USA > Pennsylvania > Philadelphia County > Philadelphia > An historical account of the old State house of Pennsylvania now known as the Hall of Independence > Part 18
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174
HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.
the admission of their original publisher to the committee, were ex- ecuted ' by a young English engraver, just then arrived, who received carte-blanche to produce them all on wood,' whereupon 'he took a room, furnished it with a barrel of ale and a quantity of tobacco pipes, and under the inspiration imparted by these, produced, for the first time, portraits of all the signers.'"
We have consulted with the descendants of several of these gentle- men as to the most appropriate and satisfactory way to perpetuate their memory in the chamber, and anticipate giving them the prom- inence in some form to which they are justly entitled. Thus only ten remain "absent and unaccounted for," but should we be as successful during our coming year as in the past, these will also " answer to their names," at our next muster.
LIST OF PORTRAITS.
1. JOHN HANCOCK,
The President of Congress of 1776, and from May 24th, 1775, to 31st October, 1777. Peale.
2. RICHARD HENRY LEE, of Virginia,
The mover of the Resolution for Independence, President of Congress from November 30, 1784, to June 5th, 1786. Peale.
3. BENJAMIN HARRISON. of Virginia,
The Chairman of the Committee of the Whole, who reported
the same. Lambdin, after Trumbull.
4. THOMAS JEFFERSON,
The Chairman of the Committee to draft, and Author of, the Declaration of Independence. Peale.
5. ROGER SHERMAN, of Connecticut,
A Member of the Committee to Draft the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Hicks, after Earle.
Presented by his grandson, William M. Evarts.
6. JOHN ADAMS,
The Seconder of the Resolution for Independence, Member of the Committee to Draft the Declaration, and the "Colossus of the Debate." Peale.
7. SAMUEL ADAMS, of Massachusetts,
The Pioneer of Independence - the Palinurus of the Re- public. Onthank, after Copley.
Presented by George A. Simmons, on behalf of his wife and other descendants of the Patriot.
8. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
A Member of the Committee to draft the Declaration of Inde- pendence, etc.
Etter, after Martin.
175
INDEPENDENCE CHAMBER.
9. JOHN DICKINSON,
The great advocate of Constitutional rights, and Member of Congress, July, 1776, from Pennsylvania. Peale
.10. ROBERT MORRIS,
The great Financier of the Revolution, and Member of Con- gress, July, 1776, from Pennsylvania. Peale
11. THOMAS MCKEAN,
Advocate of Independence, and Member of Congress, July, 1776, from Delaware, President of Congress from July 10 to Novem- ber 4, 1781. Peale.
12. SAMUEL CHASE, of Maryland,
Advocate of Independence, and Member of Congress, July, 1776, from Maryland. Peale.
13. GEORGE WYTHE, of Virginia,
Advocate of Independence, and Member of Congress, July, 1776, from Virginia. Weir, after Trumbull.
14. JOSEPH HEWES, of North Carolina. Member of Congress, July, 1776, from North Carolina. Tiffany, from a miniature.
15. JOSIAH BARTLETT, of New Hampshire,
Member of Congress, July, 1776, from New Hampshire. Presented by his descendants.
16. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, of New York,
A Member of the Committee to draft the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Pratt, after Stuart.
Presented by Clermont Livingston and others, the descendants. 17. THOMAS HEYWARD, Jr.
Member of Congress, July, 1776, from South Carolina. Presented by Nathaniel Heyward. Frazer, after Theus.
18. ELBRIDGE GERRY, of Massachusetts,
The earnest advocate of Independence in and out of Congress.
Member of Congress. July, 1776, from Massachusetts.
19. CHARLES THOMPSON,
The permanent Secretary of Congress. Peale.
20. WILLIAM WHITE,
Chaplain to Congress. Peale.
21. WILLIAM WHIPPLE,
Member of Congress of 1776, from New Hampshire. After St. Memin.
22. ROBERT TREAT PAINE,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Massachusetts.
23. STEPHEN HOPKINS, Member of Congress of 1776, from Rhode Island.
Lambdin, after Trumbull.1
1 Trumbull's sketch was made from the son, upon representation of the family that the likeness was so great as to justify it.
176
HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.
