USA > Pennsylvania > The Biographical encyclopedia of Pennsylvania of the nineteenth century. Pt. 1 > Part 4
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appointed to take charge of its journals, papers, and | is an especially strong presentment of the advantages to annual reports. Early in 1872, this society was invited be derived from an American Atlantic steam service, and a splendid illustration of oratory. His Masonic addresses compelled compilation and publication, not alone because of their literary excellence, but because of the historical facts with which they were thickly studded; their charac- ter is very varied, and in book form they make a valuable addition to Masonic literature. The oration which he delivered in 1855, on the fourth commemoration of the landing of the pilgrims of Maryland, has also been pre- served in book form, and may be found in all public libraries; it is rich in historical value. He has always been an carnest practical Christian, and stands high in the Catholic Church, holding among other positions that of President of the Particular Council of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul. Although now at the advanced age of eighty-one, he still continues a persistent zealous laborer in all religious and truly philanthropic undertakings. Not only is he a profound scholar and thinker, but a practical man of the most advanced type. His fame as a political and masonic writer is not confined to this country, but extends over Europe. Unfortunately the elegant and highly moral fugitive pieces upon which he considers his literary reputation is based are lost to the community, never having been collected for publication. to send a representative to the London International Con- gress, held in July of that year. Alive to the wants of the world in the matter of prison administration the society decided to appoint a delegate, and the eminent services of Mr. Chandler singled him out as of all men the most qualified to represent the association. He was accordingly elected, and duly charged to bear with him the opinions and views of the society, to advance them by every means in his power, and he was also authorized to visit and report upon various penal institutions in Great Britain and on the Continent. This mission he fulfilled with an ability and tact reflecting the highest credit upon himself and the society he represented, and securing the high respect of all with whom he came in contact. His report upon the labors of the Convention, and the British and Continental penal establishments, was published among the Transactions of the society, and has justly attracted very general com- mendation. In character it is very comprehensive. With- in a space of a hundred pages he reviews with all the skill of a practised writer the objects and deliberations of the International Convention, accompanying his summary of the proceedings with a series of sound and discriminating criticisms and explanatory remarks of the highest value, as conducing not only to a clear conception of the subjects under consideration, but to an intelligent estimate of the relative value of reformatory suggestions in connection therewith. During his stay in Europe, he visited numer- ous penal establishments in England and France, including Newgate and Coldbath-fields prisons, and the Tottingham Westminster Female prison, in London, the Borough prison, in Liverpool, Ship and other reformatories in Eng- land, the Refuge and Night Asylum for Destitute Ilome- less Boys, in Liverpool, the Roquette and De La Sante prisons, in Paris. Through one and all of these he pro- ceeded in the most systematic manner, his previous ex- perience enabling him to obtain just the information he desired and to make his investigations complete and thorough. In reporting he throws up into a strong light all the favorable features, and shows how they may be introduced into our own prisons; all abuses on the other hand he unsparingly exposes and denounces. The entire document has singular value for all interested in the ques- tion of prison discipline, while evidencing in a marked degree the sterling philanthropy and sound judgment, the rare scholarship and literary taste of the author. As an orator he has always been highly esteemed. Some years ago he would frequently appear before the public in that capacity, and he never failed to deeply impress and please his audience. Some of his speeches in connection with his services in Congress and with the Masonic fraternity, have been preserved in permanent form, and well deserve the honor. That delivered in the House of Representa- tives, in 1852, on the Collins Line of American Steamers,
