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Gc 977 G19n
M
CTION
GEN
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01715 4102
Gc 977 G19n Garrett, Charles Wilbur, 1876- Pennsylvania lines west of Pittsburgh
1 .41
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/pennsylvanialine00garr
-
A RAILROAD TO BE REBUILT.
Coshocton, Ohio, west of.
March 30, 1913.
Looking toward Pittsburgh from the east approach to Bridge No. 100, over the Muskingum River. The normal channel of the river lies a quarter of a mile or more to the left of the railway, which was carried on a high embankment, 2,700 lineal feet of which was washed away, from 10 to 25 feet deep ; two of the four spans of the bridge were swept away and a third damaged.
INDIANA COLLECTION
PENNSYLVANIA LINES WEST OF PITTSBURGH
A HISTORY
OF THE
FLOOD
OF
MARCH, 1913
COMPILED
BY
C. W. GARRETT
Allen County Public Library 900 Webster Street PO Box 2270 Fort Wayne, IN 46801-2270
Copyright 1913.
Pennsylvania Company.
PRESS OF WM. G. JOHNSTON & CO . PITTSBURGH, PA.
1131745
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Introductory
Page
5
Chapter
1 Meteorological and Topographic Conditions
General Situation, March 24, 25, 1913
15
66
4
66
March 27
39
66
5
66
March 28
49
66
6
66
March 29.
59
66
7
66
March 30
63
66
8
66
66
April 1
71
75
11
April 3 to April 5.
77
66
12
66 April 6 to April 12
79
60
13
Subsequent to April 12
81
60
14
Eastern Division, detailed account of damage, etc.
83
66
15
Western 66
66
66
99
66
17
E. & A.
66
66
60
103
66
18
Pittsburgh
19 Columbus Terminal District
66
66
141
66
21
Cincinnati
66
60
66
151
22
Richmond 66
:
66
167
24
Louisville
66
66
66
171
66
25 Toledo
179
66
26
Marietta
66
66
66
66
181
66
27
Akron
.66
66
66
66
197
66
Zanesville
66
60
207
66
60
66 215
30
G. R. & I. Railway
66
60
" 225
31 Telegraph Department
66
66
227
Exhibit A Rainfall, by days, in territory traversed by Pennsylvania Lines. B Height of streams, by days, in territory traversed by Pennsylvania Lines. . 66 251
66
C Marooned passenger trains and disposition of their passengers.
66 252
66
D Detoured freight trains, mileage of, etc.
254
66
F Estimate made at time of flood of amount of damage and cost of repairs.
66 256
66
G Charges to account "March 1913 Flood" to Sept. 30, 1913. . 66 257
66
67
66
9
10
C. & P.
66
66
66
66
60
66 105
66
129
20
Indianapolis Division
66
159
66
23
Logansport 66
66
66
245
E Relief supplies handled for flood sufferers
255
7
2
3
66 March 26
25
66
March 31.
66
April 2
66
16
101
28 29 Vandalia Railroad 66
To the Management of the
Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh:
By your direction, there has been prepared and is submitted herewith a record of the Flood of March, 1913, and its disruption of the service of your Lines, in such detail as to give a general idea of the extent of the damage and the progress of the work of restoration.
But not in this account of the more prosaic facts, nor in any of the records of the Company, will be found the real story of the flood, unless it be read between the lines by those who were "in the thick of the fight."
By the destruction of most of the means of communication, at the same time that the tracks and bridges were washed away, the system was broken into many fragments; each Division was left pretty much to its own resources, without knowledge as to what had occurred elsewhere and without opportunity to confer as to the best means of restoring service, or to secure information as to material, supplies or men available for repair work. Many Divisions were separated into two or more sections, neither of which had any means of communication with the others.
Just as it was the first thought of the general officers in Pittsburgh that the hundreds and thousands of people whose lives were endangered should be rescued, and that what was left of the railroad should be offered for that service, so was it the first thought of employees everywhere to rescue from the flood those who were in danger. Some manned bridges to take people from floating wreckage or buildings, some manned life boats, some took ropes and poles to the streams; many risked their own lives in saving others or in attempting to save the Company's property from damage. The safety and comfort of passengers enroute was looked after everywhere, sometimes at considerable sacrifice and real risk to the employees in charge of the marooned trains.
