Annual of the Bradford County Historical Society, 1906, Part 15

Author: Bradford County Historical Society (Bradford County, Pa.)
Publication date: 1906
Publisher: Towanda, Pa. : The Society
Number of Pages: 558


USA > Pennsylvania > Bradford County > Annual of the Bradford County Historical Society, 1906 > Part 15


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Job Stiles served in the American army six years.


ROME.


SOLDIERS. Reuben Bumpus,


CEMETERY.


Bumpville


William Elliott,


Thaddeus Hemen way, Henry Lent,


Elliott Grounds


Bumpville


Ransom Corners


21


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


Nathaniel P. Moody, Osceola, Pa.


Elijah Towner, Towner


Godfrey Vought, Rome


Reuben Bumpus, noted as a hunter, served five en- listments in the American army, and participated in the battles of Bennington and Stillwater.


Thaddeus Hemenway served five years, and was in the battles of Stillwater, Newport and Lake George.


William Elliott, who fought at the battle of Saratoga, died at Rome in 1847, aged nearly 95 years.


Henry Lent, one of the Rome pioneers who fought for Independence, met a tragic death in February, 1801. While returning from a trip to Tioga Point he was caught in a blinding snowstorm and frozen to death.


Nathaniel P. Moody, the first settler of Rome, served five years. He participated in the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Germantown, Monmouth, Stony Point and Yorktown. He spent his last years at Osceola, Pa., where he died in 1832 and is buried. A cenotaph has been erected to his memory in the Rome cemetery.


Elijah Towner served in the American army under Arnold. His son, Gersham Towner, was a soldier in the War of 1812.


Godfrey Vought was one of four brothers, who fought in many battles for Independence. He died at Rome in 1849, aged 88 years.


SHESHEQUIN.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Christopher Avery,


Gore


Samuel Bartlett,


Sheshequin


Sheshequin


Benjamin Brink, Timothy Culver,


Hornbook


Jabez Fish,


Sheshequin


Stephen Fuller,


Sheshequin


22


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


Obadiah Gore Gore,


Samuel Gore,


Sheshequin


Elijah Horton,


Hornbrook


Joseph Kinney,


Sheshequin


Jared Norton, Sheshequin


Jeremiah Shaw,


Sheshequin


John Spalding,


Sheshequin


Capt. Simon Spalding,


Sheshequin


Samuel Shores,


Post


John C. Vancise,


Sheshequin


Moses Woodburn, Macafee Farm


Samuel Bartlett was one of the "Green Mountain Boys" and served under Gen. Ethan Allen.


Timothy Culver served seven years. He died in 1829, aged 88 years.


Jabez Fish was a member of Captain Bidlack's com- pany, and one of its eight survivors at the battle of Wyo- ming.


Capt. Stephen Fuller, himself an ardent patriot, was the father-in-law of Capt. James Bidlack, killed at Wyo- ming, and Col. John Franklin.


Obadiah and Samuel Gore, who were among the pioneers of Sheshequin, had a long and exciting career in the struggle for Independence. They were sons of Obadiah Gore, a self-sacrificing patriot, who sent six sons and two sons-in-law to fight for liberty. Of these, three sons and the sons-in-law fell at the battle of Wyoming. Capt. Simon Spalding served 6} years. He was at Valley Forge, participated in the battles of Germantown and Brandywine, and had command of Mud Fort on the Delaware during the long continued and severe cannon- ading of that point by the British. He performed an important part in the Hartley and Sullivan expeditions. In the latter, his son, John, who served under him, was a fifer.


23


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


John C. Vancise, who served seven years, fought at Bunker Hill, Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth, crossed the Delaware with Washington and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. He was wounded at Monmouth. He died in 1849, aged 93 years. His son, Abraham, furnished nine sons, who fought for the Union in the Civil War.


Moses Woodburn served on both land and sea, was in a number of engagements, and one of the guards that con- ducted Major Andre to be executed.


SMITHFIELD.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Cromwall Child.


Phillips farm


David Forrest.