EWIS, WILLIAM DAVID, Banker and Mer- chant, was born in the village of Christiana, Delaware, September 22d, 1792. He was of Welsh descent through both parents, his grand- father, David Lewis, having emigrated to this country from Wales early in the last century. With others from the same portion of the mother country, he took up and occupied what is still known as the Welsh Tract, in New Castle county, Delaware. His father, Jocl Lewis, born 1750, passed his whole life on and near the ancestral farm. His mother's family, whose surname was Ilughes, were Welsh Friends, who had early settled in the Great Valley in Chester county. His father, although by education a Friend and hence opposed to war, felt it his duty to take up arms in the revolutionary struggle, and for this reason was ruled out of meeting. In 1801, he was appointed United States Marshal for the district of Dela- ware, which office he held until the close of Jefferson's second presidential term, in 1809. His education was obtained at the best schools then in the State, and included besides the English branches, a competent knowledge of Latin and French. When seventeen he commenced his mercantile career in the house of Samuel Archer & Co., then largely engaged in the East India trade. With them he remained until 1814, when his eldest brother, who had settled in St. Petersburg for the transaction of the American commission business, urged him to join him. At that time
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the war with England was in progress and the passage was | self at the head of his command in the battle at Win- by no means secure. Fortunately for Mr. Lewis, he obtained the appointment of private secretary to a com- mission created to treat with England on neutral territory at St. Petersburg. They sailed from New York, February 27, 1814, and after a tempestuous voyage reached Gotten- burg, April 14. Thence they crossed the Gulf of Bothnia on the ice, and travelled post through Finland to St. Petersburg, at that time full of excitement at the news that the allies had triumphed over Napoleon. He at once devoted himself to the acquisition of the Russian tongue, and for that purpose spent some time in Moscow and Iver on the Volga, being hospitably received by the best society in those cities. He then entered his brother's house, and except one year passed in making the tour of Western Europe, and two business visits to the United States, con- tinued a resident of the Russian capital until August, 1824, when he returned permanently to his native land. As a literary record of his sojourn in Russia he subsequently published a small volume of metrical translations from the Russian poets, entitled The Bachesarian Fountain, being the first translation from that tongue ever published by an American. On his return he engaged in the im- porting and commission business, in which he continued until 1832, when he was elected cashier of the Girard Bank, which position he retained unta it went into liquida- tion, in 1842. The railroad system early attracted his attention. He was a director in the New Castle and French- town Railroad, built in 1831-2, believed to be the second road on which locomotives were employed to carry pas- sengers. The engines were built by Stephenson & Co., in England, none at that time being constructed in this country. He was also one of the first directors of the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad, and of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. As a director of the Philadelphia Exchange Company he took a prominent part in the erection of the Merchant's Exchange building ; and for ten years, commencing in 1829, was a director in the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society, one of the earliest institutions of the kind in this country. Ile was also director of the Academy of Fine Arts, and for a short time its President; and subsequently (1854) President of the Catawissa Railroad Company, and Treas- urer of the Williamsport and Elmira Railroad Company. In May, 1849, he was appointed by President Taylor, Collector of Customs for the Port of Philadelphia, which he retained until the administration of President Pierce, in March, 1853. About 1855, he retired from active busi- ness pursuits, but did not forfeit his interest in the public prosperity. During the war of the Rebellion he was a prominent member of the Union League, and dedicated his only son to his country's service. Colonel Lewis went out in command of the ISth Pennsylvania Volunteers, under the first call of the President, and subsequently of the moth Pennsylvania Volunteers. He di-anguished him.
chester, and numerous others. For these services he was brevetted Brigadier-General. His arduous duties and con- stant devotion undermined his health, and after long strug- gling with the debility induced by his campaigns, he finally yielded to them, in 1872. Mr. Lewis married, in 1825, Sarah Claypoole, the daughter of Abraham G. Claypoole, a gallant soldier of the Revolution, who had served upon the , staff of General Washington. After forty-five years of married life she died in 1870, leaving the son whose career we have just sketched, and four daughters. At a ripe old age he now lives in retirement at his country-seat near Florence, New Jersey.
