USA > Pennsylvania > Erie County > Popular history of Erie county, Pennsylvania > Part 20
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John Quincy Adams, of Mass., 1767, 1848, presi- dent '25- 29, defeated by Jackson '28, elected to con- gress '30. His oratory gained for him the title of "Old Man Eloquent."
Andrew Jackson, of S. C. 1767, 1845, was rather illiterate, in congress 1796, U. S. senate 1797, dis- tinguished at the battle of New Orleans,'51 president '29-37.
Martin Van Buren, of N. Y., 1782, 1862, elected state senator N. Y. 1803, state attorney-general '15, U. S. senator '21, governor '28, secretary of state '19- '29, vice-president '33, president '37-'41.
William H. Harrison, of Va., 1773, 1841, aid-de camp to Gen. Wayne in Indian war, territorial gov- ernor of Indiana 1801-'13, defeated Indians at Tip- pecanoe '11, elected to congress '16, senator '24, elec- ted president '40, and died one month after his in- auguration.
John Tyler, of Va., 1790, 1862, elected to congress 1816, governor of Va. '25, U. S. Senator '27, vice- president under Harrison and succeeded him April 4th '41.
James K. Polk, of N. C. 1795, 1849, congressman from Tenn. '25, governor '39, president '45 to '49. During his term Texas was annexed and the war with Mexico prosecuted.
Zachary Taylor, of Va. 1784, 1850, served in Sem- inole and Blackhawk war, major-general in Mexican war and won the battles of Reseca and Buena Vista, inaugurated president '49 and died July 9th, 1850.
Millard Fillmore, of N. Y. 1800, 1874, congress '32, elected vice-president '48, and succeeded to the presidency on the death of Taylor.
Franklin Pierce, of N. H. 1804, 1869, congress '32, senator '37, brigadier-general in Mexican war, elect- ed president '52, opposed coercion of the south '63. James Buchanan, of Pa. 1791, 1868, congress '21, minister to Russia '32, U. S. senator '34, secretary of state '45, minister to England '53, president '57.
Abraham Lincoln, of Ky. 1809, elected to Il1. legislature '34, congress '46, defeated by Douglas for U.S.senator '54,elected president '60,re-elected '64 and assassinated April 14, '65 by John Wilkes Booth.
Andrew Johnson, N. C. 1808, 1875, congress from Tenn. '43, governor '53, U. S. senator '57, military governor '62, elected vice-president '64, and suc- ceeded to the presidency on the assassination of Lin- coln. He was subsequently elected U. S. senator. Ulysses S. Grant, of Ohio, 1822, 1885, served in
1865-Lincoln Johnson .. 2,680,647,869 74
1866-Johnson. Foster . . 2,773,236,173 69
Baltimore, Maryland ..
332, 190
27,092,690
Bangor, Maine ... ..
16,827
2,661,000
158 13
Bay City, Michigan ...
20,693
433,100
20 93
17,315
299,500
221,463
12 88
362,535
29,145
831,000
28 51
Buffalo, N. Y ... Burlington, Iowa
19,450
128,062
6 58
Cambridge, Mass ..
52,740
3,403,723
64 53
Camden, N. J
41,658
1,164,900
27 96
Charleston, S. C ..
49,999
4,129, 102
Chattanooga, Tenn ....
12,892
71,566
5 55
Evansville, Ind .
29,280
none
Erie, Pa
27,730
1,201,229
43 31
Elmira, N.Y.
20,541
270,400
13 17
Fall River, Mass
49,006
3,169,765
64 68
Grand Rapids, ¿Mich ..
32,015
471,000
14 71
Galveston, Texas.
22,253
1,023,249
45 97
Hoboken, N. J.
3º,999
1,099,250
35 46
Houston, Texas.
18,646
1,501,591
80 53
Indianapolis, Ind.
75,074 55,813
1,339,224
23 99
Louisville, Ky
123,645
4,842,935
39 16
Lewiston, Maine.
19,083
1,038,102
54 39
Milwaukee, Wis.
115,578
2,160,289
18 69
Minneapolis, Minn.
46,887
1,137,467
24 25
Mobile. Alabama ..
31,205
2,671,100
85 91
New York, N.Y.
1,206,590
1091425,414
90 69
New Orleans, La ..
