USA > Pennsylvania > Fayette County > Connellsville > Centennial history of the borough of Connellsville, Pennsylvania, 1806-1906 > Part 19
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In the meantime the coke industry had been thriving elsewhere. As stated, in 1860 thirty ovens were built at Sedgwick; in 1864 Cochran & Keister built the Jackson works of forty ovens on the Hickman branch, and shipped
TROTTER-A MODEL PLANT OF THE H. C. FRICK COKE COMPANY
280
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF CONNELLSVILLE
the coke to the railroad by tram till the Hickman Run branch was built in 1871. Then the Laughlin plant was built, a short distance below Broad Ford, about the time the Connellsville Gas Coal Company was organized, which was an outgrowth of the Philo Norton venture. In 1866 forty ovens were built at Davidson by this company. John F. Dravo took charge of the company's interests in 1868, and greatly enlarged the plant. Watt, Taylor & Co. entered the field in 1869 with a plant of forty ovens at Watt station. Watt and Davidson were the only coke plants on the Fay- ette branch till 1872, when Paull, Brown & Co. erected a plant of one hundred ovens on the James Paull farm west of Dunbar. The next development was along the Mt. Pleasant branch of the B. & O. railroad, where Henry Clay and Mor- gan works were built in 1871; and from this time onward the history of the Connellsville coke region is only a repeti- tion of new strings of ovens going up, immense aggrandize- ment in wealth, many successes and very few failures. In 1876 there were three thousand ovens in the district, and three years later the number had increased to four thousand. Then came a sudden and unprecedented demand for Con- nellsville coke, largely made by the growth of the iron business in Allegheny county. Although the heart of the iron trade in this country today, strange as it may seem, Allegheny county did not have a single furnace within her boundaries between the years of 1794, when the old Shady- side Furnace was abandoned, till 1859, when Graff, Bennett & Co. constructed the Clinton Furnace, which this firm blew in on coke on the last Monday in October, 1859. In the year 1880 the H. C. Frick Coke Company erected a crusher, for the purpose of grading the sizes of coke for foundry and domestic uses. It was about this time that the first big shipments to San Francisco were made, the smelting indus- try there causing a demand for the Connellsville article on the Pacific slope, and so rapid was the growth of the demand from this time on that, except in times of general business depression, the Connellsville region has never been able to supply the demand of the consumers.
281
COAL AND COKE
From the late seventies on, the history of the coke region has been largely the biography of one of the gigantic figures in the world's financial and industrial interests today. Henry Clay Frick. He was born in the little hamlet of West Overton, a short distance north of Scottdale. When very young he appeared as a youth with resolute face among the people of Broad Ford. His rapid acquisition of plant after plant in the coke fields has always baffled his biographers, and his success in these ventures can only be based on the single theory that he had a keen insight into the needs of the future; stood on the brink many times, but always leaped at the fortunate moment; was taciturn enough to keep his prospects to himself, ventured far enough to haz- ard big stakes, then stepped into the scales with the weight of enough work to turn the balance in his favor-and won! As the president of the H. C. Frick Coke Company, he made gigantic strides, until his firm name came to stand for leadership in the Connellsville region. Its position is the same today. In 1882 the H. C. Frick Coke Company owned only Henry Clay Frick, Morgan, White, Foundry, Eagle. Summit, Tip Top and Valley, numbering 1,022 ovens, out of a total of 8,430 in the region, the district then comprising sixty-seven plants. The Connellsville coke region today comprises ninety-nine plants, and a glance at the table will show that as the region has grown, the Frick Company has increased, instead of decreased its dominating influence.
The second name of importance in the coke industry in its years of wonderful growth is W. J. Rainey, now dead. Starting with the ownership of a single plant in the early eighties, he increased his holdings to their present remark- able showing. He was the sole owner of the plants that bear his name, and they are still operated under his name, the same as if he still lived, no readjustment of the estate having been made so far as this operative title is concerned. The table will show the Rainey holdings.
