USA > Pennsylvania > Bucks County > The history of Bucks County, Pennsylvania : from the discovery of the Delaware to the present time > Part 85
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pusilla, Nutt. (Small Arrow-head.) Bristol, I. C. Martindale.
HYDROCHARIDACEÆ.
ANACHARIS, Richard. canadensis, Planchon. (Water weed.) VALISNERIA, Micheli. spiralis, L. (Eel Grass.) Along the Delaware.
ORCHIDACEA.
ORCHIS, L. spectabilis, L. (Showy Orchis.) Spar- ingly thronghout.
HABENARIA, Willd. R. Br.
tridentata, Hook. (Three-toothed Ha- benaria. Near Point Pleasant.
virescens, Spreng. (Green Orchis.) Frequent in upper districts ; Buck- ingham swamp, rare.
lacera, R. Br. (Ragged-fringed Orchis.) Frequent in upper districts.
23
FLORA OF BUCKS COUNTY.
psycodes, Gray. (Purple Orchis.) Fre- SISYRINCHIUM, L.
quent in upper districts.
cristata, R. Br. (Crested Orchis.) At- tleborough, I. C. Martindale.
GOODYERA, R. Br.
pubescens, R. Br. (Rattlesnake Plan-) tain.
SPIRANTHES, Richard.
latifolia, Torr. (Ladies' Tresses.) An- dalusia, I. C. Martindale.
cernua, Richard. (Nodding Ladies' Tresses.)
gracilis, Bigelow. (Slender Ladies' Tresses.)
POGONIA, Juss.
ophioglossoides, Nutt. (Pogonia.) Bogs in Trap rock region.
pendula, Lindl. (Pendulous Pogonia.) Near Quakertown.
verticillata, Nutt. (Whorled Pogonia.) Springfield ; Andalusia, I. C. Mar- tindale.
CALOPOGON, R. Br.
pulchellus, R. Br. (Calopogon.) Bogs in Springfield.
LIPARIS, Richard.
liliifolia, Richard. (Twayblade.) Spar- ingly throughout.
CORALLORHIZA, Haller.
odontorhiza, Nutt. (Coral Root.) Fre- quent in upper districts.
multiflora, Nutt. (Many-flowered Coral Root.) Rich woods; Haycock rare. APLECTRUM, Nutt.
hyemale, Nutt. (Adam-and-Eve.) Hay- cock ; Rockhill.
CYPRIPEDIUM, L.
parviflorum, Salisb. (Small Yellow Lady's Slipper.) Upper districts rare.
pubescens, Willd. (Yellow Lady's Slip- per.) Sparingly in upper districts. acaule, Ait. (Purple Lady's Slipper.) Sparingly in upper districts.
AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
NARCISSUS, L. pseudo-narcissus, L. (Daffodil.) Es- caped in many places. HYPOXYS, L. erecta, L. (Star Grass.) HÆMODORACEÆ.
ALETRIS, L.
farinosa. L. (Colic Root.) Middle and lower districts. IRIDACEÆ.
IRIS, L. versicolor, L. (Blue Flag.)
Virginica, L. (Slender Blue Flag.) Sparingly in middle townships. PARDANTHUS, Ker. Chinensis, Ker. (Blackberry Lily.) Common in Haycock and Rockhill.
Bermudiana, L. var. anceps, Gray. (Blue-eyed Grass.)
Bermudiana, L. var. mucronatum, Gray
DIOSCOREACEÆ.
DIOSCOREA, Plumier. villosa, L. (Wild Yam.) SMILACEA.
SMILAX, Tourn. rotundifolia L. (Green Brier.)
glauca, Walt. (Smooth Smilax.) Near Point Pleasant.
hispida, Muhl. (Bristly Smilax.) Trap rock region. herbacea, L. (Carrion-flower.)
LILIACEAE.
TRILLIUM, L.
erectum, L. (Purple Birth-root.) Nock- amixon rocks.
cernuum, L. (Wake Robin.) Along the Delaware ; Springfield; Milford. MEDEOLA, Gronov.
Virginica, L. (Indian Cucumber-root.) MELANTHIUM, Gronov, L.
Virginicum L. (Bunch Flower.) Mid- dle and upper districts.
VERATRUM, Tourn. viride, Ait. (White Hellebore.) AMIANTHUM, Gray.
muscætoxicum, Gray. (Fly Poison.) Bensalem, I. C. Martindale.