Union cemetery


Samuel Kellogg,


East Smithfield


Ebenezer Pease,


East Smithfield


Jared Phelps,


East Phelps


James Satterlee,


Allen burying ground


Wm. Scott,


East Smithfield


Samuel Wood,


East Smithfield


David Forrest, a pioneer of Smithfield, served three years. He was the father of twelve children. He died in 1835, aged 81 years. One of his grandsons, Dana Forrest, furnished seven sons who fought for the preser- vation of the Union, and all of whom are living.


Samuel Kellogg during his service had a personal ac- quaintance with Washington, whose inauguration he at- tended at New York in 1789.


Ebenezer Pease while in the service was captured by the Indians and made to run the gauntlet.


Jared Phelps was a Fife Major and served under the immediate command of General Washington from 1777 until the close of the war.


Samuel Wood, who served three enlistments, had the


24


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


distinction of being personal guard over Major Andre after his capture in conducting him to the headquarters of Colonel Jameson. Mr. Wood was also the father of 21 children.


SPRINGFIELD.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Oliver Gates,


Springfield Center


Joseph Grover,


Grover


John Harkness,


Harkness


Bela Kent,


Grover


Simeon King,


Not determined


John Knapp,


Harkness


Ezekiel Leonard,


Leona


Benj. McAfee,


Leona


Noah Murray,


Springfield Center


John Parkhurst,


Not determined


Wm. Salisbury,


Leona


Samuel Severance,


Grover


Joshua Spear,


Spear


Nehemiah Wilson, Mara Sergeant, Leona


Grover


Oliver Gates, who participated in the battle of White Plains, had the distinction of serving his country on both land and sea.


Joseph Grover entered the service in July, 1775, and served three enlistments.


Bela Kent served six years. He crossed the Dela- ware with Washington, was in the battle of Brandywine and spent the memorable winter of 1777 -- '78 at Valley Forge.


Simeon King served four years and was in the battles of Stillwater and Monmouth. He died in 1844 at Springfield in his 87th year.


Ezekiel Leonard, one of the first pioneers of Spring- field was with Gen. Ethan Allen when he surprised the British at Fort Ticonderoga.


25


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


Noah Murray who fought for Independence was wounded in battle, subsequently became a noted Univer- salist minister.


Wm. Salisbury was one of the party who assisted in destroying the tea on British vessels in Boston harbor in 1773. He early joined the patriot army and was in Montgomery's expedition against Canada. He partici- pated in the assault on Quebec, where Montgomery was killed. For many years after the war Mr. Salisbury was a Baptist preacher. He died in 1844, aged 86 years.


Bradford county had her "Molly Pitcher;" yes, and of an earlier edition than the heroine of Monmouth. Our heroine is Mara Sergeant, a native of Boston. She wit- nessed the battle of Bunker Hill, helped care for the wounded, and when other bandages were exhausted took off her own petticoat and tore it into strips to save the lives of unfortunate soldiers. During the same battle with buckets she carried water from a spring to allay the thirst of the wounded and fighting patriots, and in after years often stated that "bullets fell around her like hail- stones." She died at Springfield in 1844, aged 82 years.


STANDING STONE.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Henry Birney,


Died in Ohio


Robt. Fitzgerald,


Huyck grounds


Samuel D. Goff,


Not determined


Wm. Huyck,


Huyck grounds


Peter Miller,


Not determined


Jonathan Stevens,


Stevens cemetery


Cherick Westbrook,


Not determined


John Wood,


Standing Stone


Henry Birney, a native of Ireland, was one of the first settlers of Standing Stone. He served nearly through the Revolutionary War, returned to Standing Stone and


26


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


sold out in 1812, going to Ohio, where he died at an ad- vanced age.


Robert Fitzgerald and Wm. Huyck were at the battle of Wyoming and the next year in the Sullivan expedi- tion against the Indians-in a measure squaring ac- counts with the savages for their loss of property in 1777.


Jonathan Stevens, for half a century surveyor and As- sociate Judge, served 33 years in the American army. His father, Asa Stevens, an ardent patriot, was killed at the battle of Wyoming.


John Wood served different enlistments with the New Jersey troops and was in a number of engagements.


