Colonial and revolutionary families of Pennsylvania; genealogical and personal memoirs, Volume IV, Part 23

Author: Jordan, John Woolf, 1840-1921, ed; Jordan, Wilfred, b. 1884, ed
Publication date: 1911
Publisher: New York, NY : Lewis Historical Pub. Co.
Number of Pages: 898


USA > Pennsylvania > Colonial and revolutionary families of Pennsylvania; genealogical and personal memoirs, Volume IV > Part 23


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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167


SMITH


Levi Bull Smith married, April 10, 1827, Emily Hannah Badger. (Badger II.) They were the parents of :


1. Valeria, born March 14, 1828, died August 17, 1901; married, June 12, 1855, William Hiester Clymer, born October 9, 1820, died July 26, 1883, son of Edward and Mar- garet (Hiester) Clymer ; they had: i. Emily, born July 16, 1856, died September 18, 1904. ii. Edward Tilgham, born August 8, 1857; married, August 5, 1896, Ada Burno. iii. William Hiester, born March 21, 1860. iv. Levi Smith, born April 2, 1863; married, June 11, 1891, Clara Matilda Riegel. v. Valeria Elizabeth, born April 29, 1865; married, June 21, 1899, Samuel S. Hill. vi. Frederic Hiester, born May 2, 1869.


2. Elizabeth Frances, born March 19, 1830; married, June 15, 1869, Ellis Jones Richards, had Jane Ellis, born April 8, 1870, died May 28, 1899.


3. Bentley Howard, born December 6, 1832, died January 19, 1909.


4. William Darling, born March 12, 1835, died July 30, 1911.


5. Levi Heber, of whom further.


6. Emily Annetta, born October 18, 1837, died January 2, 1916.


7. Mary Badger, born March 19, 1840, died May 22, 1864.


8. Horace Vaughan, born August 20, 1842, died July 23, 1878.


9. Thomas Stanley, born January 25, 1845, died November 25, 1887.


10. Edward Hunter, born April 17, 1847, died September 7, 1856.


(VI) LEVI HEBER SMITH, son of Levi Bull and Emily (Badger) Smith, was born October 18, 1837. His death, which occurred August 5, 1898, at Joanna Furnace, made a vacancy in the ranks of the ironmasters of Pennsylvania by remov- ing one of the most notable among them. Useful, honored and beloved, he passed away, a man to be long missed and deeply mourned. His widow, who survived him many years, died at Philadelphia, February 22, 1920.


A descendant of sturdy industrial pioneers, L. Heber Smith worthily held his place in the line. Both he and they are numbered among those to whom belongs the proud title, "Makers of Pennsylvania."


Levi Heber Smith married, June 17, 1868, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, E. Jen- nie (Ella Jane) Grubb. (Grubb VI.) They were the parents of :


.


I. Clement Grubb, born March 8, 1870, died March 10, 1910; married, June 5, 1906, Edith Watts Comstock ; they had one daughter, Julia Comstock Smith, born May 24, 1907.


2. Heber L., born July 10, 1873; married, June 6, 1903, Nelly Oliver Baer; had Ellen Heber, born September 8 or 9, 1918, and George Heber, born August 2, 1924.


3. Mary Grubb, born July 15, 1875.


4. Daisy Emily, born August 21, 1878; married, April 19, 1902, William Stuart Morris, son of Dr. J. Cheston Morris, of Philadelphia; had Heber Smith, born June 12, 1904; married, September 23, 1931, Louise Jean Miller ; Mary Cheston, born Novem- ber 2, 1911, and Jane Grubb, born January 12, 1915.


5. Stanley MacDonald, born August 31, 1883, died November 11, 1922; married, Novem- ber 12, 1914, Caroline Franklin, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and they had two children : Virginia Franklin, born October 11, 1917, and Caroline MacDonald, born July 29, 1921.


6. William Howard, born July 12, 1886, died April 28, 1928.


("The Smith Family Descended from John Smith.")


(The Grubb Line).


The Grubb family is of ancient English origin and comes into prominence as early as the tenth century. The members of the family of Lord John Grubb are interred in the old manor churchyard on his estate in England, their tombs having many memorial tablets bearing epitaphs in Latin and also the family arms and crests.