CHAMÆLIRIUM, Willd. luteum, Gray. (Blazing Star.)
UVULARIA, L. perfoliata, L. (Bellwort.) sessilifolia, L. (Sessile Bellwort.)
CONVALLARIA, L. majalis, L. (Lily-of-the-Valley.) Es- caped in Rockhill; Doctor Joseph Thomas.
SMILACINA, Desf. racemosa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) stellata, Desf. (Stellate False Spike- nard.) Wyker's island.
bifolia, Ker. (Two-leaved Solomon's Seal.)
POLYGONATUM, Tourn. biflorum, Ell. (Solomon's Seal.)
giganteum, Dictrich. (Great Solomon's Seal.) Along the Delaware.
ASPARAGUS, L.
officinalis, L. (Asparagus.) Escaped from gardens.
LITIUM, L.
Philadelphicum, L. (Orange-red Lily.) Common in middle and upper dis- tricts.
Canadense, L. (Yellow Lily.) Fre- quent throughout.
superbum, L. (Turk's Cap Lily.) An- dalusia to Bristol, I. C. Martindale.
24
FLORA OF BUCKS COUNTY.
ERYTHRONIUM, L.
Americanum, Smith. (Dog's-tooth Vio- let.)
ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn.
umbellatum, L. (Star of Bethlehem.) ALLIUM, L.
tricoccum, Ait. (Wild Leek.) Milford, Bedminster.
vineale, L. (Field Garlic.)
Canadense, Kalm. (Wild Garlic.) Fre- quent throughout.
MUSCARI, Tourn.
Botryoides, Mill. (Grape Hyacinth.) Escaped in many places.
HEMEROCALLIS, L.
fulva, L. (Day Lily.) Thoroughly es- tablished. JUNCACEA.
LUZULA, D. C.
pilosa, Willd. (Hairy Woodrush.) Mil- ford. campestris, D. C. (Woodrush.)
JUNCUS, L. effusus, L. (Soft Rush.)
marginatus, Rostkovius. Rush.) (Margined
bufonius, L. (Toad Rush.)
tnuis, Willd. (Slender Rush.)
aeuminatus, Michx. var. debilis, Gray. c(Pointed Rush.) Opposite Trenton. acuminatus, Michx. var. legitimus, Gray. scripoides, Lam. var. macrostemon, Gray. Neshaminy, I. C. Martindale.
Canadensis, J. Gray. var. longicanda- tus, Gray. PONTEDERIACEA.
PONTEDERIA, L.
cordata, L. (Pickerel Weed.) Frequent throughout.
HETERANTHERA, R. and Pav.
reniformis, R. and Pav. (Mud Plan- tain.) SCHOLLERA, Schreber. graminea, Willd. (Water Star Grass.) Along the Delaware; Neshaminy, I. C. Martindale.
COMMELYNACEA.
COMMELYNA, Dill.
Virginica, L. (Day Flower.) Lower Delaware.
TRADESCANTIA, L.
Virginica, L. (Spider Wort.) XYRIDACEAE.
XYRIS, L. flexuosa, Muhl. Chapm. (Yellow-eyed Grass.) Springfield ; Bristol, I. C. Martindale.
ERIOCAULONACEA.
ERIOCAULON, L. septangulare, Withering. (Pipe Wort.) Bristol, I. C. Martindale.
CYPERACEAE.
CYPERUS, L.
flavescens, L. (Yellow Gallingale.) Near Bristol, I. C. Martindale.
diandrus, Torr. (Common Cyprus.)
inflexus, Muhl. (Small Galingale.) Near Point Pleasant.
phymatodes, Muhl.
strigosus, L. (Rough Galingale.)
filiculmis, Vahl. (Slender Galingale.) Along Delaware.
DULICHIUM, Richard.
spathaceum, Pers. (Dulichium.)]
HEMICARPHA, Nees.
subsquarrosa, Nees. (Hemicarpha.) Near Point Pleasant, growing with Cy- perus-inflexus.