216,140
Norfolk, Virginia
21,966
2,187,371
99 57
Newport, Ky
20,433
966,618
42 41
Nashville, Tenn.
43,461
1,606,200
36 95
Oakland, Cal ..
34,556
669, 126
19 35
Omaha, Nebraska.
30,518
227,578
7 45
Oswego, N. Y
21,177
1,264,224
59 86
Oshkosh, Wis
15,749
130,500
8 28
Pittsburg, Pa
156,381
14,134,296
90 37
Providence, R. I
104,850
1,350,500
26 71
Portland, Maine.
33.810
4,332, 154
128 13
Peoria, Ill ..
29,315
716,500
24 44
Petersburg, Va.
21,656
1, 136,100
52 46
Poughkeepsie, N.Y .. .
20,207
1,939,198
95 96
Presidents, Vice-Presidente and Futlic Debts.
Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and a statement of the Public Debt, including accrued interest thereon, less cash in the Treasury, on the Ist day of July of each year, compiled from the published Report of the Seceetary of the Treasury.
Year. President. Viee-President.
Debt.
1789-Washington .... Adams.
$
1793-Washington .... Adams.
80,352,634 04
1797 -- Adams. Jefferson
82,064,479 33
1801- Jefferson.
Burr.
83,038,050 80
1805-Jefferson.
. Clinton
82,312, 155 50
18og-Madison
Clinton
57,023,192 00
1813-Madison
Gerry
55,962,827 57
1817-Monroe.
Tompkins.
123,491,965 16
1821-Monroe.
.Tompkins.
89,987,427 66
1825-J. Q. Adams ... Calhoun
83,788,432 71
1829-Jackson.
58,421,413 67
1837-Van Buren.
Johnson
7,001,698 83 336,957 83
1841-Harrison
. Tyler
1842-Tyler
Wm.P.Mangum .Dallas.
1849-Taylor.
Filmore
1850-Filmore
King.
1853-Pierce King
59,803, 117 70
1857-Buchanan. .Breckenridge .. 28,699,831 85
1861-Lincoln. .Hamlin
90,580,873 72 +
Binghamton, N. Y .... Bloomington, Ill ..... Boston, Massachusetts, Bridgeport, Conn ..... Brooklyn, N. Y ..
566,689
38,040,000
67 13
$55,137
8,211,934
52 93
82 58
Davenport, Iowa.
21,834
290,675
13 31
East Saginaw, Mich ...
19,016
611,055
32 13
Memphis, Tenn ..
33,593
none
Manchester, N. H .. ..
32,630
929,000
28 19
1,914,500
25 50
Kansas City, Mo.
17,184
28,244,017 77 90
I845-Polk
5,250,875 54 13,594,480 73 15,925,303 0I 63.061,858 69 63,452,773 55
Calhoun ... 1833-Jackson
. Van Buren.
Patterson, N. J.
50,887
189
VALUABLE INFORMATION
Mexico, colonel of 21st Ill. vols. and brigadier-gen- eral '62, commander-in-chief '64, president '69-77.
Rutherford B. Hayes, of Conn. 1822, brigadier- general from Ohio, congress '65, question as to valid- ity of electorial votes decided by special commis- sion 8 to 7 and Hayes inaugurated '77.
James A. Garfield, of Ohio, 1831, proffessor of Latin and Greek at Hiram college and choosen president of that institution '58, state senate '59, col. '61, brigadier '62, congress '62, U. S. senator '80, president '81, shot by Giteau July 2, '81, died Sept. 19th.
Chester A. Arthur, of Vt. 1831, 1886, N. Y. lawyer, collector of port of N. Y., '71, elected vice-president '80 and succeeded to the presidency on the death of Garfield.
Grover Cleveland, of N. J., 1837, teacher in N. Y. Blind Asylum, lawyer in Buffalo, sheriff '80, mayor '81, elected governor of N. Y. by 192,000 majority '81, president '84. re-nominated '88 and defeated.
Prominent Personages.
Joseph Addison, 1672, 1719, English poet and mor- alist, author of "The Campaign," under secretary of state 1705.
Thomas B. Aldrich, 1836, Am. poet and novelist, Prudence Palfry, etc.
Ethan Allen, 1742, '89, commander in Revolution- ary war, hero of Ticonderoga and Crown Point.