I68


SMITH


(I) JOHN GRUBB, born in Cornwall, Wales, 1652, founder of the American branch of the family, was a son of John and Helen Grubb. There is still extant a letter written to his uncle (?) by King Charles the First, in November, 1642, with the royal signature and the royal seal appended, asking the loan of two hundred pounds in money or plate, "to aid the King in defending the realm and the church against his enemies." This letter was addressed to "our truly and well beloved John Grubb, Esq." At the age of twenty-five, in 1677, John Grubb came to America to mend his fortune, which had been very much impaired by the support he gave to the royal cause. He sailed from London in the ship "Kent," arriving at Burlington, West Jersey, after a long voyage, and received three hundred and forty acres of land on Chester Creek. As early as 1682 Grubb's Landing, Brandy- wine Hundred, Delaware, was known to fame. John Grubb became the possessor of a tract of land six hundred acres in extent, was made one of the Colonial jus- tices in 1693, and was twice elected to the Colonial Assembly. The historian says of him: "He came from that stock of men second to none on the face of the earth-the English country gentlemen." At Grubb's Landing he erected a tannery, and was the first manufacturer of leather in Penn's province. In 1703, he left Grubb's Landing and settled at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, where he presently invested heavily in land, becoming an extensive landowner in that province as well as in Delaware. Like his ancestors he was a devout supporter of the Church of England. He died in March, 1708, at Marcus Hook. He married Frances Vane, a member of an old English family. Their children were:


I. Emmanuel.


2. John.


3. Joseph.


4. Henry.


5. Samuel.


6. Nathaniel.


7. Peter, of whom further.


8. Charity.


9. Phœbe.


(II) PETER (1) GRUBB, son of John and Frances (Vane) Grubb, born in 1700, was the discoverer of vast beds of iron ore at Cornwall, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, and was of high standing as a pioneer in the manufacturing interests of Pennsylvania. In 1734, he became the proprietor of the celebrated Cornwall ore hills, of almost pure magnetic ore. On the property he built the Hopewell Forge and the Cornwall Furnace, naming the latter after the English mining coun- try where his father was born. In this furnace, during the Revolutionary War, he cast cannon ammunition for General Washington, and, as a loyal adherent of the cause, accepted no remuneration. The Cornwall Furnace, which is the oldest in the country, is still in operation. It was noted by Aurelius in his history as early as 1730. In 1732, Peter Grubb became a member of the Society of Friends. He married (first) Martha (Bates) Wall, widow of James Wall, and daughter of Jeremiah and Mary Bates, of Gloucester, New Jersey. She died, in 1740, and he married (second), late the following year, Hannah ( Marshall) Marshall, widow of Thomas Marshall, and daughter of Benjamin and Ann Marshall. Mrs. Grubb died in 1770. He was the father of two sons:


I. Curtis.


2. Peter, of whom further.


SMITH


Arms-Azure, two bars wavy ermine, on a chief or. a demi-lion issuant gules. Crest-An ostrich argent holding in the beak a horseshoe or. Motto- Fortiter in re. (Arms in possession of the family.)


GRUBB.


Arms- Ermine on a chief embattled gules three roses or. Crest-A griffin's head erased per pale argent and gules charged with a rose


counterchanged. Burke: "General Armory.") (Used by the family.)


Motto-Nil desperandum.


BURD.


Arms-Argent, on a fesse between three martlets gules a rose between two fleurs-de-lis or.


Crest -- An eagle's head erased, bendy of eight argent and sable, ducally (Burke: "General Armory.") gorged or.


Buckley


SHIPPEN.


Arms-Argent, a chevron between three oak leaves gules. Crest2-A raven sable holding in the beak an oak leaf gules.


(Bolton : "American Armory,") (Used by the family:)


Motto-Vigilans.


FERMOR (FARMAR):


Arms-Argent, a fess sable, between three lions' heads erased gules. Crest-Out of a coronet or a cock's head gules. combed and wattled or." Motto Hora e sempre.


( Charles Farmar Billopp: "A History of Thomas and Anne Billopp Farmar.")


BUCKLEY.


Arms-Sable a chevron between three bulls' heads cabossed argent.