When there was no longer need of emergency rescue work, attention was turned to putting the railroad in shape to run trains, particularly trains carrying relief supplies, and the local officers and employees all over the system arranged for service of some sort over such detached portions of the road as were not damaged, or could be put in shape in short time. This necessarily was done without advice or instructions in most cases, and in one instance trains were running over a portion of a Division for twenty-four hours or more before the Superintendent, although only a few miles away, could be informed of what was being done.
To recount the many acts of heroism, the great number of unusual risks taken, the universal devotion to duty, even though that duty involved great personal discomfort, days and nights of work in rain and snow and water, would fill a large volume. It would be unfair to tell a part of the story unless it were all told, and as much of it will never be known except to the men in the field, it is impossible to make a record of it. Neither would it be fair to mention by name any officer or employee of the Company unless all who had a place in the work of restoration were named.
5
It must be enough to record that, without exception, the officers and employees of the Pennsylvania Lines went to work, each in his own place, to restore railway service through the flooded districts; braving every hardship, making every necessary sacrifice, bringing to the work all the resourcefulness and enthusiasm at their command. Many found it the most thrilling and eventful experience of a lifetime. Throughout the whole undertaking, there was the one dominant spirit of co-operation,-voluntary, unconscious co-operation usually, but even for that the more effective. Men from widely separated portions of the Pennsylvania System, many of whom had never even heard of each other before, worked together, or in relays on the same job, just as though they had been always accustomed to each other's ideas and methods.
To put the history in the most convenient shape for reference, the general situation, as it was known from day to day to the general officers in Pittsburgh, is first outlined. Rather than list in detail the points at which damage was done, and the portions of the road over which it was possible to perform some sort of public service, maps have been prepared to show in green that portion of the Lines where the high water covered the tracks, etc., so that it was impossible to ascertain the actual conditions; in red that portion of the Lines which was actually damaged beyond use; and in yellow that portion of the Lines over which passenger train service, regular or "makeup, " was performed for the benefit of the public. Remaining on each map will be found sections of the Lines uncolored, representing isolated pieces of road which it was impossible to reach on account of damage at either end, or which were used only by work trains engaged in making repairs.
.Following this daily story of the general situation, will be found a brief history of the actual damage sustained on each Division and the method of restoring service, etc. In this account, each Division is treated separately, so that it will not be necessary to go through a great deal of material to follow the work at any given point. Photographs representative of the actual conditions existing on various parts of the Lines have been used, telling the story of the destruction wrought more clearly and concisely than could be done in any other way.
It is not yet possible to give an account of the permanent rebuilding of the destroyed and damaged bridges, structures, etc., nor the cost of such permanent reconstruction, for some of it cannot be completed for months. This record has therefore been closed with the resumption of service over the temporary roadbed and structures provided to meet the emergency. So much material is available that it has been difficult to decide what to include and what to omit. Too long an account would be wearisome; too brief an account would have little reference value.
General tables of rainfall, height of streams, etc., follow the descriptive text as appendices.
6
CHAPTER 1. METEOROLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS.
The flood of March, 1913, was brought about by an unusual succession of weather conditions which may possibly never be repeated, but which may recur at any time,* particularly in the spring season.
Preceding the heavy rains of March 23rd to 27th there was a storm of moderate intensity on March 20th and 21st, accompanied by winds as high as 60 to 70 miles an hour, which badly crippled telegraph service through the whole territory served by the Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh. There was a precipitation of one-half to one inch of rain through the valley of the Ohio and its tributaries, which pretty thoroughly saturated the ground, so that when the heavier rains came, they immediately ran off into the streams.
After this storm had passed off through the valley of the St. Lawrence, a storm of great intensity developed in the southwest. On the morning of Easter Sunday, March 23rd, this storm was central over Colorado, and in advance of it, rain was falling in Illinois and Indiana. It moved northeastwardly during the day, and, increasing in force, was accompanied near its center by a number of tornadoes, several of them of high velocity. One of these tornadoes did great damage in the city of Omaha, Nebraska, on Sunday evening, and others were experienced along the path of the center of disturbance, which continued northeastwardly, being in the Sault Ste. Marie on Monday morning, the 24th. As the storm advanced, the area of low barometric pressure, with an atmosphere moisture laden, covered the great central basin. Cold winds from areas of relatively high barometric pressure precipitated this moisture, and on Sunday afternoon and night rain was falling over the entire northern and eastern quarter of the United States.