Benedict Arnold, 1740, 1801, American general and traitor, later colonel in British army.
John Jacob Astor, of Heidelberg, Germany, 1763, 1848, rose rapidly to wealth in N. Y. merchandise. Founded the Astor Library.
Francis Bacon, 1561, 1626, English statesman, jur- ist and philosopher. Queeu's counsel at age of 28, solicitor-general 1607.
Sir Samuel Baker, 1821, English African explorer, author geographical and literary works.
Nathaniel P. Banks, 1816, American general and politician, congress '52, governor of Mass. 3 terms.
Benj. D. Beaconsfield, 1804, 1880, English states- man and novelist, chancellor of exchequer, prime minister '68.
P. T. G. Beauregard, 1816, confederate general at Ft. Sumter, Bull Run and Shiloh.
Thos. H. Benton, 1782, 1858, of Hillsboro, N. C. Elected to U. S. senate from Mo. 1820, and congress '52,
James G. Blaine, of Pa. 1830, congress from Maine '62, U. S. senator '77, secretary under Garfield, can- didate for presidency '84.
Daniel Boone, of Pa. 1735, 1820, pioneer Ky., Ind., Ill. and Missouri. Prominent Indian fighter.
john C. Breckenridge, of Ky. 1821, 1875, vice pres- ident under Buchanan, candidate for president '60, U. S. Senator '61, resigned and entered confederate service as general and later secretary of war for the confederacy.
John Brown, of Conn. 1800, zealous abolitionist, headed negro insurection at Harper's Ferry '59 and was hanged by Gov. Wise, of Va. the same year.
Robt Burnes, 1759, 1796, Scotchman a'd author of many prominent poems.
Aaron Burr, 1756, 1836, lawyer and statesman, vice-president under Jefferson, killed Hamilton in duel, was tried for treason but acquitted.
Benj. F. Butler, of N. H., 1818, lawyer, politician and general, military governor of New Orleans, '62, congress from Mass. '66, governor '82.
Lord Byron, 1788, 1824, English poet, espoused the cause of Grek liberty and died in Greece.
Thos. Carlyle, 1795, 1881, Scotch essayist, biograph- er, historian and mathematician.
Marcus T. Cicero, B. C. 106. 143, Roman author, statesman orator, exiled B.C. 58, but recalled. Kill- ed by Antony's soldiers.
Henry Clay, of Va. 1777, 1852, statesman and ora- tor, U. S. senate 1806, signed treaty of Ghent '15, candidate for president '32 and '44, prominently connected with the compromise of 1850.
Saml. T. Coleridge, 1772, 1834, English poet and critic, German linguist and wrote Lyrical Ballads.
Christopher Columbus, of Genoa, Italy, 1436, 1506, sailed from Palos Aug. 3, 1492, reached San Salvador Oct. 12 of that year and gave the natives the name of Indians, discovered Jamaica and Porto Rica 1493, and South America 1498.
Confucius, B. C. 551, 478, Chinese philospher, com- menced preaching at 22, originated the "Golden Rule" and taught that to be polite and do good to humanity should be the chief end of man. Two- thirds of the human race for 2,300 years have given great credence to the precepts which he enunciated.
Copernicus, 1473, 1543, German astronomer, dis- proved the Ptolemaic theory and demonstrated that the sun is the center of the universe.
Wm. Cowper, 1731, 1800, Englishi poet, translated Homer 1784. His letters and poetry are highly eulo- gized.
Charles R. Darwin, 1809, '82, English naturalist and originated the theory of "evolution," that all forms of animal or vegetable life progress in the scale of natural descent by the "survival of the fit- test."
Jefferson Davis, of Ky., 1808, U. S. senator from Miss., '47, inaugurated president of the Confederacy '6., imprisoned in Fortress Monroe for 2 years after the fall of Richmond, released on bail with Horace Greeley and other northern men as sureties and later the indictment quashed.
Daniel Defoe, 1661, 1731, English novelist, in insur- rection against James II. Author of over 200 works.
John R. DeKalb, 1732, 1780, German general, ac- companied Lafayette to Am. 1777 and killed at bat- tle of Camden S. C. '80.