The man who is responsible for the wonderful success and growth of the H. C. Frick Coke Company is Thomas
VIEW'S IN CONNELLSVILLE COAL AND COKE REGION
.
283.
COAL AND COKE
Lynch, whose present high place as president of the com- pany today is only the culmination of a record as long and as praiseworthy as the life of the company itself. He started in a humble clerical position at Broad Ford, when Mr. Frick was a boy, and as Frick grew in power and wealth with the assistance of the Fergusons, the Mellons and An- drew Carnegie, Lynch grew in executive ability and wide generalship. Mr. Lynch is not only the president of the H. C. Frick Coke Company holdings in the Connellsville region, but his management extends over all the coal and coke hold- ings of the United States Steel Corporation, including those in the Pittsburgh district, West Virginia and elsewhere.
The distinct feature of the Connellsville coke industry is its simplicity. Just as Lester Norton dumped the Plum- mer coal into his little crude oven, burned it till he had clari- fied it of its gases, and then drew it out ready for use, so is coke made in this district at the present time. All the ovens. are of the bee-hive type, with the exception of a few experi- mental ovens, and the one plant of the Semet-Solvay Com- pany at Dunbar. This plant, a model in every respect, was begun in 1895, when 50 ovens were built, and enlarged in 1903, when 60 ovens were added, and has been successfully operated without a single shut-down ever since that time. Pitch and ammonia are extracted from the coal burned, and the gas resulting from combustion is carried off below the ovens and used to operate the boilers of the plant, and to operate the machinery of the Continuous Glass Press Com- pany's plant, located a short distance up Dunbar Creek. The coal burned in these by-product ovens is mined from the Freeport vein between Dunbar borough and the Youghio- gheny River. This is the only plant in the region using Freeport coal, but many tests are now being made of the cores taken from diamond drill holes put down in different parts of the region, and there is a probability that ere long plants of coke ovens long idle because of the exhaustion of the supply of the Connellsville seam, will be bright once again in the manufacture of coke from this Freeport vein.
284
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF CONNELLSVILLE
There have been many guesses made as to how long the Connellsville coking coal will hold out. It is difficult to esti- mate, because the number of coke ovens so steadily grows, the exhaustion of the coal depending entirely upon the brisk- ness or dullness of national business conditions. It is esti- mated, however, that the Connellsville coking belt alone contains something like 64,000 acres of coal, and that about one-third of this amount has already been worked out clean. The Connellsville region today comprises, according to the last tabulated report of The Connellsville Courier, ninety- nine plants, having 23,713 coke ovens; the Lower Connells- ville region has fifty-five plants and 10,690 ovens.
The rapid growth of the industry in the Lower Con- nellsville region is the wonder of all who have taken note of its beginning and its advancement. For years and years the coke manufacturers refused to consider the coal in the Lower Connellsville field as fit for coking purposes. It is much harder than that in the real Connellsville vein. But the changes in the manufacture of steel, the urgent demand for coke and the real worth of this seam all combined, within the last ten years, to give it a place of prominence only second to that of the Connellsville field itself. As soon as the plants erected at Continental, Leckrone, Footedale and elsewhere demonstrated that the Lower Connellsville region was destined to have a great future, Fayette county went "coal crazy!" Farms that had been considered only heir- looms of dead fathers and grandfathers, suddenly blos- somed into gold. Options were taken on every acre of coal land in the southern end of the county, these options were sold and resold again, till, finally, the coal seam alone with mining rights brought as much as two thousand dollars an acre! Farmers, suddenly enriched by the cash sale of the coal under their farms, went into the coke business them- selves in many instances, and every branch of the profes- sions was depleted to fill up the ranks of "coal men,"-men who shut their law offices to option the black diamonds under the hills, men who, not worth a penny to-day, by the
285
COAL AND COKE
turning of a deal were worth a hundred thousand dollars to-morrow. As Uniontown was close to. these operations, nearly all this wealth settled down in that town, and Fay- ette's capital became the Rome of this new invasion into new fields. This wealth is today reflected in the home life of Uniontown's business men, and in her banks, one of which takes first rank in the State of Pennsylvania, and second in the United States !