Usually such a storm passes off through the valley of the St. Lawrence, and the low pressure is succeeded by a "high, " with clearing and finally much colder weather. On this occasion, although the center of the storm took the usual path, there followed in its wake a "trough" of low pressure, and from day to day there continued to develop new "lows," or centers of disturbance, at the southwestern end of this trough. These "lows" followed each other through the valleys of the Mississippi and the Ohio, and each in turn dropped its moisture in rain as it was met by the cold winds from the "highs" in the northwest and southeast, which kept about the same relative position from Sunday the 23rd until Wednesday the 26th. On Wednesday the "high" advancing from the
* Even before this history was completed, a flood, similar in all except that the the territory covered was very much less, struck the lines in southernmost Ohio,-see Chapter "Marietta Division."
7
northwest succeeded in "pushing" the trough of low pressure eastwardly. The belt of heavy rainfall, which had for three days been continuously over the Ohio and lower Mississippi valleys, moved eastwardly and heavy rain fell through Pennsylvania, New York and New England on the 27th and 28th.
This unusual combination of weather conditions can only be made clear by a study of the daily weather maps, and in order to make the sequence of events perfectly clear, maps for the six days from the 23rd to the 28th, inclusive, have been reproduced in smaller size on one page.
8
it of Agriculture, R BUREAU.
30.2)
301
MOORE, CHIEF
30.000
9
Father fant
29.89.7
10°
29 20°
29.5,29.4
29.6
Witte Rafor 30°.29.3
29.4 29.5
.40° 293
40
LOW
30.1
30 2
ner 20 10 50
30.3
30.4
.60°
dagehburt
Asherdi
Harlotto
HIGH
30.5
Aufunuk
Hentan
€
470º
Jack
30.4
30.3
0.0
30.1
30.3
nt of Agriculture, R BUREAU.
MOORE, CHIEF
A0.2 0°
29.6
267
WasEr RING 30.00
299
·/30.1
29.8
295
10°
29.6 29.5 20 %ne
9.5
Sault Ste Mofre
109
Paul
Smagkey
OW
30.0
303
30.1
60
30/2
Colder 20 1040
aleetal
30.13
HIGH
ISC
İsti
AR
DIR
750
30.2 60°
30.3
'70ª
Minul
3.0.2
n the
rcles, blow direc- nove- which iably great souri
ually 1.9 or
on of tally l, all
omes con- nsity lined sture
ores- reau edge ipos- the ana,
d of wed ail."
the h to rom
area 1 by
rict ked, ned ted, iod
EDN
30.0 299
IGH
Avanaab
29.7
29.4
Mians
107
29.7 29.8 29/
northwest succeeded in "pushing" the trough of low pressure eastwardly. The belt of heavy rainfall, which had for three days been continuously over the Ohio and lower Mississippi valleys, moved eastwardly and heavy rain fell through Pennsylvania, New York and New England on the 27th and 28th.
This unusual combination of weather conditions can only be made clear by a study of the daily weather maps, and in order to make the sequence of events perfectly clear, maps for the six days from the 23rd to the 28th, inclusive, have been reproduced in smaller size on one page.
8
30.1 ~
+20%
23.
RIGH
U. S. Department of Agriculture, WEATHER BUREAU.
203
30.1 /
-10'
300
WEATHER BUREAU.
WILLIS L MOORE, CHEF
301 300
nok
97
29.9
9
7 296 70
10/25 020
25,29-₺.
298
30 293
LOW
29 G
301
30:
24.7
30
LOW
w1 - 50
296
31 30.7
297
HIGH
HIGH
30.5
40
297
-70
70
SUNDAY, MARCH 23, 1913 3 A. M.
MONDAY, MARCH 24, 1913 8 A. M.