ELEOCHARIS, R. Br.
obtusa, Schultes. (Spike Rush.)
palustris, R. Br. (Swamp Spike Rush.) intermedia, Schultes. (Reclining Spike Rush.) Near Point Pleasant.
tenuis, Schultes. (Slender Spike Rush.) acicularis, R. Br. ( Pigmy Spike Rush.) SCIRPUS, L.
planifolius, Muhl. (Wood Club Rush.) Rather infrequent.
pungens, Vahl. (Sharp Club Rush.) Along Delaware.
validus, Vahl. (Bulrush.)
debilis, Pursh. (Weak Club Rush.) Marshy streams throughout.
atrovirens, Muhl. (Blackish-green Club Rush.)
polyphyllus, Vahl. (Many-leaved Club Rush.) North-western townships. eriophorum, Michx. (Wool Grass.) ERIOPHORUM, L.
Virginicum, L. (Cotton Grass.) Bogs in Springfield.
gracile, Koch. (Slender Cotton Grass.) Frequent in bogs, in upper districts. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl.
autumnalis, Rom. & Schult. (Fimbris- tylis.)
copillaris, Gray. (Slender Fimbristylis.) Along the Delaware.
RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. alba, Vahl. (White Beak Rush.) Clay bogs in upper districts. glomerata, Vahl. (Beak Rush.)
SCLERIA, L. triglomerata, Michx. (Nut Rush.) Nock- amixon. CAREX, L. polytrichoides, Muhl.
Wildenovii, Schk. Nockamixon, T. C. Porter. bromoides, Schk. Common in bogs.
vulpinoidea, Michx. stipata, Muhl. sparganioides, Muhl. cephalophora, Muhl.
25
FLORA OF BUCKS COUNTY.
Muhlenbergii, Schk. Not infrequent. rosea, Schk.
rosea, Schk. var. minor, Gray. Near Sellersville, C. D. Fretz.
retroflexa, Muhl. Frequent in Trap rock region.
canescens, L. Andalusia, I. C. Martin- dale.
stellulata, L. var. scirpoides, Gray. In bogs upper districts. scoparia, Schk.
lagopodioides, Schk. Bogs near Quaker- town ; lower end, I. C. Martindale. cristata, Schw. Near Quakertown.
adusta, Boott. var. minor. Andalusia, probably conveyed in ballast, I. C. Martindale.
straminea, Schk.
torta, Boott. var. composita, Porter. Nockamixon rocks, T. C. Porter.
aperta, Boott. Deep run in Bedminster. stricta, Lam. var. strictior, Boott. crinita, Lam.
limosa, L. Peat-bog near Sellersville. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Frequent in upper districts.
panicea, L. Sellersville, C. D. Fretz. tetanica, Schk. Frequent in upper dis- tricts. granularis, Muhl.
conoidea, Schk. Frequent in upper townships. grisea, Wahl.
glaucodea, Tuckerman. Nockamixon rocks, T. C. Porter.
Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Near Pipersville ; rare. gracillima, Schw. virescens, Muhl. triceps, Michx.
plantaginea, Lam From Nockamixon, T. C. Porter, to Point Pleasant. platyphylla, Carey. Haycock; Nocka- mixon, T. C. Porter.
digitalis, Willd. Bensalem, I. C. Mar- tindale. Jaxiflora, Lam.
laxiflora, Lam. var. plantaginea, Boott. Frequent.
laxiflora, Lam. var. blanda, Boott.
laxiflora, Lam. var. intermedia, Boott. pedunculata, Muhl. Near Quakertown. umbellata, Schk. Nockamixon rocks, T. C. Porter. Emmonsii, Dew. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Especially in Trap rock region. varia, Muhl. pubescens, Muhl. Near Quakertown. miliacea, Muhl. Sparingly throughout. scabrata, Schw. Extreme north-western limit. debilis, Michx. Not infrequent. lanuginosa, Michx.
A4
vestita, Willd. Sandy woods near Quak- ertown.
polymorpha, Muhl. Opposite Trenton. riparia, Curtis. Bogs near Quakertown and in Springfield.
trichocarpa, Muhl. Bogs near Quaker- town.
comosa, Boott. Bogs in Springfield and near Quakertown.
hystricina, Willd. tentaculata, Muhl.
intumescens, Rudge. Frequent in bogs throughout.
lupulina, Muhl. Frequent in upper dis- tricts ; Bensalem, I. C. Martindale.
squarrosa, L. Very common near Quak- ertown; frequent throughout.
monile, Tuckerman. Sellersville, C. D. Fretz. longirostris, Torr. Nockamixon rocks, A. P. Garber.
GRAMINEÆ.
LEERSIA, Solander.
