USA > Pennsylvania > Union County > History of that part of the Susquehanna and Juniata valleys, embraced in the counties of Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Union and Snyder, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. V. 1, Pt. 2 > Part 36
USA > Pennsylvania > Mifflin County > History of that part of the Susquehanna and Juniata valleys, embraced in the counties of Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Union and Snyder, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. V. 1, Pt. 2 > Part 36
USA > Pennsylvania > Snyder County > History of that part of the Susquehanna and Juniata valleys, embraced in the counties of Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Union and Snyder, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. V. 1, Pt. 2 > Part 36
USA > Pennsylvania > Perry County > History of that part of the Susquehanna and Juniata valleys, embraced in the counties of Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Union and Snyder, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. V. 1, Pt. 2 > Part 36
USA > Pennsylvania > Juniata County > History of that part of the Susquehanna and Juniata valleys, embraced in the counties of Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Union and Snyder, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. V. 1, Pt. 2 > Part 36
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" Friday, June 23 .- Expenses at this tavern, 43 shil- lings; distance from Philadelphia computed, 160 miles west. We passed from this valley by the Narrows, 2 into Tuscarora valley, a most stony val- ley ; two high mountains on every side. The pas- sage so narrow, that you may take one stone in your right hand and another in your left and throw each
1 Francis Elliot, at whose house the Rev. Charles Beatty stopped in 1766, on his return from the Ohio.
" This is the gap ut Concord and opening out toward Waterloo.
upon a mountain, and they are so high that they ob- senre more than half of the horizon. A rainy, dripping day, more uncomfortable for riding among the leaves. On the way all day was only a small foot-path, and covered all with sharp stones. After many ciremnlo- cutions and regradations through the woods, it raining all day, wearrived about five in the evening, althrough besoaked, at one James Gray's," in a little ham- let in the woods. He was kind, and received meciv- illy ; he had good pasture for my horse, and his good wife prepared me a warm and suitable supper. For- give me, my country ! I supped on tea! It relieved me, however, and I went to bed soon. Distance rode to-day, 28 miles; course, N. N. W .; expenses at small tavern, 18.
"Saturday, June 24 .- Before breakfast came in a Scotch matron with her rock and spindle, twisting away at the tlax. The rock is a long staff on the end of which is her flax, like a distaff; the spindle is a peg about 8 inches long, sharp at the end where the thread is twisted, and large at the other where it is rolled on. Expense here, 2s. I rode on after break- fast to Mr. Samuel Lyon's,' twelve miles yet in Tuscarora. He lives neat, has glass windows, and apparently a good farm. Here I met Mr. Slemons on his way down. From Mr. Lyon's I rode to the Juniata, three miles, forded it and stopped just on the other side at John Harris, Esq.3 He lives elegantly. In the parlor where I was sitting are three windows, each with twenty-four lights of large glass.
" Sunday, June 25 .-- Cedar Springs, Cumberland county. A large and genteel society, but in great and furious turmoil about one Mr. Kennedy," who was once their preacher. Poor I was frightened. One of the society when he was asked to set the tune, answered : 'that he knew not whether I was a Papiast or a Methodist, or a Baptist or a Seceder.' I made him soon acquainted with my authority. It is now sunset, and I am sitting under a dark tuft of willow and large sycamores, close on the bank of the beautiful river Juniata. The river, near two hundred yards broad, lined with willows, sycamores, walnuts, white-oaks and a fine bank-what are my thoughts ? Fair genius of this water, O tell me, will not this, in some future time, be a vast, pleasant and very populous country ? Are not many large towns to be raised on these shady banks? I seem to wish to be transferred forward only one century. Great God, America will surprise the world.7
" James Gray, in Spruce Hill township, who was a brother of John Gray, whose wife was carried off by the Indians in 1756.
+ Samuel Lyon, Esq., third son of John, lived on the John Kelly place, in Milford. Houses with glass windows were yet a rarity in this region.
5 Founder of Mifflin.
6 The " genteel society" was the Presbyterian Church, . near the residence of David Diven.
7 Think of this observant and reflecting young man on
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JUNIATA AND SUSQUEHANNA VALLEYS IN PENNSYLVANIA.