29
Da defini bet Liner
AREAS OF RAINFALL DA Buje 56 Right, then
AREAS OF RAINFALL In Las 24 hours, ahire
LOW
DIRECTION Of WIND, chius by stop
297
296
30 3
30"
LOW
U. S. Department of Agriculture, WEATHER BUREAU.
T . WILLIS L MOORE, CHEF
3811
-10
20
30"
10.2.0'
296
302
10
197 26 195
Con
410 202
30
HISRİ
304
30.5
30A
302
30 15
30.1%
2.40
THURSDAY, MARCH 27, 1913
30.3 HIGH
FRIDAY, MARCH 28, 1913 8 A. M.
300
10.4
thees by sotul tlaci bert
-1
303
30
AREAR OF RAINFALL Is NgIt & Niet, Khus
503
1395
DIRECTION OF MIND BNY: NY HIDES
30-
U. S. Department of Agriculture, The WEATHER BUREAU.
29.6
WILLIS L MOORE, CHLA
29 6
1
1955
-
25
7958
296
2.297
299
301
300+
501
10
306
HIGH
30.1
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 26, 1913 8 A. M.
30.15 ....
1
787 7 46De :2965 299
299
300
30°
LOW
,U. S. Department of Agriculture, WEATHER BUREAU.
300
Lp's& WILLIS L MOORE, CHEF
730 2
-
DIRECTION OF WHO, IN-A W Imm
10
* U. S. Department of Agriculture,
- 20"
U. S. Department of Agriculture, WEATHER BUREAU,
300 29
WILLIS L MOORE, CHIEF
304
50 5
304
2/20*
30.4
997
LOW
1.00
Colder. 20for mom
HIGH
30 1
290. 298
LOW
****- 70*
TUESDAY, MARCH 25, 1913 8 A. M.
thỉnh by the black, loes
50%
29.7
by dottud black fine .
DIRECTION OF WING, I bies or PTIES
343
30.2
10.2
10*WILLIS L MOORE, CHEF
290
30 2 60
AREAS OF RAINFALL In kod ga had i, um
DIRECTION OF MIHỘ Hlých PY MIT
.
303
10.1
7
220°
-HEGH
GH
8 A. M.
THIGH
: 29.9 300
10
10+
30 0
HIGH
northwe heavy 1 Mississi York aı Th of the c maps f( smaller
To one not familiar with such maps an explanation of the departure from the normal may be acceptable.
Usually the isobars, or lines of equal barometric pressure, describe concentric circles, more or less regular, around the centers of high and low pressure. The winds blow from the areas of high pressure toward the areas of low pressure-winds from all direc- tions meeting as they approach the center of the low pressure area, where the move- ment of the current of air is upward. For the portion of the United States through which the Pennsylvania Lines operate, the general course of the storms is almost invariably from the southwest toward the northeast. Whether these storms originate in the great northwest or the great southwest, they usually approach this territory from Missouri or Arkansas, and leave through the valley of the St. Lawrence.
The areas of low and high pressure succeed each other, in the spring season, usually at intervals of thirty-six to forty-eight hours-each "low," if the pressure be 29.9 or lower, being accompanied by rain.
In a general way it may be said that these "lows" are formed by the expansion of air under heat, reducing the relative weight of a given volume of air, and incidentally increasing its hygroscopic properties. This occurs in and near the tropics, and, all conditions favoring rapid evaporation, the atmosphere accompanying a "low" becomes saturated with moisture. Conversely, the "highs" are probably formed by the con- densation of the atmosphere in the cold upper strata and in the north. The intensity of a storm-the velocity of the wind and the amount of precipitation-are determined by the difference in pressure, and temperature, of the "highs" and "lows." The moisture carried by the "low" is precipitated where the cold winds from the area of higher pres- sure meet it. It is unfortunate that the information secured by the Weather Bureau does not cover the country south of our own borders, for in the absence of knowledge of the origin and early path of storms, or of the amount of moisture carried, it is impos- sible to predict how much precipitation will accompany them. In this instance the prediction made on Monday morning, the 24th, was, for Ohio and Indiana, "Unsettled weather, with rain or snow tonight or Tuesday; colder."
The storm of March, 1913, was unusual in that the original storm, instead of being followed by the usual "high," with clearing and colder weather, was followed by a continuous belt of low pressure (29.7-29.8), as a comet is followed by its "tail." The first "low" (29.3) was unusually low, and the difference in pressures between the high and low pressure areas, for the whole period, ranged from 1.0 barometric inch to as much as 1.5 inches. The rainfall through the states of Indiana and Ohio was from 5 to 11.2 inches in the four days from the afternoon of the 23rd to the 27th. The area of greatest rainfall was in Central Ohio, but the entire central valley was visited by rains heavy enough to bring all the rivers quickly to a flood stage.