Crest-Out of a ducal coronet or, a bull's head argent armed of the first: Motto-Nec temere nec timide. (Burke: "General Armory.") : ura


BARDE.


Arms -- Azure an apple-tree eradicated or : a chief emanche azure- on 'or."


( Rietstap : "Armorial Général."


BUCK.


Arms-Lozengy or and sable a bend gobony of the first and azure a canton ermine. Crest-A buck's head couped proper. ( Burke : "General Armory.")


VAUGHAN.


Arms-Sable a chevron. hetween three fleurs-de-lis argent.


( Burke: "General Armory.")


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169


SMITH


(III) COLONEL PETER (2) GRUBB, son of Peter (I) Grubb, was born in 1740, and died in 1786, and under old English law of entailment inherited only one-third of his father's property, two-thirds going to his brother, Curtis. Disagreements between the brothers followed, and Peter bought Mount Hope, where, in 1784, he erected a furnace, which is still in existence, though unused for years. During the Revolutionary War he served with the rank of colonel in the Eighth Battalion. He married, in 1771, Mary Burd. (Burd III.) Colonel and Mrs. Grubb were the parents of two sons: Alan Burd, born February 6, 1772; Henry Bates, of whom further. Both were born at Hopewell Forge, and it was there that Mrs. Grubb died, February 23, 1776. The death of Mr. Grubb occurred in 1786, at the same place, which is now called Speedwell.


(IV) HENRY BATES GRUBB, son of Colonel Peter (2) and Mary (Burd) Grubb, was born February 6, 1774, died at Mount Hope, March 9, 1823. He mar- ried (first), June 18, 1805, at Pine Grove, Pennsylvania, Ann Carson, daughter of John Carson, of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Grubb died in October, 1806, leaving one child, Henry Carson, who was born in that year, and died in 1873. Henry Bates Grubb married (second), December 1, 1808, Harriet Amelia Buckley, born in 1788, died in 1858, daughter of Daniel and Sarah ( Brooke) Buck- ley, the former being the owner of "Competence Farm" and Brook Forge, in Pequea, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Daniel Buckley was a descendant of John Buckley, a native of Malkesham Parish, Wiltshire, England, who bought from William Penn a large tract of land on the Delaware River, in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. He was elected to the Assembly of the province of Penn- sylvania in 1697. John Buckley married Hannah Sanderson, and their son, Adam, married Ann Martin. They were the parents of John Buckley, who married Han- nah Clemson. Their son, Daniel Buckley, married Sarah Brooke, and they were the parents of Harriet Amelia Buckley, who married Henry Bates Grubb, above mentioned.


(George P. Donehoo: "History of Pennsylvania" (1926), Vol. X, p. 58.)


Mr. and Mrs. Henry Bates Grubb were the parents of the following children :


I. Edward Burd, of whom further.


2. Charles Buckley, born in 1813, died in 1833.


3. Clement Brooke, of whom further.


4. Mary Shippen, born October 12, 1816, died in 1900; married, September 2, 1845, George Wellington Parker; their daughter, Mary, married the Hon. William Welsh, consul at Florence under President Grant, and son of the Hon. John Welsh, of Philadelphia, at one time Minister to England.


5. Sarah Elizabeth, born November 19, 1818; married, February 16, 1846, John G. Ogilvie, and their daughter, Elizabeth, married Dr. Herbert Norris, of Philadelphia; Mrs. Ogilvie died November 27, 1883.


6. Alfred Bates, born January 16, 1821, died February 2, 1885; married, March 25, 1856, Ellen Farnum, daughter of Henry Farnum, of Philadelphia; their children were: Alfred Bates (2), a director of the Manheim National Bank; Ellen Farnum; Ann Newbold, wife of George J. Chetwood, of Philadelphia; Mary Elizabeth; and Rosa- lie, widow of R. G. Haines.