" Monday, June 26 .- I rose carly with the purpose of setting off for Sunbury. I bad an invitation to a wedding in the neighborhood, but my business will not permit me. After breakfast I rode to one Mr. Bogle's,' a well-disposed, civil and sensible man. He entertained me kindly and acquainted me largely with the disturbance with Mr. Kennedy. I dined with him and his wife. She looks very much in person and appears in manner like niy much-honored and ever dear Mamma. Thence I rode onward through a dark, bleak path, they call it a 'bridle-road,' to one Mr. Eckert's, a Dutchman [German]. He used me with great civility and politeness. Distance rode to-day, 25 miles ; course N. E. I met on the road a tinker, on the way to what is called the 'New Purchase." He has been at Cohansie. Knew many there, at Potts- grove, Deepel and New England town. He told me that he had been acquainted in Seven Colonies, but never yet saw any place in which the inhabitants were so sober, uniform in their manners, and every act so religious as at New England town, and Mr. Ramsey was his favorite preacher. He spoke of religious matters with understanding, and I hope with some feeling.
" Tuesday, June 27 .- Rode from the clever Dutch- man's 3 to Sunbury over the Susquehanna, fifteen miles. I think the river is a half a mile over, and so shallow that I forded it. The bottom is hard rock. Sunbury is on the northeast bank. It is yet a small village, but seems to be growing rapidly. Then I rode on half a mile to one Hunter's,' within the walls of
the bank of the Juniata, at Mitllintown, under the willows and sycamores that lined the water-edge, anticipating the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, "only one cen- tury forward." Hlad he been " transferred " no one would live been so much surprised as himself; and a century hence will equally surprise ns if we live to see it.
1 This was Joseph Bogle. lle lived and owned the tract called " llibernia," where McAlisterville is now located. The Bogles left that section in 1778.
2 The region embracing the valleys of the North and West Branches of the Susquehanna had been purchased from the Six Nations in 1768.
3 It seems a little strange that an educated man like Fithian, who could tell a Scotch woman on sight, should call the Germans by the title of Dutch. The Doteb are not more nearly allied to the Germans than the English, and in enterprise and intelligence were al that period not inferior to either. Yet it was used at that day already, as it is stil! used, implying a degree of contempt and superiority in the speaker, and stupidity and inferiority in these " Dutch- men."' The best comment on this stigma attempted to be east on these Germans in the old days is the fact that de- seendants of the " Dumb Dutchmen " now own the farms of those who once spoke with epithets of reproach. It is simply astonishing to see how this Tentonic tide, which entered the county at the east end on the Susquehanna, has swept through the county to the western limits.
Colonel Samael Hunter. Fort Augusta was al Sunbury.
Fort Augusta. Then I rode onward to Northumber- land about a mile, but on the way crossed the river twice." 3
First APPEARANCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ON THE TAX-LASTS, -At first geo- graphical names are used as pointers to land- unoccupied, but they soon give place lo adjoin- ing residents. The following selections only prove that they were then so used and spelled. How long before this use they were in vogue must be learned elsewhere.
Lack :.- Name spelled " Leck " iu 1763, and also in 1767. Ralph Sterrett has land " adjoin- ing Ilicory Leck " in 1769, and " Hickory Lick " in 1770, and the same occurs twice in 1799. David Elder has laud "adj. head of George's Cr." in 1769; David Magaw on the same in 1770; and Barnaby Bains in 1774. John Patts has land " adj. Bigham's Gap" in 1769 ; Samuel Scott on same in 1772; and Francis West at " Bigam's fort " in 1774. The spelling " Bingham," used by some writers, does not occur in the tax-lists, nor does the name of Samuel Bigham, who built the fort, appear in any of the lists of taxables. Rev. George Duffield has land " at Head of Tusca- rora " in 1770. James Glenn has land " adj. Trough Spring " in 1774; and Robert Livers a tract " near trough springs waters " in the same year, and Robert Magaw a tract on " Wood Run." " Waterford " is named in 1809.