The following tabulation of precipitation, by days, through the flooded district will, when it is remembered that the ground was already pretty well water-soaked, show why the rivers so quickly came up to unprecedented heights and then remained there for two or three days. A few representative gauging stations have been selected, and the figures for each day are given to show the distribution of rainfall over the period.
9
RAINFALL FOR 24 HOUR PERIODS ENDING 8:00 A. M. (INCHES)
STATION
COUNTY
MARCH 23
MARCH 24
MARCH 25
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 26
THURSDAY,
ILLINOIS.
Cairo
Alexander.
.04
.02
4.29
.24
.02
4.61
Chicago
Cook.
1.16
.21
.13
1
0
1.50
Casey
Clark
1.17
1.58
1.31
.55
.18
4.79
INDIANA.
Indianapolis
Marion
1.27
2.76
1.56
.34
.08
6.01
Richmond.
Wayne.
.88
5.30
4.17
.76
.04
11.15
Terre Haute
Vigo
1.05
2.45
.77
.19
.10
4.56
Fort Wayne.
Allen.
2.08
1.98
.69
.40
.21
5.36
Winona Lake
Kosciusko
1.73
1.54
1.18
.31
0
4.76
Columbus
Bartholomew
.07
.72
7.00
1.60
.53
9.92
Vincennes
Knox
.20
1.10
6.20
1.30
.60
9.40
Madison.
Jefferson
0
2.49
1.78
2.65
.63
7.55
OHIO.
Columbus
Franklin
.50
2.10
2.96
1.40
0
6.96
Wooster
Wayne
1.20
1.90
4.80
1.40
.80
10.10
Cincinnati
Hamilton.
0
2.20
4.20
1.10
0
7.50
Dayton.
Montgomery
.50
2.90
3.30
1.50
.80
9.00
Bucyrus
Crawford.
1.40
2.10
3.40
1.60
1.20
9.70
Cleveland.
Cuyahoga
1.90
1.50
2.70
.90
.20
7.20
Toledo.
Lucas.
1.90
1.80
1.79
.50
.20
6.19
Canton.
Stark
1.00
2.20
3.00
1.60
.60
8.40
Bellefontaine
Logan.
1.40
1.50
5.60
2.16
.50
11.16
Marietta
Washington
.20
.10
.70
1.30
.40
2.70
PENNSYLVANIA.
Pittsburgh
Allegheny.
.20
.72
.55
1.66
.38
3.51
Beaver Falls
Beaver.
0
.59
1.65
1.79
.92
4.95
Sharon.
Mercer .
0
1.19
2.92
1.24
.84
6.19
Greenville
Mercer.
0
1.34
1.11
3.74
.95
7.14
MARCH 27
TOTAL
SUNDAY,
MONDAY,
TUESDAY,
On a map of the Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh, the figures for total rain- fall for the period have been shown for all points at which reliable observations were made, and an appendix gives a complete detailed tabulation of the rainfall, by days, over this territory.
10
0/
0
LESTON
BROCTON
-
C
D
JEFFERSON WILLE
T.
H.
TOWN
WASHINGTON C.H.
NEW HOLLAND
C
C
A
MANSAS
5.44
ANA
H
C
W
GREENFIELD 6.7
VANDA Z
A
R
PALO
4.79
1
AND
IP
4.5
CRAWF.O
N
C
.ROBINSON
4.0
5.57
DAMS LOWEST UNION
S
C
PORTS
LAWRE
O.
W
FY
VANCEDMEG
1
E
W
1
S
A
1
/
1
8.56
BURG
1
CAR 6
1
A
1
1
POSEY
IMOREHEAD DWAN
PELLI
1
a
0
S.
ERTY
LIA R. R
CASEY
'R'BL
OSEDALIA
STATION
COUNTY
MARCH 23
MARCH 24
MARCH 25
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 26
THURSDAY,
ILLINOIS.