(V) EDWARD BURD GRUBB, son of Henry Bates and Harriet Amelia ( Buckley ) Grubb, was born December 17, 1810, and died at Burlington, New Jersey, in


170


SMITH


1867. He married Euphemia Parker, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Their children were :


1. General E. Burd Grubb, Minister to Spain under President Harrison.


2. Henry.


3. Charles Ross.


4. Euphemia, now Mme. De Cerkez, of Burlington, New Jersey.


(V) CLEMENT BROOKE GRUBB, son of Henry Bates and Harriet Amelia (Buckley) Grubb, was born February 9, 1815, at Mount Hope, and was but eight years of age when death deprived him of his father. He was then placed under the tutelage of Dr. William Augustus Muhlenburg, who later founded St. Luke's Hospital, New York City. Clement B. Grubb's literary education was completed at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, and when a youth of seventeen he took up the threads of his father's business, operating the Mount Hope, Mount Vernon, Manada and Codorus charcoal furnaces. Nor was this all. He built the St. Charles, an anthracite furnace, in Columbia, Pennsylvania, and purchased and rebuilt the Henry Clay Furnace, at or near Columbia. Thus early did he enter upon that long and successful business career for which nature had so eminently fitted him. He was the sole owner of the Chestnut Hill ore bank and one of the owners of the Cornwall ore bank. With the financial interests of Pennsylvania, Clement B. Grubb was also influentially identified, serving for twenty years as president of the First National Bank, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania.


A very active business man throughout his long life and giving employment to thousands of men, Mr. Grubb possessed the rare faculty of being in perfect sym- pathy with all his employees by whom he was loved to a degree enjoyed by few industrial magnates. Among the most marked characteristics of his distinguished business career were his justice and liberality to those in his service, and many there were who attributed their start in life and their subsequent success to his advice and assistance. Never did he lose an opportunity of doing a favor for his men, but his benefactions, though numerous, were always, like the man himself, extremely unostentatious.


In political sentiments Mr. Grubb was a staunch Republican, and one of the first members of the Union League, of Philadelphia, but had neither time nor inclination for office-seeking or office-holding. He was baptized into the Protes- tant Episcopal Church by Bishop White, the first American bishop in Pennsylvania, and served as a vestryman of St. James' Church, Lancaster. He was a liberal con- tributor to the support of church work and religious enterprises.


In manners and habits Mr. Grubb was proverbially quiet. His intercourse with his fellowmen, whether in business or in social life, was invariably marked by his habitual benevolence. His gentleness was not the result of good nature and train- ing only, but of the happy combination of these with a strong character, well con- trolled and perfectly balanced. Despite the many demands upon his time and attention he was never too busy to be obliging, and as a friend he was true to every obligation imposed by that sacred relationship.


Clement Brooke Grubb married, February 27, 1841, Mary Brooke. ( Brooke VI.) They became the parents of the following children.


1. Harriet Brooke, of whom further.


2. Charles Brooke, of whom further.


171


SMITH


3. Mary Lilly Brooke, of whom further.


4. E. Jennie (Ella Jane), of whom further.


5. Daisy Elizabeth Brooke, the present owner of Mount Hope.


Mr. Grubb was a man of strongly domestic tastes, the attractions of family life having the most powerful appeal to him, and although of a social nature and delighting in the companionship of his friends, he was always happiest in the home circle. Mount Hope, the old family residence, is an historic place, long noted in connection with the surrounding mines. The first residence was built in 1784; the present dwelling, which was built in 1800 by Henry Bates Grubb, is a spacious and inviting mansion, and the grounds, which comprise some 3,000 acres, are beau- tiful and artistic. In 1848 Mrs. Henry Bates Grubb erected a church on the prop- erty, and in 1900 elaborate additions were made, as stated on the chancel building cornerstone, "to the glory of God and to the memory of Clement B. and Mary Brooke Grubb." The death of Clement Brooke Grubb, which occurred October 31, 1889, at his Lancaster home, was widely and sincerely mourned by both high and humble, men of all classes and callings uniting in paying tribute to the memory of one who, in all he undertook and accomplished, had ever had at heart not his per- sonal interests alone, but also those of everyone with whom he was in any way associated and those of the community at large. Mrs. Grubb passed away Febru- ary 23, 1899.


The record of Clement Brooke Grubb should be preserved, because in its every phase, it illustrates more forcibly than any sermon, or any array of precepts, the essential principles of a true life.


