USA > Pennsylvania > Delaware County > History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania > Part 49
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and their dress indicated at once their station in life. They stood in awe of their employer, and called him usually master and his wife mistress.
Use of Liquors .- The custom of drinking, so far as we have information, was generally indulged in by all classes throughout Christendom (Mohammed forbade the use of intoxicating liquors among his followers as a religious obligation) until within a comparatively recent period, for, as is well known, in the first quar- ter of this century it was a reproach to a man among the upper class if he could not drink his three bottles of sherry after dinner without falling beneath the table, while "the four-bottle man" was looked up to as a social hero. Hence it is not surprising that we find in our earliest annals that among the Swedes who settled on the Delaware both men and women were addicted to an over-indulgence in intoxicating beverages. We are told by Peterson DeVries that Governor Printz " weighed upwards of four hundred pounds, and drank three drinks at every meal," and the same writer describes the Swedes "as not very sober, as they bought from the captain of the vessel a good quantity of wine and sweetmeats, and that neither here nor in Virginia was intoxication punished by whipping." Of Dominie Laurence Lock, the Swedish chaplain, we learn his "great infirmity seems to have been an overfondness for intoxicating drinks," but he certainly must have gotten over this weakness, for Campanius records "that he died in the Lord in 1688."
After the coming of Penn, from the court records it appears that drunkenness was of frequent occur- rence. At the court held 3d day of 1st week, Tenth month, 1686, " Haunce Urian was fined five Shillings for being drunk upon Tinicum Island," while at the court held at Chester, 3d day of 1st week, Seventh month, 1687, many cases of drunkenness were tried. I give extracts from the records of that session as a few instances of the manuer in which infractions of the law against intemperance were punished in these early days :
" Robert Stephens was presented by ye Grand Inquest for being Drunk at Chester since ye last Court for which be was fined by Ye Court 5s. James Sandelains was fined 5s. for suffering Robert Stephene to be Drunk io his House."
"John Chard W66 Presented by Ye Grand Inquest for being Drunke about ye beginning of July last, for which he was fined by Ye Court
" John Edge being convicted before John Blunstone and George Marie for being Drunke was fined by Ye Court 5s."
" Neales Quist paid 5s. for beiog Drunk at Chester."
The two following cases, which I cite at large from the old court records (tried at the session just men- tioned), will present a general idea of the importance given to the breaches of the law against intemper- ance :
"Thomas Bowlee being summoned to appear att this Court to answer ye Complaint of our Sovereign Lord ye King and Chiefe Proprietary for suffering the King'e Leidge People to be drunk att his house was upon the same Indicted. The Grand Inquest find the Bill, Whereupon he is Called to ye Barr sad Pleads not Guilty and refers himself to God and ye Country.
189
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
"John Taylor being attested declareth that Thomas Bowles told him that he lelt Lasie Coleman have see mnch rum till he was see druek that he was forct to be carried to his canew. Albertne Henrickson being attested declareth that he did see Hermen Johnson see druok att Thomas Bewles' that . .. Thomas Usher being attested declareth that Samuel Weight did call for tifel stt Thomas Bowles' honse and he heard Thomas Bewles ssy why might he net have it since he doe pay for it. Andrew Friend being sttested declereth that Themas Bowles seld him and William Cob two bowles ef Punch and att another time he sold ye Trumpeter's coune (con) a Cann of Tife.
"The jury's verdickt know this that we doe finde Thomas Bowles Guilty according to ye Indicktment. Hereupen Judgment is granted that he pey 10s. God costs of suit."
At the same court Thomas Bowles was also " Pre- sented by ye Grand Inquest for selling rum by small measures without lysence. Remitted upon condition that he doe soe no more and that he pay his fees."
The second case is as follows :
"Richd. Crosby being sumoned to appear at this Court to answer the Complaint of our Sovereign Lord the King and the Chiefe Proprie- tary for being Drunke and committing other misdemeanors, was for ye same Indicted. The Grand Inquest find the bill. The testimony of Anne Sanderlaine declareth that upon ye 29th day of ye 4th Drenth last, Richard Crosby was in Drink att Chester and very unruly. Philip Denning declareth that ye same day Richard Croshy was very much dis- ordered by drinke and that he was very abusive. William Goford de- clareth that Richard Crosby being much in Drink Challenged ye Sweads or English or any other man att Cudgells, Wrasling or any other such vielent exercise and further more did etrike him upon ye head and did trip np his heels twice and yt he heard him say ye Sweads were regnes and did take part with ye Indians. John Clne declareth ye same. Johannes ffriend declareth that he heard Richard Crosby call ye Sweads Rogues and that they did take part with ye Indiens against ye English.