24. WILLIAM ELLERY,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Rhode Island.
Waugh, from Trumbull's original sketch.
25. SAMUEL HUNTINGTON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Connecticut. President of Congress, September 28, 1779, to July 9, 1781. Peale.
26. WILLIAM WILLIAMS,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Connecticut.
Sawyer, from a family portrait by Trumbull.
27. OLIVER WOLCOTT,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Connecticut.
Lambdin, after Trumbull.
28. WILLIAM FLOYD,
Member of Congress of 1776, from New York. Henry, after Polk.
29. PHILIP LIVINGSTON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from New York. Peale.
30. FRANCIS LEWIS,
Member of Congress of 1776, from New York.
31. LEWIS MORRIS, 1
Member of Congress of 1776, from New York. Flagg, after Trumbull. Presented by his descendant, Harry G. Morris.
32. RICHARD STOCKTON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from New Jersey. Conarroe, after
33. JOHN WITHERSPOON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from New York. Peale.
34. FRANCIS HOPKINSON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from New Jersey. Peale.
55. ABRAHAM CLARK,
Member of Congress of 1776, from New Jersey. Lambdin, after Trumbull.
36. BENJAMIN RUSH,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Pennsylvania. Peale.
37. JAMES WILSON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Pennsylvania. Wharton, after a miniature by Jas. Peale.
38. GEORGE ROSS,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Pennsylvania.
Wharton, after West.
39. GEORGE CLYMER,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Pennsylvania. Marchant, after
40. GEORGE READ,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Delaware. Sully, after Stuart.
177
INDEPENDENCE CHAMBER.
41. THOMAS STONE,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Maryland. Mayer, after Peale. Presented by the State of Maryland.
42. WILLIAM PÁCA,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Maryland. Presented by the State of Maryland.
Mayer, after Peale.
43. CHARLES CARROLL, of Carrollton,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Maryland. Peale.
44. THOMAS NELSON, JR.,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Virginia.
45. WILLIAM HOOPER, Member of Congress of 1776, from North Carolina.
Lambdin, after Trumbull.
46. EDWARD RUTLEDGE,
Member of Congress of 1776, from South Carolina.
Presented by Joshua Francis Fisher. Wharton, after Trumbull.
47. THOMAS LYNCH, Jr.
Member of Congress of 1776, from South Carolina. Presented by the Artist. Miss Anna Lea, after
48. ARTHUR MIDDLETON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from South Carolina. Presented by the Artist. Wharton, after West.
49. GEORGE WALTON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Georgia.
Waugh, after original miniature by James Peale.
50. THOMAS JOHNSON,
Member of Congress of 1776, from Maryland. Mayer, after Peale.
Presented by the State of Maryland.
51. JOHN ROGERS. (vacant.) 52. THOMAS WILLING. (v cant.)
Such portraits of the Presidents of the Old Continental Congress, not included among the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and of distinguished Officers of the Revolutionary Army and Navy as could be secured, have been placed along the surbase of Indepen- dence Chamber, subordinated to the general plan.
53. PEYTON RANDOLPH,
President, 5th September to 21st October, 1774, and 10th May to 23d May, 1775. Peale.
54. HENRY LAURENS,
President 1st November, 1777, to 9th December, 1778. Peale.
55. JOHN HANSON, President 5th November, 1781, to 3d November, 1782. Peale.
12
178
HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.
56. ELIAS BOUDINOT,
President 4th November, 1782, to 2d November, 1783.
57. THOMAS MIFFLIN,
. President 3d November, 1783, to 29th November, 1784. Peale
58. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR,
President 2d February, 1787, to 21st January, 1788. Peale.
59. CYRUS GRIFFIN,
President 21st January, 1788, to 1789.
After an original miniature by Sully, taken in 1801.
60. GEORGE WASHINGTON,
The Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Original, by James Peale.
MAJOR-GENERALS.