TERRY.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Oliver Dodge,


Dodge farm


John Horton,


Terrytown


Jonathan Terry,


Terrytown


Oliver Dodge was an ardent patriot, and one of five of the name, who fought at the battle of Bunker Hill.


John Horton, the leading spirit in the Terrytown settlement, when but a boy, served as a teamster in the Revolutionary War.


TROY.


SOLDIER.


CEMETERY.


Seth Adams,


Troy


Nathaniel Allen,


East Troy


Solomon Morse,


Troy


Israel Pierce,


Troy


John Preston,


Hunt cemetery


Elisha Rich,


Troy


John Wilber, Troy


John Preston served five years. He died at Troy in 1849 in his 89th year.


Elisha Rich, a pioneer of Troy, who fought for Inde-


27


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


pendence, was one of the first Baptist preachers in this section of country.


John Wilber was a soldier in the war for Independ- ence and his son, Hon. Reuben Wilber, in the war of 1812. The former died at the age of 86 years and the latter in his 97th year.


TUSCARORA.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


James Hogeboom,


Spring Hill Probably Spring Hill


Jacob Huff,


Reuben Shumway, Spring Hill


Jacob Huff was a German who fought for Indepen- dence. He participated in the battles of Long Island, White Plains and Brandywine. He died at Spring Hill in 1832, aged 81 years.


Reuben Shumway was one of the trusted soldiers who stood guard over Major Andre. On another occasion, when it was deemed necessary that he should perform picket duty at a place where several soldiers preceding him had been shot, he said to the officer in charge, "you will hear my gun before morning." That night an In- dian covered with a hog skin, cautiously approached the sentry and became a corpse.


ULSTER.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Benjamin Clark,


Ulster


Wm. Curry,


Milan


Abram Parmeter,


Removed to Ohio


John Pierce,


Milan


Stephen Powell,


Milan


Adrial Simons,


Ulster


Christopher Simonson,


Ulster


Joseph Smith, Lockwood Smith,


Milan


Canandaigua, N. Y.


Ulster


Danby, N. Y.


Solomon Tracy, John Vandyke, Dr. Joseph Westcoat,


Milan


25


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


Abram Parmeter as a boy fought at the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga. He married in Ulster and re- moved to Ohio in 1813.


Solomon Tracy served in the American army three years. He settled at Ulster in 1787, remaining until 1809, when he moved to New York state and died at Canandaigua. He was the father of the late Henry W. Tracy of Standing Stone.


Benjamin Clark served seven years, taking an active part in the Sullivan campaign against the Indians in 1779. He died at Ulster in 1834, aged 87 years.


William Curry, one of the earliest settlers of Ulster, served in both the war for Independence and the War of 1812, in the latter with his son, William. He died at Milan in 1844, aged nearly 96 years.


Stephen Powell served in the American army six years and lost a leg at the battle of Cow-pens. He was a grandfather of the late Joseph Powell of Towanda.


Adrial Simons served three years, was captured and confined in the prison ships on Long Island Sound, where he suffered untold hardships from confinement, hunger, cold and filth.


Joseph and Lockwood Smith, brothers, both of whom fought for Independence and were among the first set- tlers of Ulster, lie in unknown and unmarked graves in the Milan cemetery.


Dr. Joseph Westcoat served two enlistments from March 1777 until April 1780. He was an early prac- titioner at Ulster and Sheshequin for a number of years. He died at Danby, N. Y., in 1838, aged 78 years.


29


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


WARREN.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Preserved Buffington,


Not determined


Clement Corbin,


Warren Heights


Asa Hickok,


Cadis


Joseph Lamoreaux, Abraham Whitaker,


Not determined


Not determined


WELLS.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


William Carr,


Not determined


Richard Cooper,


Not determined


Solomon Judson,


On Roy farm


Reuben Rowlee,


Wells


Thomas Warner,


Coryland


Reuben Rowlee served with the "Green Mountain Boys" under Col. Seth Warner.


WILMOT.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Daniel Howie,


Quick's Bend


James Quick,


Quick's Bend


Stephen Skiff.


Left Wilmot


Stephen Skiff served through the war in Capt. Samuel Ransom's company, but did not return to Wilmot.


