, 493-497
CHAPTER XLII. TIOGA TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Reductions of Area-Physical Features-Streams-Population-Pio- neer Settlers-Early Enterprises-Schools and Justices-Churches and Ceme- teries -- Villages and Postoffices, 498-504
CHAPTER XLIII. TIOGA BOROUOH.
Description-Physical Characteristics-Early Settlers-Population-Village Indus- tries and Enterprises-Early Physicians and Lawyers-Early and Later Hotels- Borough Organization and Officials -- Village and Borough Newspapers-Schools -Churches-Secret Societies-Later Business and Manufacturing Enterprises- Tioga Water Works-Hose Companies-Fire and Flood, 505-520
xii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XLIV.
LAWRENCE TOWNSHIP AND LAWRENCEVILLE.
Township Organization-Selection of Name-Boundaries and Area-Physical Fea- tures-Early Land Troubles-Conflicting Claims of Pennsylvania and Connecti- cut-Final Settlement of the Dispute-The State Line Survey-Hon. Samuel Baker, the First White Settler-Other Early Settlers-The Borough of Lawrence- ville-Manufacturing and Business Enterprises-Physicians and Lawyers-News- papers-Schools-Churches, Sabbath-Schools and Cemeteries-Justices and Bur- gesses-Societies-Horacetown, 520-542
CHAPTER XLV. JACKSON TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Origin of Name-Original Area-Present Boundaries-Physical Fea- tures-Streams-Altitude-Population-Pioneer Settlement-Early Milling En- terprises-Schools-Physicians, Lawyers and Justices-Churches and Cemeteries -Societies-Villages and Postoffices,
.543-550
CHAPTER XLVI.
RUTLAND TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Boundaries-Physical Features-Streams-Iron Ore-Population- Early Settlers-Mills and Other Enterprises-Schools-Physicians and Justices- Churches and Cemeteries-Roseville Borough, . 551-556
CHAPTER XLVII. SULLIVAN TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Original Area and Preseut Boundaries-Soil and Products-Streams- Derivation of Name-Population-Early Settlers-Business Enterprises-Schools -Physicians and Justices-Churches-Cemeteries-Secret Societies-Borough of Mainesburg-Villages and Postoffices, .557-566
CHAPTER XLVIII. RICHMOND TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Physical Characteristics-Streams-Mineral Deposits-Pioneer Set- tlers-Pioneer Enterprises-Schools and Justices-Churches-Cemeteries-Vil- lages, . 567-574
CHAPTER XLIX MANSFIELD BOROUGH.
Location and Surroundings-Early Settlers and Enterprises-Borough Organization and Officials-Fire Department-Postmasters, Physicians and Lawyers-Hotels -Public Schools-Mansfield Classical Seminary-The Mansfield State Normal School-The Soldiers' Orphan Home-Business Colleges-Later Industries and Enterprises-Newspapers-Churches and Cemeteries-Societies, 575-592
xiii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER L.
COVINGTON TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Original and Present Area-Drainage and Physical Features-Popula- tion-Early Settlers-Early and Later Enterprises-Schools- Postmasters and Justices-Churches, Cemeteries and Societies, 593-596
CHAPTER LI. COVINGTON BOROUGH.
Location and Surroundings-Population-Early Settlers-Manufacturing Enterprises -Early Hotel Keepers and Merchants-Borough Organization and Officials- Postmasters and Physicians-Newspapers-Schools-Churches and Secret So- cieties, .597-604
CHAPTER LII. BLO89 TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Physical Features-Streams-Forest Growth-Mineral Deposits-Lim- ited Agriculture-Justices of the Peace-Changes in Area and Population-The Blossburg Coal Company-Arnot-Churches-Societies-Landrus, ...... .604-610
CHAPTER LIII. BLOSSBURG BOROUGHI.