61. ARTEMAS WARD 1 Massachusetts . 17th June, 1775.
62. PHILIP SCHUYLER New York . . 19th June, 1775.
63. ISRAEL PUTNAM Connecticut. . 19th June, 1775.
64. RICHARD MONTGOMERY New York . . 9th December, 1775.
65. HORATIO GATES Virginia . . . 16th May, 1776.
653. JOHN SULLIVAN New Hampshire 9th August, 1775.
66. NATHANAEL GREENE Rhode Island . 9th August, 1776.
67. WMr. ALEXANDER (Lord Stirling) New Jersey . 19th February, 1777.
68. BENJAMIN LINCOLN Massachusetts . 19th February, 1777.
69. MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE France . 31st July, 1777.
70. BARON DE KALB
France . 15th Sept., 1777.
71. BARON DE STEUBEN Prussia 5th May, 1778.
72. WILLIAM SMALLWOOD Maryland . 15th Sept., 1780.
73. L. LE BEGUE DUPORTAIL
France . 16th Dec., 1781.
74. HENRY KNOX Massachusetts . 22d March, 1782.
BRIGADIER-GENERALS.
75. CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN
76. LACHLAN MCINTOSH .
77. ANTHONY WAYNE
78. JAMES MITCHELL VARNUM
783. PETER MUHLENBERG .
79. GEORGE CLINTON
80. JOSEPH REED
Pennsylvania . 12th May, 1777.
81. JAMES WILKINSON (Brevet) . Maryland . 6th November, 1777.
82. DANIEL MORGAN Virginia 13th October, 1780.
83. OTHO HOLLAND WILLIAMS .
S. Carolina . . 16th Sept., 1776.
Georgia . . 16th Sept., 1776.
Pennsylvania . 21st February, 1777.
Rhode Island . 21st February, 1777.
Virginia . 21st February, 1777.
New York 25th March, 1777.
84. JOSEPH WARREN
Massachusetts State Troops.
85. THOMAS SUMTER
South Carolina State Troops.
1 Nearly all of these portraits are originals by Charles Wilson Peale. The State given is that of which a resident at date of appointment.
Maryland . 9th May, 1782.
:
THE HALL OF THE OLD STATE HOUSE. (AFTER RESTORATION.)
179
INDEPENDENCE CHAMBER.
86. Colonel JOHN EAGER HOWARD
87. Colonel Wy. A. WASHINGTON
88. Colonel HARRY LEE
89. COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU
France.
90. Commodore JOHN PAUL JONES
. Virginia.
Maryland.
.
Ireland.
Independence Chamber is thus kept intact, to represent the year 1776 and its associations.
The whole front of the building, bricks, mortar, even the marble trimmings and ornaments, had been daubed with paint, which many practical builders declared it impossible to remove. A mechanic was at last found who believed that this offensive innovation could be gotten rid of, and after a successful experiment with the base, the bricks of the entire front were finally disclosed, as well as the marble, which had lost its identity under its coating of red.
The interior, with equal impartiality, had been treated with coat after coat of paint. The ornamental carving of the vestibule and stair- case, all done by hand, and once the pride of the early Pennsylvanians, and the admiration of every visitor of the last century, were obscured by a similar process of a contractor's efflorescence. By the careful use of acids, and of purifying fire, the overlying coats of paint have been removed. The delicate tracery of the panels and of the stairway is again made visible. An experienced carpenter has supplemented the original work, where time or relic hunters had laid their vandal hands, and protection afforded against the cacoethes scribendi with the finger, or the heel of the boot-black, or of the irrepressible lounger about the premises.
These purposes were set out in the first annual report of the Com- mittee, and having previously overcome the impediments thrown in their way by some of the former occupants of the Chamber, they go on to say : -
"The western room having been finally yielded to us, we proceeded to in- itiate the plan for a NATIONAL MUSEUM. The chamber was thoroughly ren- ovated, and the decaved floor replaced by a tiled pavement similar in style to that laid some years since in Independence Chamber.
" With the assistance of the Board of Lady Managers we set ourselves to the work of collecting and arranging everything that seemed adapted for the illustration or commemoration of the past. The chamber itself was formerly the Judicial Hall of the Colony of Pennsylvania, where Justices Logan, Allen,
Pennsylvania.
93. Commodore JOHN BARRY
Maryland.
Virginia.
· Virginia.
91. Commodore JOSHUA BARNEY
92. Commodore NICHOLAS BIDDLE
180
HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.