Cairo
Alexander
.04
.02
4.29
.24
.02
4.61
Chicago
Cook
1.16
.21
.13
1
0
1.50
Casey
Clark.
1.17
1.58
1.31
.55
.18
4.79
INDIANA.
Indianapolis
Marion
1.27
2.76
1.56
.34
.08
6.0
Richmond.
Wayne.
.88
5.30
4.17
.76
.04
11.15
Terre Haute
Vigo
1.05
2.45
.77
.19
.10
4.56
Fort Wayne.
Allen
2.08
1.98
.69
.40
.21
5.36
Winona Lake.
Kosciusko.
1.73
1.54
1.18
.31
0
4.76
Columbus.
Bartholomew
.07
.72
7.00
1.60
.53
9.92
Vincennes
Knox
.20
1.10
6.20
1.30
.60
9.40
Madison.
Jefferson
0
2.49
1.78
2.65
.63
1
7.55
OHIO.
Columbus
Franklin
.50
2.10
2.96
1.40
0
6.96
Wooster.
Wayne
1.20
1.90
4.80
1.40
.80
10.10
Cincinnati.
Hamilton.
0
2.20
4.20
1.10
0
7.50
Dayton.
Montgomery
.50
2.90
3.30
1.50
.80
9.00
Bucyrus.
Crawford.
1.40
2.10
3.40
1.60
1.20
9.70
Cleveland
Cuyahoga
1.90
1.50
2.70
.90
.20
7.20
Toledo
Lucas.
1.90
1.80
1.79
.50
.20
6.19
Canton
Stark
1.00
2.20
3.00
1.60
.60
8.40
Bellefontaine.
Logan.
1.40
1.50
5.60
2.16
.50
11.16
Marietta.
Washington
.20
.10
.70
1.30
.40
2.70
PENNSYLVANIA.
Pittsburgh
Allegheny
.20
.72
.55
1.66
.38
3.51
Beaver Falls.
Beaver
0
.59
1.65
1.79
.92
4.95
Sharon.
Mercer
0
1.19
2.92
1.24
.84
6.19
Greenville.
Mercer.
0
1.34
1.11
3.74
.95
7.14
MARCH 27
TOTAL
SUNDAY,
MONDAY,
TUESDAY,
RAINFALL FOR 24 HOUR PERIODS ENDING 8:00 A. M. (INCHES)
On a map of the Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh, the figures for total rain- fall for the period have been shown for all points at which reliable observations were made, and an appendix gives a complete detailed tabulation of the rainfall, by days, over this territory.
10
LESS THAN 4.0 INCHES
4.0 To 5.0 INCHES
6.0 To 8.0 INCHES
6.21
LAKE MICHIGAN
BRANCH
ENA
PE ET
MONRO
LAYOLECHICAGO
JOSEPH
LE
DU- PAGE
6.8
2151
CPH
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BOURBONÁ
BATH
ROWAN , ELLIOTT
BOON E
SANDY HOME |LAWRENCE
RAINFALL
MARCH 23-27, 1913
TOTALS ONLY
Isohyetals, ("RAINFALL ) Solid Red
9.40
6.50
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4.49
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8.55
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--
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PENDLETON
$9.06
8.91
Area Where Precipitation Ex- ceeded Ten Inches, Shaded
Area Where Precipitation Was From 8.0 to 10.0 In., Shaded
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SHELBY
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RUNION STATION
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١٠٠
-
The heaviest rainfall, it will be observed, was over the headwaters of three drainage systems crossed by the Pennsylvania Lines:
1. Great and Little Miami Rivers.
2. Scioto River.
3. Muskingum River.
Heavy rains fell over all the other watersheds, but in these three the amount of water was unprecedented, and the damage was greatest.
The average rainfall for Ohio and Indiana is from 35 to 40 inches per annum. In four days, therefore, one-fourth of a year's rain fell. But much more important is the relative run-off. Of the 40 inches of rain that falls each year in this territory, normally but 10 to 20 inches of water ever finds its way into the rivers; the balance is absorbed by the soil and is gradually evaporated, directly, or through growth of vege- tation. With a rainfall of from 8.0 to 11.2 inches over the greater part of the central drainage basin, in about four days' time, the ground being already thoroughly wet, it is apparent that the streams were called upon to take away in less than a week as much water as is usually fed them in six months.
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