The Williamson Road-Peter's Camp-Borough Site and Surroundings-Pioneer Settlers-Early Industries and Enterprises -- Discovery of Coal-Judge Knapp's Enterprises-The Arbon Coal Company-A Real Estate Boom-The Corning and Blosshurg Railroad-The Seymour House-Sir Charles Lyell's Visit-Window Glass Manufactory-The Morris Run Railroad-The Arnot Branch-Borough Or- ganization and Officials-Fire Department-The Fire of 1873-Physicians and Lawyers-Schools-Churches and Cemeteries-Societies-Later Business Cor- porations-The Cottage State Hospital,
.611-625
CHAPTER LIV. HAMILTON TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Physical Characteristics-Mineral Wealth-Streams-Railroads-Pop- ulation-Justices of the Peuce-Morris Run Mines and Railroad-Coal Mining Companies-The Village of Morris Run-Schools and Churches-Societies, .... 625-630
CHIAPTER LV. WARD TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Reduction of Area-Drainage-Population-Justices of the Peace- Early Settlers-Manufacturing Enterprises-Schools-Churches, Cemeteries and Societies, 630-632
xiv
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER LVI. FALL BROOK BOROUGH.
Location and Surroundings-The Fall Brook Coal Company-Its Organization and History-Borough Organization and Officials-Schools-Churches-Societies, .. 633-638
CHAPTER LVII.
LIBERTY TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Physical Characteristics-Soil and Products-Coal and Iron-Timber -Streams-Population-Pioneer Settlement-First White Men-The District Line-Williamson Road-The Block House-Anthony, the First Landlord- Other Early Settlers-Mills and Other Enterprises-Physicians and Justices- Schools-Churches and Cemeteries-Societies-Liberty Borough-Villages and
Postoffices, .639-649
CHAPTER LVIII. UNION TOWNSHIP.
Organization-Physical Features-Streams-Population-Pioneer Settlers-Early and Later Enterprises-Schools-Physicians and Justices-Churches, Cemeteries and Societies-Villages, 649-654
CHAPTER LIX.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Wellsboro-Delmar and Charleston Townships, . 655-780
CHAPTER LX.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Middlebury and Farmington Townships-Nelson, Elkland and Osceola Boroughs, .. 780-867
CHAPTER LXI.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Deerfield Township and Knoxville Borough-Westfield Township and Borough- Brookfield Township, .867-947
CHAPTER LXII.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Chatham, Clymer, Gaines, Elk and Shippen Townships, .947-986
CHAPTER LXIII.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Tioga Township and Borough-Lawrence Township and Lawrenceville Borough- Jackson Township, 987-1049
XV
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER LXIV. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Richmond Township and Mansfield Borough-Sullivan Township and Mainesburg- Rutland Township, 1050-1107
CHAPTER LXV.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Covington Township and Borough-The Blossburg Coal Region-Liberty and Union Townships-Morris Township, 1107-1160
Index, .1161-1186
Map of Tioga County, ......... 16
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HISTORY OF TIOGA COUNTY.
CHAPTER I.
TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES.
SURFACE TRANSFORMATION-MOUNTAIN RANGES-ANTICLINALS AND SYNCLINALS- THE BLOSSBURG MOUNTAIN BASIN-DIP OF THE ROCKS-WELLSBORO ANTICLINAL -CROOKED CREEK BASIN-VALLEY OF THE COWANESQUE-STREAMS OF THE COUNTY-THE TIOGA RIVER-CROOKED CREEK-LYCOMING CREEK-PINE CREEK -MARSH CREEK-THE COWANESQUE RIVER-MINOR STREAMS-CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS.
B EFORE proceeding to write a general history of Tioga county, from ita earliest settlement to the present, it is deemed best to first deal with its topographieal and geological features, and to give, from the seientifie sourees available, some idea of how, through the ages that have elapsed since the beginning of time, the surface of the county came to take on its present varied and picturesque appearance. In doing this, a free use has been made of the excellent report of Andrew Sherwood, of Mana- field, Tioga county, which appears in Volume G, of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.
It may be well to preface the liberal extraets from this report with a general statement to the effect, that there was a time, in the remote past, when, if the story of the rocks has been rightly read and interpreted, the surface of Tioga county presented a radically different appearance from what it does at present. To those mighty con- vulsions of nature, known as earthquakes; to floods and frosts and the erosion of agea, must be attributed the wonderful work of transformation. Mountains that were onee thousanda of feet high, inclosing basins in which were deposited successive seams of coal, have disappeared, and, in the form of sand and mud, have been borne on the currents of the Tioga river, Pine ereek and other streams to the Susquehanna and the sea. The story is full of interest, and the student who seeks to read it, will find him- self constantly confronted with eloquent evidence of the fact that,
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