Demosthenes, B. C. 385, 322, Athenian orator, op- poscd Philip of Macedon against whom he delivered his "Philippies." Oration on the crown his greatest achievement. Suicided by poison.
Charles Dickens, 1812, '70, English novelist, for a time reporter for the press, author of Nicholas Nich- olby, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist and other prominent productions.
Stephen A. Douglas, of Vt., 1817, '61, statesman, congress from Illinois, '43, senator '47, candidate for presidency '56, '60. Supported Federal war, '61.
Frederick Douglas, of Md., 1817, greatest colored American orator. Sold to a shipbuilder '32, escaped to Mass. and assumed the name of Douglas. Em- ployed as orator for the American Anti-slavery So- ciety '41.
Dryden, 1631, 1700, English poet, critic and dra- matist, wrote "Ode on Alexander's Feast."
Mme. Dudevant, 1804, '76, French novelist, mar- ried at 18, 10 years later separated, changed from zealous catholic to liberalist, adopting man's attire and denouncing the marriage system.
Thomas A. Edison, 1847, Am. electrician and in- ventor of improved telegraphy, telephone, electric light, phonograph, etc.
Geo. F. Edmunds, of Vt. 1828, U. S. senator '66, re-elected three terms, and president of the senate under Arthur and after the death of Hendricks.
Ralph W. Emerson, of Mass. 1803, '82, essayist,
190
ERIE COUNTY HISTORY.
philosopher and poet, Unitarian minister '29, auth- or of "Representative Men."
Edward Everett, 1794, 1865, orator and statesman, Prof. of Greek at Harvard '55; congress '24, governor of Mass. '35, minister to England '41, secretary of state '52, senate '53,.
Henry Fielding, 1707, 1754, English novelist and dramatist, lieutenant-general. "Tom Jones" his greatest novel.
Benj. Franklin, of Mass. 1706, 1790, statesman and philosopher, youngest of 17 children, printer, estab- fished Penna. Gazette, published "Poor Richard's Almanac" 1735, drew electricity from the clouds by a kite '52, minister to France '76, governor of Penn. '85, member of constitutional convention '87.
Robert Fulton, of Penn'a, 1765, 1815, engineer and inventor of steam boat, invented sub-marine torpe- do in Paris, discovered steam navigation 1801, assist- ed by Robert Livingston, built steamer Clermont 1806, which ran regularly between New York and Albany.
Galileo, 1564, 1642, Italian astronomer, adopted copernicum theory and constructed telescope 1609, discovered Jupiter's moons and ascertained that the "Milky Way" was composed of myriads of stars.
Edward Gibbon, 1737, 1794, English historian, anthor of the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Em- pire," He was liberal in his religious belief.
Oliver Goldsmith, 1728, '74, Irish poet and author of several prominent novels.
Jay Gould, of Sandusky, Ohio, 1836, has become prominent as a railway and telegraph owner and manager.
Horace Greeley, of N. H., 1811, 1872, journalist, founded N. Y. Tribune '41, was democratic candi- date for president '72, defeated by Grant and died shortly afterwards.
Gutenberg, 1401 , 1468, German inventor of print- ing and first publisher of the bible.
Alex. Hamilton, born in West Indies 1757; killed in duel by Aaron Burr, 1804, orator, statesman and general in revolutionary war.
W'ade Hampton, of S. C. 1818, Confederate general, governor of S. C. 1876, U. S. senator '78.
Il'infield S. Hancock, 1824, 1886, major-general in late war, prominent in Gettysburg fight, democratic candidate for presidency 1880.
Hannibal, B. C. 247, 183, Carthaginian general subdued the Spaniards, captured Saguntum 219, routed Roman army 216, defeated by Scipio Afri- canus, 202, suicided by poison to escape being pris- oner of the Romans.
Francis Bret Harte, of N. Y. 1839, humoristic writer; consul to a German port, '78, author of "Heathen Chinee," etc.
Warren Hastings, 1732, 1818, British general and statesman, governor-general of India, defeated Hy- der Ali, king of Mysore,
Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804, 1864, Am. author, Twice told tales, Scarlet Letter, Blithedale Romances, etc.
Robert Y. Hayne, 1791, 1840, Am. orator and states- man, opponent of Webster in discussion of constitu- tion, governor of S. C. 1832.