" Before ye Petty Jury went out upon ye cause, he submitting him- selfe unto ye Court, was fined 58, and ordered to pay Court charges, and see to he scquitted."
Crosby was not simply an arrant braggart in his liquor, for the court records show that he kept the settlers in fear by his prowess, and was not choice of his words in expressing his opinion of the justices be- fore whom he was frequently required to appear. But Crosby was not the only person who was belligerent in his cups in that early day, for at the court held at Chester on 3d day of 2d week, Seventh month, 1688, " Thomas Robins and Thomas Woodmans being con- vickted before John Bristow for Drunkeness, breach of Peace, breaking ye great Cabin doore and ye head of Samuel Harrison, mate on board of ye ship Tryall, was for ye same called to ye Barr. But upon their submission to ye Court was ordered to pay 5s. with all Court charges."
Dr. John Watson strives to account for the im- moderate use of liquor among the early settlers by argu- ing that rum and tobacco were regarded as preven- tives of dumb agues, fever and ague, and similar disorders, and that the people, imagining the air and water of " this hot climate" to be unwholesome, em- ployed the luxuries named as antidotes. From the immediate ill effects of drinking cold water when overheated with labor in the summer-time, and the fevers and agues which attacked them in the fall of the year, the populace became confirmed in the opin-
ion that liquor, at least, was essential for their well being, and as they had no conveniences to make beer that would keep in hot weather, they adopted the practice of the laboring people in the West Indies and drank rum. Hence he ascribes the general and continued use of intoxicating liquors to this opin- ion, which having "once so far gained ground as to influence general habits and customs on an erroneous principle, it requires much labor and a long time to wear them (the customs) out."2 The true reason was that each of the settlers brought with him the man- ners and customs of his native land, and, as stated before, all Christian people at that period used liquor to excess.
To the Society of Friends the first protest against the immoderate use of liquor can be traced, and to them is justly due the credit of curtailing much that was certainly injurious in the custom during the last century.
At taverns in the colonial days it was not the rule as now to hand the bottle to the guest to help himself according to his capacity, but the landlord filled small glasses, known as "jiggers," and if the party was not satisfied therewith, he was compelled to pay for his second drink. At that time, 1730, we are told by William Moraley that "Cyder is the most plentiful here of all Liquors, besides which they have Mead, Methlegin, Perry, and Peach Drink. The Beer not good. Madeira Wine is the only Wine used. Rum is sold for Three pence the Half Pint, or Ten pence a Quart. Half a Pint of Rum being mixed with three Half Pints of Water or Small Beer, makes Bombo, but mixed with Cyder, makes Sampson, an Intoxica- ting Liquor."
In the early part of the last century nothing, it seems, could be done without liquor. At the birth of an infant the women of the neighborhood collected at the house, and wine or cordial waters was distrib- uted to the guests, while rum, either buttered or made into hot tiff, was given to the mother, as it was then deemed to be essentially necessary for her speedy re- covery.
At the raising of houses and barns liquor was an important element, and the cedar branch on the top of the building announced that good cheer would supplement the work. No crop, it was thought, could be garnered without a liberal use of stimulants, and in 1700 at funerals it was then the custom for a ser- vant (usually a negro) to carry around among those assembled sugar cakes, hot liquor, and wine, of which all present, both youug and old, partook. It was given to every person, those as well standing in the street or sitting at the door. It was then not an un- usual thing for a person fond of his glass to take a position so that he might be served among the first, and then to take another station so that he would re- ceive, like Benjamin, a double portion. The abuse of
1 " Tiff, or flipp, is made of small beer, rum, and engar, with a slice of bread toasted and buttered."-Acrelius' History of New Sweden, p. 162.
2 Watson's Annals, vel. ii. p. 521.
190
HISTORY OF DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
this hospitality became so marked that Chester's Monthly Meeting (Twelfth month 22, 1724-25) took definite action thereon, as follows :
" At our Quarterly Meeting it was desired ye friends take care at Burralls not to make great provision as to provide strong Liquors & hand it about; but lett Every one take yt is free to take it as they have oca- tion and not more than will doe them Good."
Notwithstanding this testimony against the absurd custom, it continued to be practiced almost to the be- ginning of this century, and often families, to furnish " the funeral baked meats," cramped themselves to | such an extent that in many households where death had intruded the most rigid economy was entailed on the survivors for months to discharge the costly hos- pitality of the funeral day.