WINDHAM.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Jeptha Brainard,


Windham


Isaac Bronson,


Babcock Hill


Joseph Gibbs,


Windham Summit


Samuel Dunham,


Windham


Thomas Fox,


Wickham farm


John Plum,


Babcock Hill


John Russell.


Windham


Stratton Sherwood,


Cadis


Silas Washburn,


Windham


Jeptha Brainard served seven years.


Isaac Bronson, who was at the battle of Trenton and served nearly throughout the war, died at Windham in 1853, in his 96th year.


30


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


Samuel Dunham served five enlistments, was taken prisoner by the British at Fort Ann and held until the close of the war.


Stratton Sherwood served throughout the Revolution- ary War. He died at Windham in 1848, in his 97th year.


John Russell entered the service as a drummer. He fought at the battles of Bunker Hill, White Plains and Long Island, being wounded in the last named engage- ment.


WYALUSING.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY


Dr. Ebenezer Beeman,


Merryall


Robert Carr,


Killed by Indians


William Dalton,


Merryall


James B. Decker,


Taghkanick, N. Y.


Joseph Elliott,


Merryall


Ambrose Gaylord,


Wyoming County, Pa,


Justus Gaylord,


Wyalusing, Pa.


Jonas Ingham,


Bloomsburg, N. J.


Nathan Kingsley,


In Ohio


Thomas Lewis,


Merryall


Simeon Marsh,


In Ohio


Miner Robbins,


Killed during war.


Samuel Starks,


Probably Wyalusing


Fphraim Tyler,


Susquehanna County. Pa.


Richard Voughn,


Wyalusing


James Wells,


Killed at Wyoming


James Wells, Jr.,


New York State.


Robert Carr, Miner Robbins and James Wells lost their lives during the war; Ambrose Gaylord died in Wyoming county ; Ephraim. Tyler in Susquehanna county; James Wells, Jr., in New York State; Nathan Kingsley and Simeon Marsh in Ohio; James Decker, who lived in Wyalusing until after 1840, died at Tagh- kanick, N. Y., in 1851, in his 101st year; Jonas Ingham,


31


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


in 1820, while on a mission to Bloomsburg, N. J., died suddenly and was buried at that place.


William Dalton, who had been an impressed seaman in the British service, was an early settler at Wyoming. He joined one of the Wyoming companies, and the day before the battle (July 2, 1778) came up the river with others on a scout. A small party of Indians was dis- covered. Dalton fired, wounding one of them mortally. The Indian killed was reported to have been a son of Queen Esther, and this has been given as the reason for her fiendish cruelty to the American prisoners taken at the battle.


Joseph Elliott, known as the "Indian fighter," dis- tinguished for his bravery, and one of the two who es- caped from the fatal ring at Bloody Rock after being captured at Wyoming, died at Merryall in 1849, aged 94 years.


Justus Gaylord, father, and three brothers served in the American army.


Nathan Kingsley was zealous in the cause for Inde- pendence and endured many hardships. He was cap- tured by the Indians and held nearly a year. One of his sons, at the Slocum home, was shot and scalped by the Indians, when Frances Slocum, celebrated in story, was carried away.


Thomas Lewis participated in the battle of Ticondero- ga, was in the Canadian expedition under Montgomery, and later at the engagement near Danbury, caught Gen- eral Wooster as he was falling, shot from his horse.


James Wells, who was the first settler at Wyalusing after the Moravians, joined the American army with his eldest son. He fell at the battle of Wyoming.


32


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


WYSOX.


SOLDIERS.


CEMETERY.


Jesse Allen,


Pond Hill


Stephen O. Allen.


Pond Hill


Jedediah Atwood,


Not determined


Silas Bardwell,


Crawford place


Wilbur Bennett,


Wysox


Isaac Custer,


Wysox


James Drake,


Pond Hill


Nathaniel Heacock,


In Indiana


John Lent,


Pond Hill


Amos Mix,


Wysox


John Parks,


Woodburn


Sebastian Strope,


Wysox


Daniel Vargeson,


Pine Creek, Pa.