Patrick Henry, 1736, 1799, Am. patriot and orator, in continental congress, governor of Virginia.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1809, Am. physician, auth- or and poet. The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, Elsie Venner, etc.
Homer, B. C. 1000, Greek poet, regarded as one of the greatest. Supposed to have been blind and poor. The Iliad and Odyssey arc prominent text books.
Horace, B. C. '65, Latin poet, Odes, Epist'es and Satires.
Samuel Houston, 1793, 1863, Am. general and states- man, governor of Tennessee '27, commander of Texas forces in revolt against Mexico, captured Santa An- na '36, and elected president of Texas. U. S. sena- tor and governor of Texas.
Washington Irving, of New York, 1783, 1859, auth- or Knickerbocker's History of N. Y. secretary of legation at London '29, minister to Spain '42, 'Bracebridge Hall,' 'Conquest of Grenada,' etc. are among his works.
Stonewall Jackson, of Va. 1824, Confederate gener- al, defeated Banks at Cedar Mountain and captured 10,000 prisoners at Harper's Ferry '62, having recon- noitered with aids beyond his lines near Chancellor- ville he was taken for the approaching enemy and killed by his own troops.
Ben Johnson, 1574, 1637, English poet and dramat- ist, served as a mason, soldier, actor, author of 'Every Man in his humor,' 'Alchemist,' etc. Poet Laureate by James I.
Elisha Kent Kane, 1820, '57, Am. Artic explorer.
La Fayette, 1757, 1834, French general and patriot, aided America 1777, wounded at Brandywine, com- mander of French Nat. Guard, 1789, revisited Am. 1824 and prominent in French Revolution '50.
James Lawrence, 1781, 1813, Am. naval hero, com- manded the Chesapeake, and killed by British frig- ate Shannon off' Boston, exclaiming while dying "Don't give up the ship."
Robert E. Lee, of Va., 1806, '70, chief engineer of Scott's army in Mexico, commander in chief of the Confederate forces. Surrendered at Appomattox April 9, '65.
Henry W. Longfellow, of Maine, 1807, '82 poet, prof. of modern languages at Bowdoin '29, at Har- vard '36, llyperion, Hiawatha, Miles Standish, etc., among his works.
Ignatus de Loyola, 1491, 1566, Spanish founder of the Jesuits.
Martin Luther, of Eisleben, Germany, 1483, 1546, protestant reformer, priest 1507, prof. of philosophy at Wittenberg '08, denounced sale of indulgences '17, translated new testament '22 and old testament '34.
Thos. B. McCauley, 1800; '59, English historian; critic, and essayist.
Geo. B. McClellan, of Pa., 1826, '85, served in Mexican war, engineer Ill. Cen. R. R. '57, command- ed Federal forces '61, democratic candidate for presi- dency '64, afterwards governor of N. J.
Michael Angelo, 1474, 1563, greatest Italian painter, poet, sculptor, architect of St. l'eters church at Rome.
John Milton, 1608, '74, greatest English poet, blind '34, completed 'Paradise Lost' '55.
Mahomet, A D. 569, founder of the Moslem relig- ion and author of the Koran.
Sir Thomas Moore, 1480, 1535, English statesman, philosopher, parliament 1504, author of Utopia '16.
Samuel F. B. Morse, 1791, 1872, Am. inventor of telegraph, constructed first line '44, Washington to Baltimore.
Horatio V. Nelson, 1758, 1805, greatest English na- val commander, killed at Trafalgar where his fleet defeated French and Spanish.
Sir Isaac Newton, 1642, 1727, English philosopher and mathematician, discovered gravitation '67, auth- or of 'Principia.'
Michael Ney, 1750, 1815, French marshal, was call- ed 'bravest of the brave,' had tive horses killed un- der him at battle of Waterloo, was captured after- wards and executed for treason.
191
VALUABLE INFORMATION
William Pitt, 1759, 1806, English statesman and orator, parliament 1780, prime minister 1783.
Thomas Paine, 1737, 1809, patriotical writer and free-thinker, author of "The Crisis," "Age of Rea- son" and other works.
Pocahontas, 1595, 1617, daughter of Chief Pow- hatan an I saved life of Captain John Smith, mar- ried English gentleman Rolfe.