For years at public sales it was the practice to hand bottles of liquor and hot rum round among the crowd, until it had grown such an evil that in 1750 the Gen- eral Assembly took notice of it, and gave the reason for the then enactment, that "inasmuch as a perni- cious custom has prevailed in many places of giving rum and other strong liquors to excite such as bid at vendues to advance the price, which, besides the injus- tice of the artifice, leads to great intemperance and disorder." Hence it was declared a penal offense for any person in the future to give or sell liquor on such occasions, subjecting the party convicted thereof to a fine of four pounds for the first, and five pounds for every subsequent, violation of the law.
Justice, too, it seems, must needs invoke the use of liquor to rightly adjust the scales. At the Court of Oyer and Terminer, held at Chester, November, 1752, James Rice, alias Dillon, and Thomas Kelly were tried aud convicted for the murder of Eleanor Davis and John Thomas. The following bill paid the com- missioners for " the Justices' Expenses at the Court of Oyer and Terminer, November, 1752," gives an idea of the entertainment required by the judges of the Supreme Provincial Court while making their circuit :
No public business, it seems, could be properly done without the use of liquor. It was customary to allow jurors in capital cases the use of liquor when deliberating on their verdict. In the commissioners' office, at West Chester, the following bill, dated 1745, is on file paid by the county :
" For commissioners, assessors, justices, and grand jury :
£
8. d.
Wine .. 0 2 8
Punch
0 3 1 0
Mare Wine 0
5
4
Punch
0 3
Nimho ...
0 28
Que hole broke. 0 2 0
-
Total
0 18 8"
The Origin and Brief Notice of the Temperance Movement in Delaware County .- As stated before, Friends, as early as February, 1725, gave testimony at Chester Meeting against the inordinate use of liquor at funerals, and from time to time thereafter they moved in the endeavor to check the widespread habit of drinking to excess, until by degrees their in- fluence extended beyond their own society, and grad- ually a general sentiment was aroused, until much of the evil was done away by the force of public opinion. There was at that time no effort looking to a prohibi- tion of the manufacture or sale of liquors, and it is doubtful whether the latter movement extends back- ward in our national history half a century. In this county, so far as I have knowledge, the first society organized for temperance work was known as "The Darby Association for Discouraging the Unnecessary Use of Spiritnous Liquors;" and from the address issued by that body on the 17th of Sixth month, 1819, I find they protested against the fashionable custom of treating, and called upon farmers to discard liquor from the harvest-fields and meadows, which, if done, they say in a few years workingmen would cease to expect it as a privilege or claim it as a right. The association advised the formation of similar associa- tions throughout the land.
A Delaware County temperance society was organ- ized in 1835, and strongly urged the formation of aux- iliary societies in each township. So rapidly did the movement develop, that on Monday, Oct. 5, 1835, a temperance harvest home was held at Zion meeting- house, Darby, while at the county meeting of the or- ganization, in the Methodist Church, Chester, March 22, 1837, there were delegates from Waterville, Leiper- ville, Marple, Lima, Chester, Wesleyan, Haverford, Haddington, and the Union Society of Shoemaker- ville present. Lodges in Lower Chichester, Darby, and other townships were also established.
The movement had so spread in 1842 that many merchants throughout the county announced that they kept "temperance grocery-stores ;" and in August, 1844, John Hawkins, in Upper Darby, on the West Chester road, opened a temperance hotel,-the How- ard House, on which occasion the temperance people of the county assembled in large numbers, and appro- priate services were held, while in the same year the
" Punch
0
1
6
Sling ...
0
0 6
Three dinners.
0
4
6
8 half-peck of Oats.
0
4 =
Bowel of punch.
1 6
Bowel of punch.
0
1
6
Oats ....
0
C
6
Bowel of punch. 0
1
6
Bowel of punch.
1
6
Wine
0
2
6
Suppers.
0
6
0
Puuch
0
1 6
Liquor
0
0 6
8 half peck Oats
0
4
0
Bitters
0
0 3
Cordiall.
0
1 3
Punch
0
0
Punch
0 3
Wine & hitters.
O
1 6
8 breakfaste.
0
8
0
Quart wine & bitters.
0
3
0 0
Punch
0
3
7 dinnere.
0 10
6
Punch
3
0
8 half-peck of Oate ..
4
6 euppers
0
6
0
Cordial1
0
1
0
To wine ...
0
1 0
Two nights' pay for 8 horses 0 16 O
-
0
£
8.
191
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
Washington Hotel, in Chester, ceased to be a license house. When it was opened as a temperance tavern flags were suspended across Market Street, a great concourse of people gathered, a brass band furnished music, and speeches were made by prominent tee- totalers.