This story is an attempt, not to describe coke mak- ing, but to tell of the history of that manufacture. Still, a few figures showing the growth and magnitude of the business may be interesting. At the time this book goes to press the two Connellsville regions are sending out coke at the rate of about four hundred thousand tons every week! This is at the rate of about twenty million and eight hundred thousand tons a year. Estimating that this would be about sixteen thousand cars a week, the year's production would make up a train so long that the engine in front of it would go to San Francisco and come back to Connellsville before the caboose had gotten started out of the Connells- ville yards! For the year nineteen hundred and five the two Connellsville regions produced from their thirty thou- sand eight hundred and forty-two ovens, nearly eighteen millions of tons of coke, which, at the average price for the year, estimated at $2.26 a ton, brought in the magnificent revenue of almost forty-one millions of dollars! In 1880, the seven thousand ovens shipped something a little more than two millions of tons at an average price of $1.79 a ton, giving a revenue of about four millions of dollars. The reve- nue for the year 1906 will approach sixty millions of dol- lars !
The Connellsville Coke region has seen many bitter strikes, the chief of which were in the years 1880, 1884, 1886, 1889 and 1894. Many men were killed, especially in the last two. In the spring of 1894, Joseph Paddock, chief engineer for the H. C. Frick Coke Company, was beaten to death with clubs at the Davidson plant. After a pro-
286
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF CONNELLSVILLE
longed and notable struggle, the workmen gradually returned to work, this strike bringing about the disorganiza- tion of labor unions in the coke region. The workmen in the region, numbering about thirty thousand, are paid wages according to the "Frick scale," which fixes the prices paid for mining coal, drawing the ovens, etc., according to the selling price of coke. Although this scale may not be fol- lowed accurately, the workmen's wages have steadily ad- vanced since 1894, till now they are receiving the highest prices ever paid in the district, and the relations between capital and labor are so genial and happy that conditions have excited the admiration of the world.
The mining of coal has seriously interfered with the springs and streams in the Connellsville district, and as the watering of ovens and the operation of the plants requires a large supply of water throughout the district, it has been necessary to install great water systems. The H. C. Frick Coke Company gets its supply of water from the Trotter Water Company and the Mt. Pleasant Water Company principally. The former has a pumping station above Con- nellsville on the Youghiogheny River with a capacity of ten millions of gallons a day, another on the Monongahela River at Huron with a capacity of six millions a day, an- other at Broad Ford, while the Mt. Pleasant Water Com- pany dams the waters of Jacob's Creek at Bridgeport, West- moreland county, and supplies the town of Mt. Pleasant as well as the plants in the north end of the region. There is a continuous network of pipe lines from United to the Monon- gahela River, with reservoirs and miles on miles of branch lines. The first plant built was that at Broad Ford, which was erected in the early eighties.
Although the coke is drawn from the ovens of the Connellsville regions by hand, there has recently been pat- ented by the Covington Machine Company of Covington. Ky., an electric coke drawer, which has proven successful at Continental No. 1, where three are in operation, and at the Oliver plant, where two are working. Each of these machines can draw thirty-six ovens a day.
The appended table shows the name of each plant in the two Connellsville regions, the number of ovens at each. and the names of the owners.
287
COAL AND COKE
CONNELLSVILLE COKE REGION.
NO.
OVENS NAME OF WORKS NAME OF OPERATORS
262 Acme
W. J. Rainey
82 Acme
Penn Coke Co.
375 Adelaide
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
252 Alverton No. 1.
.H. C. Frick Coke Co.
104 Alverton No. 2. H. C. Frick Coke Co.
302 Atlas Cambria Steel Co.
400 Baggaley
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
100 Bessemer
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
200 Bitner
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
240 Brinkerton
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
156 Buckeye H. C. Frick Coke Co.
86 Bourne
Wharton Furnace Co.
120 Boyer
Mt. Pleasant Coke Co.
260 Calumet
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
301 Central
.H. C. Frick Coke Co.