Chew, and Mckean, gave dignity and weight to the Supreme Bench. This room we therefore dedicate to the memories of these men, and to illustrate the history of our State from its foundation, in 1682, down to the epoch of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, in 1789, when it merged into the ' United States of America,' including as a specialite all that pertains to the Framing of the Constitution of the United States, such as portraits of the Signers thereof, their manuscript letters and other memorials and relics.
" Receptacle cases, constructed upon a plan devised by the Committee, have been prepared, and are already partially filled ; the one with relics and me- morials of distinguished men of the period from 1682 to 1787, and the other with pamphlets, wearing apparel, newspapers, and everything-illustrative of the daily life in America during the same period ; while appropriate platforms are reserved to display furniture once in use by the patriots of that day.
" Mr. Josepli Harrison's public spirit (confirmed since his death by Mrs. Harrison) has enabled us to present a synopsis of this part of our plan by a series of paintings. Mr. Harrison deposited the celebrated painting, by West, of the great Treaty, 'never sworn to and never broken.' Over this picture it is our wish to place a portrait of CHARLES II.1 (whose royal grant to Penn enabled the latter to set an example of 'peace on earth and good-will towards men '), and next in order chronologically as our Ruler of the time - whatever faults may be ascribed to him, always the true friend of Penn -JAMES II. After him we have the portraits, in chronological order (thanks again to Mr. Joseph Harrison), of King WILLIAM, Queens MARY and ANNE, and Kings GEORGE I., II., and III., with whom terminated the royal authority in this country, and whose portraits are, in our opinion, indispensable to the illustra- tion and understanding of our local history and government.
" The Charter of incorporation of the City of Philadelphia, with the original signature of the Founder, and with the great seal of Pennsylvania appended, is encased appropriately, and displayed between the likeness of the Grantor and the commemorative painting of the Treaty which made it feasible.
" The celebrated Non-Importation Resolutions of October 25th, 1765, signed by three hundred and seventy-five of our merchants and traders (fac-simile), constitutes an appropriate pendant in juxtaposition with the portrait of the sovereign whose authority over Pennsylvania and her sister colonies, it was destined to form the entering wedge to sever."
Among all the acquisitions to the National Museum, no one is of more intrinsic value than the portrait of William Penn, taken at a time when the Founder of Pennsylvania was in the full maturity of his powers. The existence of such a painting, though mentioned in a rare county history of Durham, England, seems to have been entirely
1 Through the active exertions of Col. John W. Forney, who has always been the kind friend of the Museum, an original portrait of Charles II., by Lely, has been loaned by Mr. William Thompson.
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. (EASTERN SIDE.)
181
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
unknown to any Pennsylvanian, until Mr. Samuel L. Smedley, learn- ing of it, procured from the original a small photograph, which by accident was seen by the Chairman of the Committee on Restoration of Independence Hall. Efforts repeatedly made by letter, to secure a copy, were disregarded, but through the intervention of a friend, who was asked to call in person and to make the request on behalf of the citizens of Pennsylvania, the present careful copy was finally pro- cured and placed beside West's painting of the Treaty. The original artist is Francis Place, who painted the portrait from life shortly after William Penn's second marriage in 1696, at the age of fifty-two. The copy is made by Henry J. Wright, who certifies to its entire accuracy in every detail. Its companion picture is a copy by the same hand, from the original portrait of Mrs. Penn - Hannah Callowhill, - painted by Place at the same time.
Of the Framers of the Constitution of the United States, the fol- lowing portraits have been secured :
GEORGE WASHINGTON
. Original by Rembrandt Peale. Original by Sharpless.
JOHN LANGDON
RUFUS KING
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
Original by C. W. Peale. Original by C. W. Peale.
ROBERT MORRIS Original by C. W. Peale.
JARED INGERSOLL .
· George Lambdin.
GOUVERNEUR MORRIS
Marchant, after Sully.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
Original by Sharpless.
LUTHER MARTIN
Tiffany, after . Original by Sharpless.
JAMES MCHENRY
. Miss Drinker, after Stuart.
GEORGE MASON
Herbert Welsh, after Stuart.
RICHARD D. SPAIGHT .
Original by Sharpless.
The following miscellaneous Portraits (originals) by Sharpless : -
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
HORATIO GATES.
JOHN ADAMS.
DOLLY P. MADISON.