The question of license soon became a political issnė, and so concentrated was the pressure brought upon the Legislature that that body passed a bill, which was approved by Governor Porter April 7, 1846, authorizing a vote by the people of the State, by which the electors of cities, boroughs, and town- ships could determine whether liquor should legally be sold therein. On March 19, 1847, the following ; vote was cast for and against license in the localities named :
For.
Against.
Aston ..
89
100
Bethel ..
31
22
Birminghamı
20
54
Chester borough.
88
103
Chester township
40
90
Concord
60
15
Upper Chichester.
18
27
Lower Chichester.
56
60
Darby ..
70
62
Upper Darby
3
119
Edgmont.
51
46
Haverford
36
85
Marple.
45
82
Middletown
113
77
Newtown.
40
65
Upper Providence.
50
59
Northern Provideaco.
41
88
Radnor
86
107
Ridley
79
79
Springfield
31
77
Thornbury
40
21
Tinicum ...
7
11
1094
1471
As will be seen in Bethel, where there had never been license granted, so far as I have ascertained, and where the only application ever made to the court of Delaware County, in 1802, was rejected, the majority was for license, and in Ridley the vote was a tie. In the western part of the State a case was made and carried to the Supreme Court to test the law, and at the September term, 1847, Judge Bell delivered an opinion holding the act unconstitutional, inasmuch as it delegated to the people part of the functions of the Legislature, which the fundamental law had re- posed solely in the latter body. This decision abso- lutely paralyzed the "Sons of Temperance," their or- ganizations disbanded, and for some years only a desultory contest against license was continned by a few individuals, noticeable in Upper Darby, until finally even their protest ceased.
After the war of the Rebellion terminated an or- ganization known as Good Templars was formed in Delaware County, and grew rapidly, until in August, 1869, a mass-meeting was held at Media. The court- room was crowded by members from the various lodges in the county. So formidable had the roll be- come in numbers that they demanded and procured the passage by the Legislature of the special act for Delaware County of March 9, 1872, better known as the " Holiday Law," which was followed by a move- ment throughout the State, on the part of the tem-
perance associations, resulting in the act of March 27, 1872, providing that every three years thereafter, at the cities, boroughs, and township elections, the electors therein should vote whether liquor should or should not be sold in such cities and counties, which act is better known as the "Local Option Law." The following is the vote in this county in the spring of 1873, when the question was submitted to the peo- ple :
For.
Against.
Aston.
110
77
Bethel.
23
36
Birmingham ..
31
49
Chester townehip .. South Chester ...
38
110
SO
112
Concord.
56
96
Upper Chichester.
15
35
Lower Chichester
52
99
Darby borough
86
69
Darby township.
45
67.
Upper Darby.
82
109
Edgmont.
45
39
Haverford.
85
78
Media ...
70
154
Marple ..
43
89
Middletown.
158
104
Newtown
63
39
Upper Providence.
71
59
Lower Providence ..
23
78
Radnor.
92
93
Ridley
51
82
Springfield
49
81
Thornbury
49
40
Tinicum
15
6
Upland
30
117
1462
1880
Majority against license, 418, exclusive of Chester City.
CHESTER CITY.
North Ward
253
242
Middle Ward
302
125
South Ward
261
246
Majority for license.
203
-
Subsequently the Legislature by the act approved by Governor Hartranft, April 12, 1875, repealed the Local Option Law of 1872, and the special law for Delaware County, of March 9, 1872, was repealed by the act of April 18, 1878.