54 Chester E. A. Humphries & Co.
50 Claire
Penn Coke Co.
108 Clarissa
. James Cochran Sons Co.
120 Coalbrook
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
400 Continental No. 1 .. H. C. Frick Coke Co.
300 Continental No. 2 .. H. C. Frick Coke Co.
300 Continental No. 3. . H. C. Frick Coke Co.
100 Crossland
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
333 Davidson H. C. Frick Coke Co.
40 Dexter
J. R. Stauffer & Co.
230 Dorothy
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
80 Eagle
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
48 Enterprise
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
218 Elm Grove
W. T. Rainey
120 Empire
Bessemer Coke Co.
20 Florence
E. A. Humphries Coke Co.
186 Fort Hill
W. J. Rainey
97 Foundry
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
50 Franklin
Lincoln Coal & Coke Co.
288
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF CONNELLSVILLE
105 Frick
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
50 Gilmore
Gilmore Coke Co.
408 Grace
W. J. Rainey
150 Hazlett
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
272 Hecla No. 1
Hecla Coke Co.
500 Hecla No. 2.
Hecla Coke Co.
300 Hecla No. 3.
Hecla Coke Co.
50 Hester Penn Coke Co.
120 Henry Clay H. C. Frick Coke Co.
20 Home
Stauffer & Wiley
355 Hostetter
Hostetter-Connellsville Coke Co.
100 Humphreys
Bessemer Coke Co.
250 Juniata
Juniata Coke Co.
306 Kyle
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
500 Leisenring No. 1 ... H. C. Frick Coke Co.
500 Leisenring No. 2 ... H. C. Frick Coke Co.
504 Leisenring No. 3. .. H. C. Frick Coke Co.
308 Leith
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
227 Lemont No. 1
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
350 Lemont No. 2.
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
208 Mahoning
Cambria Steel Co.
510 Mammoth
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
400 Marguerite
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
165 Morgan
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
540 Mt. Braddock
W. J. Rainey
80 Mt. Hope
Taylor & Co.
82 Mullen
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
197 Mutual
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
329 Nellie
Brown & Cochran
252 Oliphant
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
328 Oliver No. 1.
Oliver & Snyder Steel Co.
480 Oliver No. ?
Oliver & Snyder Steel Co.
300 Oliver No. 3.
Oliver & Snyder Steel Co.
400 Oliver No. 4.
Oliver & Snyder Steel Co.
228 Painter
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
489 Paul
W. J. Rainey
92 Pennsville
Pennsville Coke Co.
289
COAL AND COKE
62 Percy Percy Mining Co.
186 Rainey
W. J. Rainey
445 Redstone
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
650 Revere
. W. J. Rainey
110 Semet-Solvay . Dunbar Furnace Co.
300 Shoaf H. C. Frick Coke Co.
625 Southwest No. 1 ... H. C. Frick Coke Co.
252 Southwest No. 2 ... H. C. Frick Coke Co.
205 Southwest No. 3 ... H. C. Frick Coke Co.
151 Southwest No. 4. .. H. C. Frick Coke Co. 61 Spring Grove . Cochran Bros.
901 Standard
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
100 Sterling No. 2. . H. C. Frick Coke Co.
155 Stewart
Stewart Iron Co.
100 Summit
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
121 Tip Top
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
40 Thomas
The Whyel Coke Co.
464 Trotter
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
60 Tyrone
Kendall Coal & Coke Co.
72 Union
W. J. Rainey
350 United H. C. Frick Coke Co.
251 Valley H. C. Frick Coke Co.
80 Veteran Veteran Coke Co.
200 White H. C. Frick Coke Co.
352 Whitney
Hostetter-Connellsville Coke Co.
130 Wynn
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
500 Yorkrun H. C. Frick Coke Co.
241 Youngstown H. C. Frick Coke Co.
23,713
40 Ada Royal Coal & Coke Co.
32 Annamyra Leckrone Coke Co.
138 Atcheson
Republic Iron & Steel Co.