Israel Putnam, 1718, 1790, Am. revolutionary general, prominent at Bunker Hill.
Pythagorus, B. C. 600, 510, Greek philosopher, taught the doctrine of transmigration of souls.
John Randolph, of Va. 1773, 1833, politician and orator, congress 1799, senate 1824, minister to Russia 1830.
Peyton Randolph, of Va., 1723, 1775, president of the first American congress.
Jean Jaques Rousseau, 1712, 1778, French philoso- pher and writer.
Johanne Schiller, 1759, 1805, most popular of German poets.
Sir Walter Scott, 1771, 1832, prominent Scottish novelist and poet.
Wm. H. Seward, 1801, 1872, secretary of State 1861-9, nearly assassinated the same night that Lin- coln was shot, (April 14, 1865).
Horatio Seymour, 1811, 1886, governor ofN. Y. 1852, re-elected 1862,democratic presidential candidate '68.
William Shakespeare, 1564, 1616, greatest Eng- lish dramatist and famous author.
Philip H. Sheridan, 1831, 1888, general in Fcd- eral army and commander-in-chief 1883 till his death.
Henry W. Shaw, (Josh Billings) 1818, 1885, Amer- ican humoristic writer and lecturer.
John Sherman, 1823, secretary of treasury 1877-81, resumed specie payment, prominent senator.
W'm. T. Sherman, 1820, Am. general, made the celebrated 'March to the Sea'; general of army '69.
Capt. John Smith, 1579, 1631, English explorer, founder of Va., first circumnavigator of the globe.
Charles H. Spurgeon, 1834, English pulpit orator and evangelist.
Alex. H. Stevens, of Ga., 1812, '83. statesman, congress 1843, vice-president of the confederacy, au- thor of history U. S. and war between the states.
Thomas Dewit Talmage, 1832, noted preacher in New York city.
Samuel J Tilden, 1814, 1886, governor of N. Y., democratic candidate for president 1876, had popu- lar majority of a quarter million, and was given by the 'electoral commission' 184 of the 369 electoral votes.
' Boss' Tweed, 1823, 1878, politician, mayor of New York, and embezzler.
Matthew Vassar, 1792, 1868; founder of Vassar college.
Voltaire, 1694, 1778, French author, poet, dramat- ist, historian, philosopher and skeptic.
James Watt, 1736, 1819, Scottish engineer and in- ventor, improved and completed steam engine.
Noah Webster, 1758, 1843, spent most of his life as a lexicographer.
Daniel Webster, of N. H., 1782, 1852, lawyer, or- ator, statesman, congress 1812, senate 1828, secretary of state, candidate for president 1834.
Arthur W. Wellington, 1769, 1852, British gen- eral and statesman, parliament 1805, secretary o Ireland 1807, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo 18:5.
John G. Whittier, of Mass., 1807, poet and author of famous ballads.
1
Wm. Wadsworth. 1770, 1850, English poet.
) Ulrich Zwingle, 1484, 1531, Swiss reformer, killed in battle.
STANDING ARMIES.
Italy has an army of 214,000 and 2,475,000 trained men available. France keeps under arms 500,000 men, one-fourth cavalry, has 1,850 field guns and 100 fortress batteries. Germany's land forces are 468,- ooo and she can muster about four times that num- ber .- Austria's standing army numbers 289,000,- The English army 131,000, and in British India 189,- 000. Its navy is 700 ships .- The Russian Empire keeps standing 974,000 and can muster in war time over 2,000,000 .- The Turkish standing ariny has 350,000 men .- China has 300,000 soldiers. Our form of government makes it practicable to maintain peace with a very small force, and we find the U. S. with only about 25,000 regular soldiers.
THE CIVIL WAR.
During the civil war from first to last 2,600,000 men were mustered in by the U. S. There were on duty Jan. Ist, '61, 14,663 Union soldiers, July, '61, 183,588, Jan. '62, 527,204, Jan. '63, 698,802, Jan. '64, 611,250, Jan. '65, 620,924, May '65, 797,807, and about one million on the muster roll at the close of the war. Many of the Union soldiers were mustered in for short periods, and none for longer than three years without re-enlistment.