TLEE, WASHINGTON LIGHT, Physician, born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, February 22, 180S, was the youngest son of William Pitt Atlee, and grandson of the Hon. William Augustus Atlee, one of the early judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, his term extending from 1777 to 1793. ITis maternal grandfather was Major John "Light, an officer in the Revolutionary war. As early as fourteen years of age he was placed in a dry goods store, but dissatisfied with the prospect of a commercial life, he entered after eighteen months the office of his brother, Dr. John. L. Atlee, of Lancaster. He there devoted his time. to the study of the classics, natural sciences, and the preliminaries of his profession. He received his diploma in 1829, from the' Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 'in which city he was a private pupil in the office of George Mcclellan, M. D., Professor of Surgery. Soon after graduation he married Miss Ann Eliza Hoff, of Lancaster, and settled in the village of Mount Joy. Here he organ . ized a temperance society, delivered lectures on various scientific topics, and pursued the study of botany. In the autumn of 1834, he returned to his native city, and for ten years devoted himself with ardor and success to the prac- tice of his profession and the pursuit of some of its higher and more abstract departments. Among the latter should be mentioned the remarkable series of experiments carried out at his suggestion on the body of an executed criminal, named Thoselman, reported in the American Journal of Medical Science, for 1840. . An invitation to fill the chair of Medical Chemistry in the Medical Department of Penn- sylvania College at Philadelphia, led to his removal to that city, in 1845. He soon became engaged in an exten- sive private practice, which increased so rapidly that, in 1853, he resigned the professorship, and since that time, has given his whole attention to the demands of his patients. This has not prevented him, however, from taking a warm interest in the general welfare of the pro- fession, and he is well-known as an active member of the county and state medical societies, and the American
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Medical Association. A brilliant extempore speaker and an able debater, his weight has always been cast in favor of a higher medical education and a broad and liberal con- struction of the rights and duties of medical life. As a practitioner, he is most famous for his advocacy of our striking success in the difficult operation of ovariotomy. Commencing its performance and defending its propriety at a period when hardly another surgeon in the land dared support him, he has triumphantly vindicated its merits by | years, numerous surgical articles in the American Journal the statistics of nearly two hundred and fifty cases in his own hands, a large part of them successful in all respects. But one other operator in the world has surpassed him in the experience of such cases, and now all enlightened surgeons recognize it as an invaluable resort in the despe- rate cases to which it is applicable. As an author he has contributed numerous scientific articles to the American Journal of Science and Arts, the American Journal of Medical Sciences, the Medical and Surgical Reporter, and the Transactions of various medical associations; the Prize Essays of the American Medical Association, in 1853, included one written by him; and quite recently (1872) he has summed up his extended experience in a volume on Ovariotomy.
lawyer.
MITH, HENRY H., M. D., Emeritus Professor of Surgery in the Medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, was born in Phila- delphia, December 10, 1815. His father, James S., was one of six brothers, all of whom lived beyond eighty years, and was distinguished as a Henry was educated in Wylie and Engles' well- known Classical Academy ; graduated from the Collegiate department of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1834; studied medicine with Professor William E. Horner, and was graduated in medicine from the University, in 1837. He was Resident Surgeon of the Pennsylvania Hospital two years, under Thomas Harris Randolph, and then, leaving this country on professional ends, visited the London and Paris Hospitals, in 1839; spent eighteen months in various European institutions, and on his return, in 1841, commenced instructing private classes in Surgery and delivering lectures on surgical and medical topics. In October, 1843, he was married to Mary Edmunds, oldest child of Professor William E. Horner, by whom he has four sons and a daughter. He is especially dis- tinguished as an author and critic in medical literature. He commenced this career in 1841, with the translation of a Treatise on the Medical and Prophylactic treatment of Stone and Gravel, by the distinguished French Surgeon, Civiale, D. M. P. In 1843, he published an Anatomical Atlas, to illustrate Horner's Special Anatomy, and the next year a treatise on Minor Surgery, that has been republished in 1846, 1850, and 1859. His System of Op ative Surgery,
with a very extended and admirable bibliographical index to the writings and operations of American Surgeons for a term of two hundred and thirty-four years, was first issued in 1852, and re-issued in 1859. In 1855, he gave the profession an essay On the Treatment of Disunited Frac- tures by means of Artificial Limbs; and followed it the next year with the Practice of Surgery, in two octavo volumes. He also published in these and subsequent