(VI) HARRIET BROOKE GRUBB, daughter of Clement Brooke and Mary (Brooke) Grubb, was born October 31, 1842. She married, April 8, 1863, Stephen B. Irwin, of Philadelphia. Mrs. Irwin survived her husband and died March 22, 1906, leaving one son :


1. John Hiester Irwin, born February 8, 1865, died April 19, 1922.


(VI) CHARLES BROOKE GRUBB, son of Clement Brooke and Mary (Brooke) Grubb, was born October 6, 1844. He graduated from Princeton University. He was a partner of his father in the iron business, succeeding, on the death of the latter, to the different furnaces, and to his father's interest in the Cornwall, Cones- toga and Chestnut Hill ore banks. Both as business man and financier he proved himself competent, winning high standing in commercial circles. His political sup- port was given to the Republicans; he affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, and at one time was a vestryman in St. James' Church. He was never married. His death occurred November 12, 1911, at his home in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.


(VI) MARY LILLY BROOKE GRUBB, daughter of Clement Brooke and Mary (Brooke) Grubb, died October 14, 1916. She married, April 3, 1872, Joseph Bond Beall, of New York, born March 27, 1845, died November 10, 1910, who owned several cotton plantations in the south. Mr. and Mrs. Beall were the parents of the following children :


1. Maria Sanford.


2. Mary Lilly.


3. Ella Josephine


172


SMITH


4. Ethel Grubb; married, August 7, 1901, Captain Dr. George Tucker Smith, surgeon in the United States Navy, who was later made admiral and retired; and they have one son, George Tucker Smith, Jr., born May 19,. 1902; Mrs. Smith died March 8, 1903.


5. Florence; married, February 27, 1916, Dr. William Mynn Thornton, Jr., and they have one daughter, Florence Thornton.


(VI) E. JENNIE (ELLA JANE) GRUBB, daughter of Clement Brooke and Mary (Brooke) Grubb, married, June 17, 1868, Levi H. (L. Heber) Smith. (Smith VI.) ("Pennsylvania Biography," Vol. XIV, pp. 176-77. "Record of the Smith Family Descended from John Smith.")


(The Burd Line).


The surname Bird, of which Burd is a variant, is considered by some to be derived from the nickname "the bird" applied to the earliest bearer probably because of his singing propensities ; note the time-honored phrase: "He sings like a bird." Another origin is that Bird is a corruption of the term "bert," meaning famous. Its more probable derivation is the old Norse burdr, Anglo-Saxon byrd- birt, which in ancient times had the same meaning as a modern phrase "a man of birth."


(Bardsley : "Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames." Robert Ferguson: "The Teutonic Name System.")


(I) EDWARD BURD was of Orinston, near Edinburgh, Scotland. He married Jane Halliburton, a daughter of the Lord Provost of Edinburgh. They were the parents of :


1. James, of whom further.


(II) COLONEL JAMES BURD, son of Edward and Jane (Halliburton) Burd, was born at Orinston, March 10, 1726, and died near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, October 5, 1793. He came to Pennsylvania when a young man, and on his mar- riage located on a farm in Lancaster County. He entered the provincial service at the first outbreak of hostilities with the French and Indians, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, 1755; major, December 3, 1757, and colonel, May 28, 1758. In December, 1756, he was placed in command at Fort Augusta, and his daily journal from December 8, 1756, to October 14, 1757, published in the "Pennsyl- vania Archives," gives a vivid picture of the state of affairs in the frontiers of Pennsylvania in those troublous times. He served with especial distinction throughout the different provincial wars, and was a justice of Lancaster County, 1764-73. When the first clouds of the struggle against the oppression of the mother country appeared on the horizon, he came at once to the front in his own country. He was a chairman of a meeting of the inhabitants of Lancaster County held on June 8, 1774, when resolutions were adopted, setting forth in no uncertain tone their intention "to oppose with decency and firmness every measure tending to deprive us of our just rights and privileges," and pledging themselves "to abide by the measures which shall be adopted by the members of the General Congress of the Colonies," and appointed a committee to confer with other committees with reference to such a congress. A similar meeting was held in the borough of Lan- caster just one week later, at which Edward Shippen, Col. Burd's father-in-law, presided, and was made chairman of Committee of Observation. At a meeting of the Committee of Inspection of Lancaster County, January 14, 1775, of which