The Confederate troops were mostly engaged dur- ing the war, and at the close their army numbered but little over 150,000, although 600,000 had been on the muster rolls. The loss from battle on both sides was about 200,000, and from wounds, disease and subsequent deaths, together with those totally dis- abled, foots up nearly four times as many, thus making a sacrifice of nearly a million of men and over eight billions of property, in one of the most remark- able civil wars the world has ever known,
MASON AND DIXON'S LINE.
A name given to the southern boundary line of the Free State of Pennsylvania which formerly sep- arated it from the Slave States of Maryland and Virginia. It was run-with the exception of about twenty-two miles -- by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English mathematicians and surveyors, between Nov. 15, 1763, and Dec. 26, 1767. . During the excited debate in Congress in 1820, on the ques- tion of excluding slavery from Missouri, the eccentric John Randolph of Roanoke made great use of this phrase, which was caught up and re-echoed by every newspaper in the land, and thus gained a celebrity which it still retains.
NEW YORK AND BROOLYN BRIDGE.
First talked of by Colonel Julius W. Adams about 1865; act of incorporation passed April, 1866; survey begun by John A. Roebling, 1869; construction be- gun January 2, 1870; first rope thrown across the river August 14, 1876; Master Mechanic Farrington crossed in a boatswain's chair August 25, 1876; depth of the New York foundation below high water mark, 78 feet 6 inches; depth of the Brooklyn foundation below high water mark, 45 feet. The New York tower contains 46,945 cubic yards of masonry; the Brooklyn tower 38,214; weight of the Brooklyn tower, 93,079 tons; weight of the New York tower, about a third more; size of the towers at high water line, 140x59 feet; at roof course, 136x53 feet; height of tower above high water mark, 276 feet 6 inches; height of roadway in the clear in the middle of the East River, 135 feet; grade of the roadway, 3 feet 3 inches to 100 feet; width of the prom- enade in the center of bridge, 16 feet 7 inches; width for railway on one side of the promenade, [2 feet 10 inches; width of carriageway on the other side of the promenade, 18 feet 9 inches; width of bridge, 85 feet; length of main span, 1,595 feet 6 inches; length of each land span, 930 feet;
192
ERIE COUNTY HISTORY.
Length of the Brooklyn approach 971 feet. Length of the New York approach 1,560 feet. Length of each of the four great cables 3,578 feet 6 inches; di- ameter 15$/ inches; number of steel galvanized wires in each cable 5,434 ; weight of each cable about 800 tons. Ultimate strength of each cable 15,000 tons. Weight of steel in the suspended superstrnc- ture 10,000 tons. Total cost 15,000,000 dollars. Op- ened for traffic in 1883.
RAILWAY SUSPENSION BRIDGE, NIAGARA FALLS.
Engineer, John A. Roebling. Height of towers on American side S8 feet. Height of towers on Canada side 78 feet. Length of bridge 800 feet. Width of bridge 24 feet. Height above the river 250 feet. Number of cables 4. Diameter of cables 10 inches, containing about 4,000 miles of wire. Ultimate ca- pacity of the 4 cables 12,400 tons. Total weight of bridge 800 tons. Distance between railway track and carriage road below 28 feet. Cost of construc- tion 500,000 dollars. Bridge first opened for railway trathic March 8, 1855. Estimated depth of water in the channel beneath the bridge 250 feet. Velocity of current 20 miles per hour. Velocity of Whirlpool Rapids 27 miles per hour. Quantity of water pas- sing through the gore per minute 1,500,000,000 cubic Teet.
NEW CAPITOL BUILDING AT ALBANY, N. Y.
It was decided to erect the New Capitol on the first day of May, 1865. On the ninth day of Decem- ber, 1867, the work of excavation commenced and proceeded to a depth of sixteen feet below the sur- face. On the seventh day of July, 1869, the first stone in the foundation was laid. The corner stone was laid on the twenty-third day of June, 1871. The size is 300 teet north and south by 400 feet east and west, and with the porticoes will cover three acres and seven square feet. The walls are 108 feet high from the water table. Total cost of the build- ing up to February 25th, 1884 was $15,270,000. It is estimated that it will cost at least $6,000,000 more to complete it.