In concluding this chapter I have written to little purpose if I have failed to show that the present age is much better than " the good old times of Adam and of Eve." It is only by throwing in bold contrast the past with the present that we mark the great progress of mankind. I unhesitatingly state my belief that in morals, in education, in general health, the people of to-day are as much improved over those who lived and acted during our Revolutionary struggles as the latter were superior in that respect to the early settlers. If we could place the old manners of life side by side with those of the present generation, we would be easily convinced that the comforts which now surround the families of moderate means far exceed that main- tained among the comparatively wealthy classes of our land a century ago. When we remember that in Penn's time not a floor in the province was covered with a carpet, that tooth-brushes were unknown, and, in fact, that it was regarded as a mark of effeminacy for many years after his day to clean the teeth at all, that personal cleanliness was not considered essential either to comfort or health, that less than a hundred and fifty years ago, among the aristocratic ladies, their
192
HISTORY OF DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
enormous bead-dresses when once fixed were not dis- turbed or altered for a month, until they became as intolerable to the wearer as they had long been offensive to all who drew near; when women wore scratch-backs suspended at their girdles (a pretty picture it must have been to watch these big head- dresses bobbing about as the wearer twisted and pulled one of the scratch-backs up and down, to allay the intolerable itching on that part of the body); when pewter plates were used in place of china or delft, a miserable tallow caudle, or at best a wax taper, at night alone shed a flickering uncertain light; when only the wealthy could buy books, and when the young high-born lady pored over the pages of " Tom Jones," "Joseph Andrews," or "Roderick Random," unre- strained, and the farmer, if he could read, was re- stricted to the almanacs, which, stitched together as the years passed by, hung suspended on a nail near the chimney-place; when the pious church-goers sat bolt upright in an uncushioned pew, and for two or three hours in midwinter remained shivering in the church without a fire, while the tedious clergyman hurled weighty sermons on doctrinal points, which he himself did not comprehend, at his unfortunate audi- ence ; when on cold mornings the fire was out, the dis- mal housewife gouged great pieces of flesh out of her fingers in trying to procure a spark from the flint and tinder, while men among us now of middle age can recall when they as boys sat in an out-bouse breaking great lumps of coal with a hammer to make it fit the stove, until they cursed the day that gave them birth.
Notwithstanding our comforts, those who follow us in a hundred years will be thankful that they have not to endure the hardships of the present age, and that they enjoy many things conducive to man's hap- piness which are now unknown.
CHAPTER XX.
TRAVELING AND TRANSPORTATION, WITH AN AC- COUNT OF THE RAILROADS IN THE COUNTY.
IN these days of rapid transit, when inside of eighty days a man can " put a girdle round about the earth," it is a difficult matter to comprehend the slow journeys of the olden time, or that hardly three hun- dred years ago travelers had no choice but to ride on horseback or walk. Nor was that all they had to contend with, at least in this colony, for as early as Sept. 22, 1676,1 it was a law, "That if hereafter any Stranger or person unknown shall come to or Travill through any Towne or place within this Government without a Passport or Certificate from whence hee came and wither hee is bound, shall bee lyable to bee Seized upon by any Officer of the Towne or Place
unto which hee comes, or through which he shall travill, there too bee Licenced untill hee can Cleare himselfe to bee a free Man, and shall defray the Charges of his Detention there, by his worke of Labour (if not otherwise able to give Satesfaction) in the best way and Manner hee shall bee found capable."
Indeed, previous to the year 1700, straugers were by law forbidden to travel from place to place, and so strict was the regulation that ferrymen were com- pelled to enter into bond not to carry any person un- known to them, unless he could produce a traveling pass signed by a magistrate; and innkeepers were required to notify the officers of the law when strangers sought lodgings at their houses, so that the authorities might inquire into the antecedents of their guests.
Under William Penn it became almost as difficult to get away from the colony as to travel in it. For the fifty-fifth law provided "that Every person in- tending to depart or leave the Province & Territories thereof, Shall publish his or her intention in writing, affixed to the door of the County Court, where hee or shee inhabits thirty days before his or her Depart- ure, and Shall have a pass under the County Seal." All captains of vessels were forbidden to carry a person away unless he or she was provided with such a pass, and the violation of that injunction rendered the captain responsible for all damages any one might suffer by reason of the passenger having absconded. Similar laws were enacted in 1700 and 1705.
The first mention of a pass being granted occurs at the court held in Chester, 6th of Eighth month, 1685, where it is recorded that "Robert Cloud had a pass granted him to depart the Province, dated ye 26th day of ye 9th month, 1685, his brother William Cloud, of Concord, being his security to Safe ye Country Harmless."
All men then traveled by land on horseback. Ladies at that time rode on pillions (a pad or cushion attached to the hinder part of the saddle and fixed on the horse), behind some relative or servant-man, unless, like Queen Christina, of Sweden, they pre- ferred to ride astride the animal, as men did. In the latter part of the year 1678 it is recorded in the jour- nal of Peter Sluyter and Jasper Danekers, the Laba- dist missionaries, that Ephraim Herman, who accom- panied the travelers from New York to New Castle, had his wife with him, and she rode all the way, excepting that part which was made in boats, on a pillion behind her husband. In the first quarter of the last century it is told of John Salkeld, the noted public Friend (who, about 1708, built the house which now stands partly in the roadway on Norris Street, above Third, South Ward, Chester), that on one occa- sion, during a religious visit to New Jersey, he was accompanied by his daughter, Agnes, riding on a pil- lion behind her father ; that after meeting he rode
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