of the Medical Sciences, and other leading professional periodicals. Chosen one of the Surgeons of the St. Joseph's Hospital, Philadelphia, in 1849, and Surgeon of the Epis- copal Ilospital soon after, he was elected one of the Surgical staff of the Blockley Almshouse Hospital, 1854; and having been for several years Assistant Lecturer on Clinical Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, he was chosen Professor of Surgery there in May, 1855. In all of these various positions he was constantly engaged in performing the most important and often capital opera- tions; while a large private practice enable many to profit by the fruits of a singularly extended and well-grounded experience. At the commencement of the rebellion he was selected by the Governor of the Commonwealth to organize the Hospital Department of Pennsylvania that had been authorized by the Legislature. And at the same time, Governor Curtin appointed him Surgeon-General of Pennsylvania, with the same military rank held by the Surgeon-General of the United States-Colonel. He contributed much to the efficiency of the medical service of the Pennsylvania Reserves and other State regiments in this capacity. He inaugurated the plan of removing the wounded from the battle-field to large hospitals, after the first battle at Winchester, between General Shields and "Stonewall" Jackson, sending many to Philadelphia, Reading, Harrisburg, and other places. He- won the warmest thanks of uncounted relatives, by inaugurating the system of embalming the dead at nearly the same time. No act in the medical and hospital department of the army won more praise than was at the time and has since been awarded to this. He also organized and directed a corps of Surgeons under Pennsylvania authority, at the siege of Yorktown, with steamers as floating hospitals. They were furnished with stores by private contributions. He assisted Dr. Tripler and the General Government with advice in furnishing similar hospitals. He participated in the surgery following the battles of Williamsburg, West Point, Fair Oaks, and Coal Harbor, and rendered the greatest service in directing and aiding after the bloody bat- tle of Antietam. Having seen the department thoroughly organized and efficient, he was constrained to heed the calls of private practice, and resigned his commission as Surgeon-General, in October, 1862, and has since been actively employed in ordinary professional duty. IIe re- signed the professorate of Surgery in the University, in March, 1871, after thirty years tenure, and was elected
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Professor Emeritus. As a lecturer he is styled " excellent | and unexceptionable in his style of speaking-quiet, fluent, self-possessed, systematic, and thorough." As a surgeon he is very considerate of final results, and so, successful. Ife apparently has years of usefulness before him, and devotes himself to surgery with all the zeal of youth and wisdom of age.
RYSDALE, THOMAS M., Physician, the sixth son of William Drysdale, was born in Philadel- phia, August 31st, 1831. His ancestors were Scotch Covenanters, his uncle, the Rev. Alex- ander Duff, being the distinguished missionary of the Scotch Presbyterian Church. He re- ceived his preliminary education at the schools of the Rev. Joseph P. Engles, and the Rev. Samuel Crawford, under whose tuition he was prepared for the University of Penn- sylvania. Failing health, however, prevented the com- pletion of his studies, and he was sent by his physician, Dr. James Rush, to the country, where he remained until his health was re-established. At the age of seventeen he became a member of the Presbyterian Church, in West Philadelphia, of which his brother, the Rev. Walter Drys- dlale, was pastor. Early in life he had determined to devote himself to the study of medicine, and, encouraged by an improved state of health, he accepted a position in a drug store in order to become familiar with the science of Pharmacy. Soon after he entered upon a course of medical instruction in the office of Dr. Washington L. Atlee, who, at that time, occupied the Chair of Chemistry, in the Pennsylvania Medical College. In connection with the office instruction under this distinguished surgeon, he attended lectures at the college, and became the assistant of his preceptor in his laboratory, of which he had full charge during the last two years of his college life. He graduated in 1852, making the subject of his thesis Liebig's theory of Animal Heat, which he supported and proved to be correct by a carefully conducted series of experi- ments made upon himself with nitrogenous and non- nitrogenous articles of food. After graduating, his health again failing, he made a pedestrian tour of his native State in company with a professional friend. This proved of great service, and he returned, invigorated, to pursue with increased ardor the studies connected with his profession. In 1853, Dr. Drysdale became associated with Dr. A. Owen Stille and Dr. W. Kent Gilbert in the examination of students ; subsequently he united with Dr. Wm. Gobrecht, now Professor of Anatomy in the Medical College of Ohio, and Dr. J. Aiken Meigs, now Professor of Physiology in the Jefferson Medical College, and engaged in the examin- ation of students connected not only with the Pennsylvania Medical College but with other similar institutions. In 1855, he was elected to fill the chair of Chemistry in the Wagner Institute of Science, made vacant by the resigna-
tion of Professor Rand. Here he attracted large audiences, but was compelled to resign the position and devote him- self exclusively to the duties of a rapidly increasing prac- tice. In 1861, he performed successfully his first operation of Ovariotomy, an operation which, at that time, was re- garded with disfavor by the medical profession. In 1862, he delivered a course of lectures on the Microscope at the Franklin Institute, which reflected much credit on liis abilities as a lecturer and a microscopist. The study of the microscope had early claimed his careful attention, and notwithstanding the variety of professional duties which crowded upon him, he continued to pursue micro- scopical investigations, especially of the fluids of dropsies, adding important facts to the knowledge of the profession upon subtle points in discussion among physicians. Of the valuable papers contributed by him to the various medical journals of the day, the most important has been a monograph upon Dropsical Fluids embodying the results of the chemical and microscopical examination of several hundred specimens. IIe is a deep thinker and an earnest worker in his profession; exact as a microscopist; skilful as a surgeon, and able as a writer; yet it is his medical tact, his readiness and exactness in diagnosis, and his skill in selecting his remedies that have won him his wide repu- tation. Dr. Drysdale is of slight build, light hair, and fair complexion ; his manner is eminently calculated to please in the sick: room, where his ready sympathies and prompt attention have won him hosts of life-long friends. Dr. Drysdale married Miss Mary L. Atlee, second daughter of his preceptor, in October, 1857.