U. S. WEATHER SIGNALS.
White flag indicates clear or fair weather. Blue flag indicates rain or snow. Black, triangular tag always refers to temperature; when placed above white or blue it indicates warmer weather ; when placed below white or blue it indicates cooler weath- er; when not displayed the indications are that the temperature will remain stationary, or that the change will not vary tive degrees from the tempera- ture of the same hour of the preceding day. White flag with black square in center, indicates the ap- proach of a sudden and decided fall in temperature.
The weather predictions are issued at 1 a. m., daily for the twenty-four hours commencing at 7 a. in. These predictions are telegraphed to Signal Service stations, railroads, post-offices, etc.
The cold-wave warnings are telegraphed to the principal stations of the service from twenty-four to forty-eight hours in advance, when it is expected that the temperature will fall decidedly and sud- denly.
HOW TO MEASURE CORN IN CRIB, ETC.
This rule will apply to a crib of any size or kind. Two cubic feet of good sound dry corn in the ear will make a bushel of shelled corn. Then to get the quantity of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, measure the length breadth and height of the crib, inside of the rail, multiply the length by the breadth and the product by the height ; then divide the pro- duct by two and you have the number of bushels of shelled corn in the crib.
To find the number of apples, potatoes, etc. in a bin, multiply the length breadth and thickness to- gether, and this product by 8, and point off' one fig- uro in the product for decimals.
ANTIDOTES FOR POISONS.
In case where the other articles to be used as anti- dotes are not in the house, give two tablespoonfuls of mustard mixed in a pint of warm water. Also give large draughts of warm milk or water mixed with oil butter or lard. If possible give as follows:
For bed-bug poison, blue vitriol, corrosive subli- ment, sugar of lead, sulphate of zinc or red precip- itate-give milk or white of eggs in large quanti- ties.
For Fowler's solution or white percipitate, arsenic -give prompt emetic of mustard and salt-table- spoonful of each; follow with a quantity of sweet oil, butter or milk.
For antimonial wine or tartar emetic-drink warm water to encourage vomiting. If vomiting does not stop give a grain of opium in water.
For oil vitriol, muriatic acid or oxalic acid-Mag- nesia or soap dissolved in water. Giveevery two minutes.
For caustic soda or caustic potash-drink freely of water with vinegar or lemon juice in it.
For carbolic acid-give flour and water or glutin- ous drinks.
For enloral hydrate or chloroform-pour cold wat- er over the head and face, with artificial respiration, galvanic battery.
For carbonate of soda, copperas or cobalt -- prompt emetic ; soap or mucilaginous drinks.
For laudanam, morpinne or opium-strong coffee followed by ground mustard or grease in warm wat- er to produce vomiting. Keep in motion.
For nitrate of silver-give common salt in warm water.
For strychnine or tincture nux vomica-enietic of mustard or sulphate of zinc, aided by warm water.
REMEDIES FOR BURNS AND SCALDS.
Every family should have a preparation of flax- seed oil, chalk and vinegar, about the consistency of thick paint, constantly on hand for burns and scalds. The best application in cases of burns and scalds is a mixture of one part of carbolic acid to eight parts of olive oil. Lint or linen rags are to be saturated in the lotion, and spread smoothly over the burned part, which should then be covered with oil silk or gutta-percha tissue to exclude air.
STRENGTH OF ICE.
Two inches thick-will support a man.
Four inches thick-a man on horseback.
Five inches thick-an eighty-pounder cannon.
Eight inches thick-a battery of artillery.
Ten inches thick-will support an army.
HOW TO MIX INK AND PAINTS FOR TINTS.
Red and black makes. Brown
Lake and white makes Rose Umber and white makes. prab
Whiteand brown makes. Chestnut
Red with light blue makes.
l'urple
Blue with lead color makes Pearl
Carmine with white makes. Pink
Lamp black with indigo makes Silver Grey Lamp black with white makes, Lead color Paris green with white makes .. Light green Yellow ochre and white makes. .Bud
White tinted with purple makes.
French white
Black with chrome green makes .. Dark green Emerald Green with white. Brilliant green Vermilion with chrome yellow .Orange
Yellow with white lead. Straw cuiur White tinted with red and yellow. Cream
Yellow, blue, black and red Olive COMPOSITION OF SOLDERS.
Fine solder is an alloy of two parts of block tin, and one part of lead. Plumbing solder one part of block tin, two parts of lead. Glazing solder is equal parts of block tin and lead.
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