40 Baxter's Ridge
Baxter's Ridge Coal & Coke Co.
400 Brier Hill Brier Hill Coke Co.
400 Buffington H. C. Frick Coke Co.
16 Burchinal Smithfield Coal & Coke Co.
16 Byrne . Byrne Coal Co.
290
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF CONNELLSVILLE
30 Century . Century Coke Co.
402 Colonial No.
. Colonial Coke Co.
49 Colonial No. 2.
Colonial Coke Co.
31 Colonial No. 3. . Colonial Coke Co.
90 Cyrilla
Rocks Coal & Coke Co.
140 Crystal . Sackett Coal and Coke Co.
200 Dilworth
Dilworth Coal Co.
240 Donald
Southern Connellsville C & C Co
100 E. Connellsville East Connellsville C & C Co.
500 Edenborn H. C. Frick Coke Co.
35 Edna
. O'Connell Coal & Coke Co.
30 Emory
Southern Fayette Coke Co.
75 Ellsworth .Ellsworth Coal & Coke Co.
400 Footedale
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
80 Fretts Southern Fayette Coke Co.
459 Griffin
Bessemer Coke Co.
60 Hero
Hero Coal & Coke Co.
200 Hustead
Hustead-Semans C & C Co.
200 LaBelle
LaBelle Coke Co.
220 Lafayette
Atlas Coke Co.
432 Lambert
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
516 Leckrone
H. C. Frick Coke Co.
185 Martin
Bessemer Coke Co.
202 McKeefry
McKeefry Coal Co.
30 Newcomer Newcomer Coke Co.
400 Orient
Orient Coke Co.
32 Parshall No. 1.
. Puritan Coke Co.
100 Parshall No. 2.
. Puritan Coke Co.
30 Perry
Perry Coal & Coke Co.
50 Plumer
Plumer Coke Co.
400 Republic
Republic Iron & Steel Co.
132 Rich Hill
Rich Hill Coal & Coke Co.
500 Royal
W. J. Rainey
30 Sackett H. R. Sackett Coke Co.
200 Shamrock Fayette Coke Co.
Lincoln Coal & Coke Co.
232 Low Phos
400 Lincoln
Connellsville Central Coke Co.
291
COAL AND COKE
20 Smithfield Uniontown Coke Co.
80 Solon Prospect Coal & Coke Co.
400 Southern
Southern Connellsville C & C Co
160 Struthers Struthers Coal & Coke Co.
150 Teresa Sunshine Coal & Coke Co.
160 Taylor
Taylor Coal & Coke Co.
160 Virginia Masontown Coal & Coke Co.
325 Washington No. 1. Washington Coal & Coke Co.
441 Washington No 2. Washington Coal & Coke Co.
300 Washington No. 3. Washington Coal & Coke Co. 10,690
CHAPTER IX.
MERCHANTS OF FOUR GENERATIONS
The first merchants of western Pennsylvania carried their stores about the country with them on the backs of their horses. They were the packers. And since the first permanent resident of Connellsville was one of these trav- eling traders it will be seen that the town has been a busi- ness center from of yore. William McCormick, this pion- eer of the business world, was a resident of Winchester, Va., and, after making several trips to western Pennsyl- vania with his string of pack horses, came to the conclu- sion that Stewart's Crossing was the natural business cen- ter of the entire Yough region, took up two tracts of land on the Connellsville side of the river and built for himself a substantial log home. His log barn was built about one hundred yards back from the river and was a comfortable home for the faithful public carriers. At first he drove his string of horses to Hagerstown, Winchester and Bal- timore, where he found a ready market for the peltry and other western produce that he was able to gather up by trad- ing with the Indians and the early settlers. Later, when game became comparatively scarce, the eastern load was made up of rye whiskey, an equally marketable commodity. The western load was usually made up of salt and iron. There were no salt wells in this vicinity at that time. Iron ore was found in abundance in the Chestnut and Laurel mountain ranges, but no attempt was made to reduce it, and iron implements of every description had to be brought from the east by the packers. It was quite a profitable business. Tea, coffee, spices and other little things such as the house wife desired were also carried, but they made up a comparatively small part of the load. The grocery stores of those days, with the solitary exception of the salt bag,
292
293
MERCHANTS OF FOUR GENERATIONS
were found in the gardens and fields. The shoe stores of the period were found to one side of the fire place of each cabin home where the man of the house in the fall of the year made his shoes and shoe packs from leather of his own tanning. The dry-goods establishments of the time were found in the flax patches which were found on every farm. The friendly flax supplied a score of needs. By the aid of the spinning wheel it furnished the clothing for the entire household. The finest of the pre- pared flax was used for sewing thread, the next grade for the bed linens and towelings, the next for ticking and coarse linen, while the coarsest of all was used as the chain for the weaving of the linsey woolsey out of which all kinds of wearing apparel were made. This home-spun was not as fine a grade of cloth as could be bought in the stores of Baltimore and other eastern cities, but it was considered good enough and was worn by all classes of people. To give some variety to their dress, the women soon learned to dye this material, red or blue or black to suit their tastes. The pack horses of the trader therefore were never overburdened with dry goods.