LANDERS, HENRY, Author and Admiralty Law . yer, of Philadelphia, was born Plainfield, Sulli- van county, New Hampshire, February 13, 1826. His father, Charles Flanders, Esq., graduated at Harvard College, in the class of 1808. After leaving college he prepared himself for the pro- fession of the law, and, as is stated in the Necrology of Alumni of that institution, he soon rose to distinction, and for nearly fifty years was distinguished as an honored member of the New Hampshire bar, as an able lawyer, a safe counsellor, and an honest man. Mr. Flanders, the subject of our sketch, was educated at home, at Kimball's Academy, and at the Seminary in Newbury, Vermont. The latter institution was at the time under the charge of Professor (afterwards Bishop) Baker, and Professors Good- ale and Hinman. His studies for his profession were pursued chiefly in the office of his father. Before his ad- mission to practice, he passed one or two years in the South. In 1850, he removed to Philadelphia, where he has since continued to reside. As an Admiralty lawyer he occupies an elevated rank, the profession esteeming him one of the ablest in the country. He has found time, amid the
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pressure of his business, to devote attention to authorship. The following is a list of his published works, viz. : I. A Treatise on Maritime Law, Boston, 1852; 2. A Treatise on the Law of Shipping, Philadelphia, 1853; 3. A Treatise on the Principles of Insurance, Philadelphia, 1871. These works, written with great ability and in a lucid and graceful style, have taken their places as acknowl- edged authorities on the subjects of which they treat, and have received the highest ecomiums from the legal press. In 1855 and 1858, he published in two series, The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States, from Fay to Marshall. It is written with singular beauty, and, besides containing a faithful record of the lives of its illus- trious subjects, it is interspersed with many stirring inci- dents which contribute to render it an extremely fascinating work. In 1856, he published Memoirs of Cumberland, and in 1860, an Exposition of the Constitution of the United Siates.
AREY, HENRY C., Political Economist, was born 15th of December, 1793, in the city of Philadelphia. In 1819, he became a partner in the book-publishing business with his father, Matthew Carey, and, in 1821, his successor ; continuing the pursuit as leading partner, first in the firm of Carey & Lea, and subsequently, in that of Carey, Lea, & Carey, until the year 1838. In 1824, he initiated the system of periodical trade sales, now an es- tablished method of exchange between publishers. In- heriting an inclination to investigations in political economy, and occupied with business congenial to his favorite study, he commenced his long carcer of discovery and of author- ship by the publication, in 1835, of an Essay on the Rate of Wages, with an Examination of the Differences in the Condition of the Laboring Population throughout the World. This work was substantially absorbed and ex- panded in his Principles of Political Economy, of three octavo volumes, published successively in 1837, 1838, and 1840, and subsequently republished in Italian, at Turin, and in Swedish at Upsal. The central and pivotal propo- sition of this work, to be known thereafter as Carey's Law of Distribution, surprised European economists not more by its novelty than by the force of its demonstration. Twelve years later, the distinguished French economist, Fred. Bastiat, in his Harmonies Economiques, adopted the Principles of Carey-as Professor Ferrara, of the Univer- sity of Turin, expressed the coincidence -" in theory, ideas, order, reasoning and even in figures." In the dis- cussions that since have followed, its fundamental principle is known to the readers of his work as his theory of " labor value." , Marking as it does a grand epoch in the history of the science, it is entitled to the following con- densed expressions :
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