Milford .- Joseph Jacobs had a tract " adj. Shade Mountain " in 1770; it is taxed to him and his heirs from 1768 to 1782, when it is styled "Jacob's (Land Jobbers)," and under his name and that of " Jobbers' Laud " it is carried up to 1796. It is located " on the waters of Licking ereck " in 1792. Sometimes it is taxed to George Jacobs and " joining John Cunning- ham." It had six hundred acres, and again eleven hundred acres warranted, and sometimes it was in three tracts. Jacobs lived in Phila- delphia. Major William Beale, John Holmes, Thomas Say, Moses Bartrim, Jonathan Car- malt also had tracts " joining James Stewart on Licking ercek " in 1796. In 1772 two
5 The old fording crossed by the large island in the North Branch at Northumberland, which made the journey seem as if crossing the river twice.
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JUNIATA COUNTY.
John Andersons are distinguished by " Licking creek " and " Tuscarora." A " lot in St. Tam- my " is taxed to Abraham Wilson in 1799. William Campbell in 1829 lived in " Tar Hol- low." Rittenhouse in 1791 had " 167 acres land deeded adjoining lands of Thomas Galla- her and lying on the top of a high hill, norwest and bewest of said Gallaher." This was the Forge Hill, as Duncan McCormick had one hundred acres "joining Beale & Sterrett, Thomas Gallaher and Conrad Shucy."
Fermanagh .- In 1769 Charles Cox has a tract " adj. Cedar spring ridge." In 1767 Francis West had a tract " at Cedar Springs" and another " above ye Narrows." About half of the Fermanagh list of' 1767 is made up of settlers and land-owners " above the Narrows " in the present Mifflin County. The lower part was " in Mr. McClay's district," and the upper part " in Mr. Tea's district." They were the surveyors. William Wallace had large tracts in both. Isacher Beavens has land in 1770 "adj. Narrow's Mt.," and John Cox has a tract " adj. William Riddle in the forest." Rev. Thomas Bartrim has three hundred aeres " on Doe Run " in 1774 ; and John Wilkins on the same stream in 1772. In 1782 James Henderson had one tract " on Lick Ridge." Peter Tysinger has two hundred and fifty acres "Barrens" in 1799. In 1791 James Hamil- ton, Esq., has land on " Heads of Lost Creek." In 1791 James Purdy and William Magaw's heirs also have tracts in that locality. Galbraith Patterson has a tract in 1794 "at the Roaring Spring." This tract lay "between Tuscarora Mountain and Juniata River, west of Poult- ney's land." This long strip, south of the river, was part of Milford township prior to 1791. Peter Bright has land on " Heads of McCormick's Run," in 1791 ; and there are five thousand acres taxed to " Shade Mountain." In 1799 the assessors say : " Harrison, William and 35 others in tracts of abont. 100 acres cach on Shade Mountain. The whole of this land that is not valued is Mountain land, and we assessors can not with propriety lay any value on it." In 1791 Samuel Jackson and John Martin's heirs have lands " near Thompson's Town." So prominent an object and location
as the island above Mifflintown only appears first in 1808, and is called " Harris' island," and again in 1810, when it is occupied for Wil- liam Harris by William Nesbit: and passing to William Bell in 18144, is marked " island " after his name in 1819. No other mention of it is found on the lists, except that Christian Myers is marked " Island " in 1828.
Greenwood .- In 1769 and 1774 John Patton has a tract on "Delaware run" and another " near Cocalamus;" Joseph Jacobs also " adj. William Boyd on head-waters of Cock," and in 1770 "on Cockolamns." In 1772 Wallace and Jacobs have tracts " on Delaware run " and " on the head of Cockalamus." In 1773, John Cox has land " on Cocklamus." Samuel Young has land "adj. J. H. on Cocks creek " in 1774, and in 1776 " on Cankelamus." William Patterson, Esq., had land in 1769 " on Cockalamus" "' on which he built a saw-mill. In 1796 we have the spelling "Coocalamus." Drinker and James, from 1779, for many years figure as owners of a large tract on " north (of) Delaware Run." Henry Sellers has nine hundred acres "on Moughantanggo" in 1773. Joshua Bean, in 1796, has two Imidred aeres "near Machan- tango," and, in 1829, Peter Osborne's heirs have a tract " near Makentongo." A few years ago the Post-Office Department wrote the post- master at Mifflintown to know how to spell this name. John Lukens has three hundred aeres on "Dog Rnn," in 1773. Robert MeAlister had land in "Slim Gut" in 1820. In 1819, John McGary is taxed with " half an island in Thompsontown ;" and in 1823 he has " half an aere in the Juniata river."