THOMAS JEFFERSON.
AARON BURR.
JAMES CLINTON.
BUSHROD WASHINGTON.
JAMES MONROE.
JAMES WILKINSON.
NOAH WEBSTER.
ANTHONY WAYNE.
JAMES KENT.
ELIAS DAYTON.
R. R. LIVINGSTON.
WILLIAM JOHNSON.
DE WITT CLINTON.
ASHBEL GREEN.
FISHER AMES.
BENJAMIN RUSH.
JAMES MADISON .
Orginal by St. Memin, and
182
HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.
Members of the Continental Congress - 1774 to 1789 - excluding those who were in Congress June 7th, to November; 1776 : -
MATTHEW TILGHMAN. JONATHAN BAYARD SMITH.
JAMES BOWDOIN.
JONATHAN D. SERGEANT.
ARTHUR LEE. NATHANIEL RAMSEY.
DAVID RAMSAY.
The following Miscellaneous Portraits from Peale's Museum : --
JOHN PAGE .
ROBERT FULTON
. Governor of Virginia The Inventor of Steamboat.
WILLIAM BARTRAM
DAVID RITTENHOUSE
, The Botanist. · The Astronomer.
THOMAS PAINE
,The Author of " Common Sense." Colonel Revolutionary War.
SAMUEL SMITH
TIMOTHY PICKERING
Colonel Revolutionary War. Colonel Revolutionary War.
THOMAS FOREST
- TENNENT
Colonel Revolutionary War.
M. DU CAMBRAY
Colonel Revolutionary War.
WILLIAM RUSH
. The Carver in wood.
CHEVALIER DE CHASTELLUX
The Traveller.
COMTE DE VOLNEY The Traveller.
CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE
French Minister.
Towards the completion of the plan the present rooms form but the nucleus.
The Councils of the City still occupy the second story of the build- ing. They have accorded permission to the Committee on restoration of Independence Hall, to use the walls of the chambers in the second story. In conformity with their plans, on these are being arranged as rapidly as they can be procured, Portraits of-
The Presidents of the United States.
The Vice Presidents.
Cabinet officers.
Speakers of the House of Representatives.
Prominent Statesmen of the Country from 1789.
When these chambers shall be vacated by the Municipal Govern- ment, upon the completion of the City Buildings at Centre Square, it is intended to arrange glass cases and other appropriate receptacles for every variety of souvenirs of the epoch since the adoption of the Con- stitution of the United States, down to the period only, probably, of the War of 1812.
The plan designed by the Committee, provides for making the pres- ent wings correspond on the exterior with the structures that adjoined
183
THE RESTORATION.
the main building in 1776, as seen in the plate (page 13), and from which even now they do not essentially differ ; to reconstruct the inte- rior with a blank wall, and while lighting from above, to arrange for access thereto only from the State House proper. The interiors to be used as portrait and picture galleries, and to be made contributory to the National Museum thus established; the interest the Committee reports is daily growing, as knowledge of the purposes is disseminated, and they instance the fact that the average number of visitors during any one month was five hundred and forty daily.
The building at Sixth and Chestnut streets, whose history has been already traced, and identified with the inauguration of the National Government, has been appropriately marked by a tablet recording its associations. This building should be kept in its original state as well as the corresponding corner building at Fifth and Chestnut streets. The former bears a tablet inscribed as follows :-
"In this building sat the first Senate and the first House of Representatives of the United States of America. Herein WASHINGTON was Inaugurated President, March 4, 1793, and closed his official career when, herein also, JOHN ADAMS was Inaugurated second President of the United States, March 4, 1797."
The latter, one inscribed :-
"City Hall, 1791-1854. In this building met the first Supreme
Court of the United States, 1791-1800, presided over by Chief Justices JOHN JAY, JOHN RUTLEDGE, and OLIVER ELLS- WORTH."
No appeal has yet been made to the people of the United States for aid on this behalf. The city of Philadelphia has been asked, and did promptly accord the first year 83,000, and the second year $3,500, for the limited repairs which, under the circumstances, the Committee felt it indispensable to ask. Individuals in Massachusetts, in New York, in New Jersey, in Virginia, have generously responded to the personal requests made by members of the Committee and of the Board of Managers, while the State of Maryland itself has set an ex- ample of contributing by legislative action to Independence Chamber and to the National Museum, the portraits of the patriots of that
5
18-1
HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.