Elisha Whitney,


Wysox


Samuel Woodruff,


Wysox


Jesse Allen was in the expedition under Montgomery into Canada, and stood within a few feet of that officer when he fell at Quebec. He subsequently served in the army of General Clinton, and was in a number of engage- ments and skirmishes with the Indians. He served un- til the close of the war and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis.


Amos Mix served throughout the Revolutionary War, and was one of the patriots who crossed the Delaware with Washington on Christmas night, 1776. He died in 1847, in his 94th year.


Sebastian Strope was the only member of the Strope and Van Valkenburg families who escaped capture by the Indians in 1778. He joined the patriot army, was in the battle of Wyoming and witnessed the butcher of Lieutenant Shoemaker by the tory, Windecker, after he had promised his unfortunate victim quarter.


Samuel Woodruff was early in the field, and as the


33


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


exigency demanded served ten enlistments before the close of the war.


Elisha Whitney was one of Capt. Ebenezer Mason's "minute men" and marched at the Lexington Alarm, April 19, 1775.


UNKNOWN HEROES.


In addition to those whose names have been given, we have our unknown heroes. In Sullivan's expedition against the Indians a number of soldiers lost their lives and are buried in unknown graves in 'Bradford county. On August 5, 1779, Sergeant Martin Johnson of the Second New Jersey regiment died suddenly after going into camp at Wyalusing. A soldier of the cattle guard belonging to VanCortlandt's regiment, who had died at Black Walnut, was brought to Wyalusing, and with Sergeant Johnson was buried near the Kingsley house. August 13, in the engagement at Chemung seven sol- diers were killed. All were brought back to Tioga Point and buried in one grave with military honors. August 15, while Jabez Elliott and four others were guarding some horses and cattle on Queen Esther's flats, they were fired upon by a small party of the enemy. Elliott was killed and scalped. August 17, Philip Hel- ter of the German regiment, while a little beyond the picket line at Tioga Point, was fired upon by savages lying in ambush and killed. August 23, Benjamin Kim- ball was accidentally shot and killed by a companion at Tioga Point. He was buried on the following day with military honors.


This long list of more than 200 names is not the ex- tent of the Revolutionary soldiers buried in Bradford county. Jabez Baldwin, Nehemiah Curtis, Solomon


34


Patriots Who Fought for Independence


Goff, Benjamin Lewis, Valentine Miller and others, who were residing in the county and drawing pensions, I have been unable to locate.


CONCLUSION.


Though briefly stated, if we have impressed upon your minds the names and valuable services these men ren- dered their country, the purposes of this paper have been accomplished. These heroes of the Revolution were in every branch of the service, fought on both land and sea, and in almost every engagement from Lexington, April 19, 1775, to the surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19, 1781, at Yorktown. The spirit of liberty implanted by these men will never die. In 1861, when their grand- sons were called upon to preserve what their blood and hardships had wrought, the response was quick and gen- erous, 5,000 souls marching forth from Bradford county and demonstrating in a bloody struggle of four years that they were "worthy sons" of "Fathers of the Republic."


Historical Address


By J. Washington Ingham, on Home Day, June 25, 1909.


M R. PRESIDENT, and members of the Brad- ford County Historical Society, and vener- able friends who have journeyed with me near to the setting sun, and you welcome home comers from abroad, re-visiting the loved scenes of your youth : This paper, I have prepared at the request of the committee, consists mainly of historical sketches as recorded by Charles Miner, David Craft, C. F. Heverly, and Mrs. Louise Welles Murray, and some of my own personal remembrances. It is not to be expected that in the thirty minutes allotted to me, I can do more than glance at some of the interesting incidents in the history of Bradford county.