Nugent's Meadows .- The tax-list of Wayne township, Mifflin County, for 1792, gives Sam- uel Wallace & Co. as owuing one thousand acres " on the head of Licking creek near the road leading from Wayne T. (MeVeytown) to Car- lisle." Also, Arthur Nugent fifty aeres "on Licking creek." There was at one time a gang of robbers and horse-thieves infested the conn- try, who had their headquarters in " Nugent's Meadows, on the head of Licking creek." This reminds us of a record at Carlisle, which states that, on July 22, 1760, Thomas Nugent and Curtis Smith were found guilty of felony, and
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JUNIATA AND SUSQUEHANNA VALLEYS IN PENNSYLVANIA.
sentenced to restore the goods stolen, pay a fine and go to jail until paid; " and shall be publicly whipt, each of them, at the Public Whipping Post, this evening, between the hours of five and seven of the clock, with fifteen lashes on their bare backs, and cach of them to be whipped the 31st day of July at the same place and hour, and likewise again on the 7th of August as aforesaid." There are records at Carlisle of several persons living in the old days in the present Juniata County who were publicly whipped according to the ancient laws and enstoms.
FACTS AND ODDITIES FROM THE TAX-LISTS. -The tax-lists from 1763 to 1789 are at Car- lisle, and from 1790 to 1831 at Lewistown. The writer has recovered a complete copy, cov- ering these sixty-eight years, prior to the organ- ization of Juniata County. Some of these have been badly taken care of, and have suffered mutilations. The following could not be found : For 1764-65-66 and 1777 none were taken. The first interruption was due to the war of the " Pontiac Conspiracy," and the last was caused by the chaotic condition incident to the change of government during the Revolution. The following have been lost : Laek for 1808, and single freemen for 1801, '02, '11 ; Milford for 1802,'06,'08, and single freemen for 1800, also one leaf from the end of Milford for 1770, and the second page of 1782; Fermanagh for 1801, the first page and single freemen of 1806; Greenwood for 1800, '01, '08, and single freemen for 1817. With great patience and labor the names on the recovered lists have been arranged alphabetically, and the township and articles taxed indicated. In this way many facts, incor- porated in this work, were recovered. Some additional facts and oddities are of sufficient interest to be preserved.
The lists from 1767 to 1778 give the number of acres of cleared land owned by each man. These show the original little holes ent in the woods, and the progress in getting rid of the forest. It is probable that the amount of cleared land was always underestimated, as all the tracts certainly were given in at greatly reduced figures. The lists also from the begin- ning, for a great many years, but with irregn-
larity, gave the right the taxable held to his land, whether by patent or warrant of survey, from the proprietaries of the province, or by the simple squatter-right of location and im- provement. Those having only the latter rights were, of course, actual residents at first, but soon the improvement rights were sold by bills of sale, or even personal deeds, and passed from man to man for many years before warrants were taken out for the tracts. The application for the warrant is the first record, and it is usually impossible now to trace the rights of improvement. At the time, however, these rights were usually respected, and public opinion enforced their recognition, even by the Land Office. All non-resident land speculators' claims were worthless unless at least covered by warrants. The patent, of course, was the end of all controversy. Prior to 1784 sheep were enumerated, as well as horses and cattle. Though moving into a wilderness infested with howling wolves, yet the pioncer settler brought his few sheep along as if part of his household goods. Some of the carly settlers have the words " poor " or "sickly " written after their names, even when they had several hundred acres of land. They could not cat the land, nor get money out of it for taxes. Few even would buy lands, for there was yet plenty to be had for their own labor and warrant fees.