During the busiest period, William McCormick was the owner of ten or twelve horses; he also owned five negro slaves, some of whom worked with him on the road and others on the farm. About the year 1789, wagons began to take the place of the pack horses, and a new order of things was begun. The betterment of the public roads and the large increase in the population of the coun- try made it possible to establish permanent stores in the centers of trade. One of these natural trade centers was Connellsville, and Benjamin Wells, with his two sons, John and Charles, were its first merchants. Wells, on first com- ing to this part of the country, in 1790, located on the New Haven side of the river and entered the service of the Federal Government as an excise collector. This posi- tion, coupled with the man's natural stubbornness, made him one of the most unpopular of men, and it seems strange
October 9: 1795 Record Th Mr Connel one Hundred Dollars for & Black th twenty an if own account por Cable . Inevian A RECEIPT OF CALEB TREVOR
295
MERCHANTS OF FOUR GENERATIONS
that he ever succeeded in establishing himself in business at all. The "whiskey boys," who tried by threats to drive him out of the country, finally burned his house to the ground, July 11, 1794, and then, disgusted with the whiskey business, the collector bought a lot on Water street in Connellsville and erected a log house that served the double part of store room and dwelling. His two sons some- time after this removed to the west, but Mr. Wells con- tinued in business here until about the year 1830, though he never had much influence in public affairs.
The first successful merchants of the town were the Trevor brothers, Samuel and Caleb, who established their business in a log house that stood on West Main street, nearly opposite the present Post Office. This store was a great improvement over the Water street establishment of Benjamin Wells, and the Trevors soon became wealthy and influential citizens. In the year 1808, they paid the heaviest taxes in the Borough. The exact date of their establishment here is hard to give, but it was probably in the spring of 1795. The court record shows that Samuel Trevor witnessed a deed of Zachariah Connell, executed July 9, 1795. The receipt of Caleb Trevor that is repro- duced on the accompanying page bears the date October 9, 1795, and indicates that they had then been in business for some time. Another bill rendered by these pioneer merchants to Mrs. Shriver, of Dunbar township, in 1797, will furnish us with some idea of how business was done.
MRS. SHIVER FOR GASPAR HADLING
BO'T OF S. AND C. TREVOR
1797
S
d
3rd July 334 1b. of nails
0
5 714
1 1b. of tea.
2 9 1/2
0
8
5
By Cash.
0
8
5
1 1b. tea. 5s. 732d.
Cups, Plates, Indigo, Pins, Tea Pot, Ribbon, Tape, Snuff
Amt. 15. 13s. 712d.
296
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF CONNELLSVILLE
In 1808 they built a good brick store room and dwell- ing on the corner of Main and Arch streets, where their business was successfully continued for a number of years. This building is still standing, but has been remodeled to such an extent in recent years and altered in appearance by the regrading of the street that it can scarcely be recog- nized as the old Trevor store.
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