I might from personal recollection tell how 75 years ago, we aged people then in the morning of youth, at- tended school in the log school houses, where also were held the spelling schools, singing schools, debating schools, Sunday schools, religious meetings, and political gatherings. I might describe the pleasurable apple- cuts of the young people, where after the apples were


35


86


Historical Address


cut, the parings cleaned up, and the pumpkin pie eaten, the happy boys and girls marched and sang and played "snap and catch" and many other innocent plays, and kissed quite often. I might tell of the husking bees, stone bees, and of the logging bees at which 15 or 20 men would come from the lately burned fallow to the house for supper, black as Africans from the coast of Guinea. Of the barn raisings, where the carpenter would say : "This way bullies!" "Take hold of this bent!" "Lift at the word heave!"' "Ready now -- heave-o- heave!" Of the night mowing frolics, where we went secretly to mow by moonlight the meadow of some be- lated neighbor, and when our scythes hit a stone, O how the fire would fly. Or speak of protracted meetings held by the Rev. Elder Davis Dimock. the celebrated Baptist divine, known all over four counties, and of seeing the old revivalist wade into the river in the depth of winter and baptize his converts in a hole cut in the ice. Or tell of the troubles of the Rev. George Printz and his church at Merryall which was divided on the subject of slavery, as were also many other churches at that time in other places, and which subject eventually caused the great Civil War. This might interest the young people here, who know nothing of it, but would be no news to my venerable friends. To them it would be like "a thrice told tale."


With some notable exceptions, as for instance, the Pawlings, Stalfords and Hollenbacks of Wyalusing, the Homets, and Laportes of Asylum, the Birneys, Rummer- fields and Lefevers of Standing Stone, the Van Valken- burgs, Stropes, Coolbaughs, and Myers of Wysox, Ru- dolph Fox and Jacob Grantier of Towanda-with not-


37


Historical Address


able exceptions the early settlers in the river townships of Bradford connty were natives of New England, and claimed their lands under the title of Connecticut, and they finally held their claims if made before the Decree of Trenton, 1782, in 17 townships which were surveyed five miles square along the river, beginning with the Wyoming Valley and extending to the New York State line. Some of these adventurous and heroic pioneers had selected lands, erected their log cabins and brought their families up the river previous to the Revolutionary War, and had to fly for their lives down to Wyoming on the approach of the British, Tories, and Indians, who in- vaded that unfortunate valley in 1778, and left it cov- ered with blood and carnage.


The Hartley Expedition.


In the fall of 1778, after the disaster at Wyoming, Col. Hartley was sent with 200 men to avenge the In- dian atrocities committed at that place the previous July. His force was entirely inadequate to perform the duty assigned. He proceeded as far as the Indian vil- lage at Tioga Point which he burned, and also Queen Esther's town at Milan. At Sheshequin he recaptured . 15 prisoners and a number of cattle and horses that had been carried away from Wyoming, but learning that John Butler with his "Royal Greens" and a large body of Indians were only 10 miles distant he commenced a rapid retreat down the river, travelling over 30 miles the first day and encamped near the site of the old In- dian village of Friedenshutten, at Wyalusing. Here he had to remain until about noon the next day to kill and cook beef, their only remaining food. The Indians in superior numbers were close on his army's heels, but it


38


The Hartley Expedition


was never their policy to attack an enemy on a cleared field of a hundred acres on level land. They greatly prefered stratagem. They planned an ambuscade and stole silently by his camp in the night. Some of Hart- ley's men were so lame and with blistered feet he al- lowed them to float down the river in canoes captured at Sheshequin.


Anticipating an attack the march was resumed with the greatest vigilance and caution. Fifteen picked men formed the advance guard, and a like number the rear guard. Before going a mile from their encampment they were attacked twice by a small party of Indians. These attacks were only feints, to deceive Hartley in re- gard to their numbers, and make him believe he was only pursued by a small band, that all danger was over, and get him to march headlong into the trap they had set on top of Browntown mountain or "Indian Hill" as it is called to this day. They utterly failed in this cun- ning scheme. The hawkeyed advance guard discovered their position and reported it to the General who pre- pared for battle. Finding that their ambuscade had failed she savages made a bold, reckless attack with their full force yelling like demons from Tophet.


If they expected to stampede these veterans like they had the settlers at Wyoming they were woefully mis- taken. Hartley's men outyelled them, outflanked them, outfought them, and it was the Indians this time who fled like sheep pursued by wolves, leaving ten stalwart warriors dead on the field, and no doubt dragged away some of their dead with their wounded as was their in- variable custom. The battle lasted until the men in the canoes hearing the firing, and knowing its significance,




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