A comparison of the lists of 1775 and 1785 -before and after the Revolutionary War- reveals a tremendous increase in the population, and tempts one to think that some of them came to the backwoods to avoid service in the army. On the other hand, it is known that a few Tories left the country to join the British.
In 1778, and yearly afterwards to 1783, a Continental tax was collected for the use of the United States. The amount apportioned to Cumberland County in 1778 was £117,225, 188. 6d .; for 1779 it was £111,968 10s. 3d. The taxes, not being realized, became complicated with the issue of paper serip. The act of No- vember 25, 1779, provides for a tax monthly, for eight months, from January to Angust of 1780, to raise twelve million, five hundred thousand dollars for the United States. By act of December 19, 1780, Cumberland was to pay
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JUNIATA COUNTY.
£6,980 12s. Gd. yearly for six years, and by act of March 27, 1782, for effective supplies, she was given 231,332 15s. to raise in four payments. Hence, we find on the Lack list for 1780 this indorsement, - " This is the third Continental and eighth mo. tax," and in 1782, " pound rate, seven pence halt-penny for effective supplies ; county, one shilling per pound out of State tax."
There were no Germans among the first set- tlers west of the river. On their first advent they were regarded with some curiosity, and in Milford in 1776 it was sufficient to tax one under the name of the " Dutchmen." His de- secendants are too mummerons now to be desig- nated in this way. There was a peddler passed through Milford, and finding a vacant tract, took it up, and it appears taxed to the " ped- dler " in 1781, " pedlar" in 1782, " ped- lar's land " in 1783, " peddler's land " in 1785, and under this advanced progressive spelling up to 1798. It lay along the foot of the ridge between the present residences of Shelburn Robinson and George Guss. The lists of 1782 incidentally prove that stock-raising, under the stimulus of the war, had become quite a brisk business ; at least there were then no less than fifteen " Drovers " in Fermanagh, and more than five in Milford township.
Nothing could better illustrate the changes of modern days than the great number of " weav- ers " named on the old tax-lists. Skilled labor and improved machinery have driven these old artisans of the loom out of existence. The first mention of such tradesmen as painters, plasterers, cabinet-makers, about 1825, show other changes in the style of living. The first denggist is Samuel Pennebaker, in 1799.
Formerly the assessor returned a list of poor children between five and twelve years of age, whose parents were unable to provide them with education. This was by act of 1809, and al- lowed such children to attend school at the ex- pense of the county. In 1821 the law was made to provide for three years' schooling be- tween the ages of six and fourteen, under trus- tees. In 1826 this law was repealed and that of 1809 revised. The lists begin in Lack in 1821; in Milford in 1822; in Fermanagh in
1811 ; in Greenwood in 1813. They were probably made out generally on separate pieces of paper, and hence most of them are no longer with the tax-lists. In 1823, in Lack, Thomas Win, Sr., and Jr., basket-makers, are noted for numerous " poor children," inehiding twins.
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Then, as now, people in the old days suffered from fire occasionally. A few cases are noted on the lists by way of excuse for non-payment of taxes : Thomas Warry, of Lack, in 1806, had his barn burned, including all his grain ; in 1809, William Wright had his house burned ; Widow Jean Patterson, of Fermanagh, had her house burned in 1821; Andrew Nelson had his house burned in 1812, and Joseph Fetterman in 1813-both in Fermanagh-the latter likely in Mifflintown ; in Greenwood, William Leonard had his house burned in 1806; IsaacSutton's grist and saw-mills were burned in 1821, in Green- wood, and the saw-mill of John MeAlister in 1828. George Wilson's mill-dam in Milford, was " broke " in 1807.
Some odd occupations are named : Charles Hoyt (Hite), of Milford, in 1830, is said to be a " water-smeller ;" Samuel Stuart, of Ferman- agh, is said to be a "very lazy man," in 1807. Then we have John Feigle, as an "oyster- seller," as early as 1828. There is a " clock- smith," a " tar-burner," a "turnpiker," a " basket-weaver," a " nusence," a " fidler and grog bruiser," and finally the first " gentleman " makes his appearance in Greenwood in 1820 in the person of James Winning.