State, together with a handsome emblazonment of its heraldic device and seal of State. In transmitting these the Governor expressed his high " appreciation of the endeavor to restore and preserve intact In- dependence Hall as it was in 1776, and also of the plan of the Com- mittee in establishing the National Museum, which, if accomplished as designed, will make the old Hall of Independence the Mecca of Liberty, where every American can renew his veneration for the illustrious Founders of our country."
It is hoped that not only all the original Thirteen States of the Union, but all those which have since matriculated, will thus establish an ownership within these walls, their living citizens coming them- selves annually to renew and brighten the chain of mutual friendship, and enjoining it upon their descendants to keep alive the national association at this, their Alma Mater of Liberty.
Let every State in its sovereign capacity, let every American citizen individually, assist in justifying this inscription, soon - now - to be placed upon a conspicuous panel in Independence Hall : -
THE STATE HOUSE OF
PENNSYLVANIA
CONSECRATED BY THE MEMORIES OF THE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED
WITHIN AND UNDER THE SHADOW OF ITS WALLS IS DEDICATED BY THE CITIZENS OF PHILADELPHIA TO THEIR FELLOW COUNTRYMEN OF THE UNITED . STATES
AS A
PERPETUAL MONUMENT
TO THE FOUNDERS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE ON THE
NATIONAL CENTENARY ANNIVERSARY JULY 4 1876
185
THE RESTORATION.
The inscriptions, upon the four tablets in the vestibule, were elabo- rated carefully to express all the historical incidents which the lower floor was intended, especially, to realize and to commemorate. Thus, while the Museum Chamber illustrates the period of 1682 to 1787, the panels on either side of the door of entrance present, in letters of gold -the one, William Penn's Record and his establishment of Universal Liberty traced to its accomplishment in 1789. when the colony, which he had founded, became an absolute sovereignty as the Keystone of the Republic ; the inscription, on the other, traces the germ of Union from its conception, one hundred and twenty-two years ago, to its "more perfect " development in 1787, when the present Constitution of the United States was framed in this Hall.
WILLIAM PENN
BORN IN
LONDON OCTOBER 14 1644 LAID THE FOUNDATION OF UNIVERSAL LIBERTY A. D. 1682
IN THE PRIVILEGES HE THEN
ACCORDED
THE EMIGRANTS TO PENNSYLVANIA
AND THUS ENABLED
THEIR DESCENDANTS TO MAKE THE COLONY
THE KEYSTONE STATE OF THE FEDERAL UNION IN 1789
186
HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.
THE
UNION
OF THE
AMERICAN COLONIES
SUGGESTED BY
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
AT THE CONGRESS IN
ALBANY 1754
WAS FOSTERED BY
MASSACHUSETTS IN 1765
DEVELOPED AT CARPENTERS HALL IN 1774
IN THIS BUILDING
EFFECTED IN 1776
AND MADE MORE PERFECT SEPT 17th 1787
The opposite chamber, appropriated exclusively to "1776," contain- ing portraits and other memorials of those men who participated in the achievement of independence, exhibits corresponding panels on either side. On one of these the concise history of Independence,1 and
-
THE VESTIBULE OF INDEPENDENCE HALL. (AFTER RESTORATION.)
187
THE RESTORATION.
on the other Penn's noble enunciation of that wherein a free govern- ment consists, the more elaborate assertion of individual rights, from the Declaration of Independence, and Washington's fiat of one of the essentials of their preservation in this country, namely, Absolute Union of the States of North America as essential to the maintenance of their Liberties.
INDEPENDENCE
FORESHADOWED
BY THE NON-IMPORTATION RESOLUTIONS OF THE .
MERCHANTS AND OTHER CITIZENS
PHILADELPHIA OCTOBER 25th 1765
NEW YORK OCTOBER 31st BOSTON DECEMBER 3rd
WAS PROPOSED IN CONGRESS BY
RICHARD HENRY LEE
PURSUANT TO THE INSTRUCTIONS OF VIRGINIA
JUNE 17th ADOPTED JULY 2nd AND THE DECLARATION
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