I73


SMITH


Edward Shippen was chairman, James Burd was named as one of the deputies from Lancaster to the Provincial Convention to be held January 23, 1775. Colonel Burd was a member of the Committee of Safety for Lancaster County, assisted in the military organization of the county, and was commissioned colonel of the First Battalion from the county, but became disgusted with the dissensions and deser- tions from the ranks at the expiration of the short term of service for which the first recruits enlisted, and resigned in December, 1776. He resided for a time shortly after his marriage at Lancaster, later at Shippensburg and finally at "Tin- ian," his seat in the present county of Dauphin, near Harrisburg, where he died. James Burd married, May 14, 1748, Sarah Shippen. (Shippen V.) They were the parents of :


I. Mary, of whom further.


(III) MARY BURD, daughter of James and Sarah (Shippen) Burd, was born January 15, 1753, and died February 23, 1774; married, November 28, 1771, Colonel Peter Grubb. (Grubb III.)


(Jordan: "Colonial Families of Philadelphia," Vol. I, pp. 100-07.)


(The Shippen Line).


Members of the family of Shippen, both in England and America, have had positions of high rank and prestige in church, State, the army, and the mercantile trade. They have been honest, upright men, and have been excellent citizens of their respective countries. There is a family tradition, confirmed by a letter writ- ten by Edward Shippen, "of Lancaster," written in 1741, that the Shippens were settled at Hillam, a hamlet in the ancient parish of Monk Fryston, in Yorkshire, as early as the thirteenth century. The word "shippen" is in every-day use in agricultural Yorkshire, at the present time, and denotes a partly covered cattle- yard, and there are persons bearing the name Shippen still to be found in Leeds and the neighborhood.


(I) WILLIAM SHIPPEN appears to have been born in Monk Fryston (in the West Riding of Yorkshire, southeast of Leeds) about 1600. It is certain that he migrated to Methley, a village about seven miles west of Monk Fryston. In his new home at Methley, William Shippen became a man of local prominence, for in 1642 he was overseer of the poor, and in 1654 overseer of highways. He spent his declining years with his son, William, rector of Stockport, and died there in 1681. He married Mary Nunnes, baptized October 11, 1592, buried May 26, 1672, daugh- ter of John Nunnes, of a substantial yeoman family long established at Wethley.


William and Mary (Nunnes) Shippen were the parents of :


I. Robert, baptized May 20, 1627.


2. Mary, baptized June 24, 1629; married, in 1663, William Chapman.


3. Ann, baptized November 21, 1630.


4. Dorathe, baptized February 9, 1631, died young.


5. William, baptized July 2, 1637, died in 1693; married, and had: i. Edward, born in 1671. ii. William, born in 1673, died in 1743; married Frances Stote.


6. Edward, of whom further.


(II) EDWARD SHIPPEN, son of William and Mary ( Nunnes) Shippen, was baptized at Methley, March 5, 1639, and died at Philadelphia, October 2, 1712.


174


SMITH


He came to America and settled in Boston in 1668, where he engaged in mercan- tile pursuits with marked success. In 1669, he was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, showing he was at that time a member of the Protestant Church of England. Two years later he married Elizabeth Lybrand, a Quakeress; this marriage led him to become a Quaker. Owing to his new reli- gion, he was subjected to severe persecution; in 1677, was twice "publickly whipped." In various ways he was subject to great annoyance until finally, about 1693-94, he decided to take refuge in Pennsylvania. In about a year, he had trans- ferred his wealth to Philadelphia, and had established "a princely mansion" on Second Street. His fine personal appearance, his talents and his high character, gained for him such position and influence that on July 9, 1695, he was elected Speaker of the Assembly. In 1699 he was made Chief Justice, and on October 25, 1701, William Penn named him in the charter as mayor of the city of Philadelphia. From 1702 to 1704 Edward Shippen was president of the Governor's Council, and for six months, when there was no governor in the province, he was acting gov- ernor. In 1706, he contracted his third marriage, which led to his separation from the Society of Friends. After that, apparently, he retired from public life, except that he continued to advise upon public affairs, as is shown by Penn's letter dated 24th, 5 month, 1712, where Edward is addressed in connection with Isaac Norris, Thomas Story, and others.




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