The assessments, rates and levies were for the first time made in dollars, instead of pounds, in 1799. The decimal dollar system had been considerably in use prior to that date. On the Lack list the "a siston sescars " certify that they " made the valuation according to John Knox's return in dollars," on May 11, 1799. The tax-lists were not made out as early for- merly as they are now. The appeal for 1799 for Fermanagh was held at the house of Zacha- riah Doerst, on September 21, 1799, as directed by the commissioners on August 13, 1799.
In Lack, in 1795, the officers call themselves "Covers;" in Milford, in 1797, they " laid on our cota of tax ;" in Greenwood, in 1790, the "asesments" made "by Samuel Osborne, seser,"
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JUNIATA AND SUSQUEHANNA VALLATE DE PARISIANA
was, in 1791, made by " Sessars," and, in 1792, "to the best of our seill," and it was not until some years later that the school-master came aronud. He must have come earlier into Lack ; for on the list for 1799 we find the following valable arithmetical rule which somehow has escaped the notice of the composers of our aritfuncties. We would not be wicked enough to spoil it by adding or altering a letter :
" Q. how do you multyply the parts of aney Nom- ber insted of the hul?
"A. When the multyer is such a Nomber that aney Tow figers being multiplyed together will make The said multyplyer, it is shorter to multy the Given Nomber by one of these figers, and that Product by the other, As 5 times 7 is 35. You must have the Multy Ply Casion table By hart."
It often happened that there were two men in the same township who had the same name. It became necessary to distinguish them on the tax-lists in some way. In addition to " Senior" and "Junior," there were many other terms used. One is called "Scotch," " Irish," " Big " or " Little." There is Henderson, John, " Coo- per " and " Lost Creek ;" Riddle, John, " Nar- rows" and "Skin Dyer;" Wilson, Thomas, " River " and " Mountain." One John Kanff- man bonght a farm of a man named Peffer, and was afterwards designated as " Peffer John." A man's trade was often used to dis- tingnish him, and the young John was often styled the "Son of" the old John.
Among the " Lands Improven, but not prop- erty sufficient for discharging the Taxes" in Fermanagh, in 1790, was the " Glebe " belong- ing to the Presbyterian Church, styled " Ce- dar Spring Congregation " and " Congregation, Mifflin and Lost Creek."
There is great trouble often in tracing np some names on the successive lists on account of the great variation in the spelling of the mines. Each assessor spelled, or rather mis- spelled, after his own fashion. This often in- volved the first letter and caused a misplacement in the alphabetical order, as, for instance, whou Right was written for Wright ; Tuchman for Donglunan ; Carr for Kerr; Ennis for Innis; Goffries for Jeffries; Eakin for Aikin ; Oerar for Anker; Kingrich for Gingrich ; Ginuings
for Jennings; Cepner for Kepner; Simmerman for Zimmerman. It seems sometimes as if there was a studied effort to vary the spelling of names. Meredith is turned into Mereddy and MeReady; Randolph into Reynolds; Beale into Bales; Turbett into Torbet ; Midick for Meddaugh ; MeClay for Maclay, and so on ad infinitum. Some are so bad and so variously spelled that the correct orthography cannot now be determined. In 1800 there appears on the list of Milford the name Jacob Piglow; in 1801 he is Piglo; in 1802, Pigsler; in 1805, Peg- seller; in 1807, Pigesler; in 1810, Picksler; in 1814, Pixler; in 1822, Pigslow; in 1823, Picksler; in 1826, Pixler.
At the end of the list for 1785 is a strange admixture of what should partly have been at the head of the list, and to this is added a jurat dated after the work was performed :
"We, the subscribers, being duly chosen by the inhabitants of Lack township to assist Andrew Fer- rier in levying the tax of said township for the year 1785, which we have done according to the best of our knowledge and judgment, which are as follows, viz. : We do nominate and return Benjamin Wallace and David Bail for collectors. Given under our hands this 2d day of March, 1786.
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