Virginica, Willd. (White Grass.) oryzoides, Swartz. (Rice Grass.)
ZIZANIA, Gronov. aquatica, L. (Indian Rice.) Lower Delaware, I. C. Martindale.
PHELUM, L. pratnsse, L. (Timothy.) CRYPSIS, Ait.
schænoides, Lam. (Crypsis.) Bensalem, I. C. Martindale.
VILFA, Adans. Beauv. vaginæflora, Torr. (Rush Grass.) AGROSTIS, L.
perennans, Tuckerm. (Thin Grass.)
scabra, Willd. (Hair Grass.)
vulgaris, With. (Red Top.) alba, L. (White Bent Grass.) Meadows near Plumsteadville.
CINNA, L. arundinacea, L. (Wood Reed Grass.) Frequent throughout.
MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. sobolifera, Trin. Mexicana, Trin.
sylvatica, Torr. & Gray. Wildenovii, Trin. diffusa, Schreber. (Nimble Will.)
BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv.
aristatum, Beauv. Rocky woods ; not common.
ORYZOPSIS, Michx.
melanocarpa, Muhl. (Mountain Rice.) Rocky woods middle and upper dis- tricts.
STIPA, L. avenacea, L. (Black Oat Grass.) Near Andalusia, I. C. Martindale.
ARISTIDA, L. dichotoma, Michx. (Poverty Grass.) gracilis, Ell.
26
FLORA OF BUCKS COUNTY.
purpurascens, Poir. Near Point Pleas- ant. ELEUSINE, Gærtn. Indica, Gærtn. (Wire Grass.)
TRICUSPIS, Beauv.
seslerioides, Torr. (Tall Red Top.) Sparingly throughout.
DACTYLIS. glomerata, L. (Orchard Grass.)
EATONIA, Raf.
obtusata, Gray. Andalusia, I. C. Mar- tindale.
Pennsylvanica, Gray.
GLYCERIA, R. Br.
Canadensis, Trin. (Rattlesnake Grass.) Bogs near Quakertown; Bensalem, I. C. Martindale.
elongata, Trin. Bogs in Milford. nervata, Trin.
pallida, Trin. Near Quakertown ; Ben- salem, I. C. Martindale.
fluitans, R. Br. Frequent throughout. acutiflora, Torr. Lower end, I. C. Mar- tindale.
POA, L.
annua, L. (Lower Spear Grass.) compressa, L. (Blue Grass.)
pratensis, L. (Meadow Grass.)
trivialis, L. (Rough Meadow Grass.) sylvestris, Gray. Nockamixon rocks, A. P. Garber.
brevifolia, Muhl. Near Pipersville; rocks near Point Pleasant.
ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.
reptans, Nees. Delaware river.
poæoides, Beauv. Bensalem, I. C. Mar- tindale.
poæoides, Beauv. var. megastahya, Gray. Along the Delaware. pilosa, Beauv.
pectinacea, Gray. Lower end, I. C. Martindale.
pectinacea, Gray. var. spectabilis, Gray. FESTUCA, L.
tenella, Willd. Andalusia, I. C. Martin- dale.
ovina, L. var. duriuscula, Gray. (Sheep's Fescue.) Andalusia, I. C. Martindale. elatior, L. (Meadow Fescue.)
nutans, Willd. (Nodding Fescue.) BROMUS, L. secalinus, L. (Cheat.) racemosus, L.
citiatus, L. var. purgans, Gray. Near Quakertown.
UNIOLA, L.
gracilis, Michx. (Spike Grass.) Near Bristol, I. C. Martindale.
LOLIUM, L. perenne, L. (Darnel.)
TRITICUM, L. repens, L. (Couch Grass.) ELYMUS, L.
Virginicus, L. (Wild Rye.) Canadensis, L.
Canadensis, L. var. glaucifolia, Gray. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. Hystrix, Schreb. (Bottle Brush Grass.)
DANTHONIA, D. C. spicata, Beauv. (Wild Oat Grass.)
TRISETUM, Pers. palustre, Torr. (Bogs in Milford ; Ben- salem, I. C. Martindale.
HOLCUS, L. lanatus, L. (Velvet Grass.)
ANTHOXANTHUM, L.
odoratum, L. (Sweet Vernal Grass.)
PHALARIS, L. Canariensis, L. (Canary Grass.) Ben- salem, I. C. Martindale.
arundinacea, L. (Reed Canary Grass.) PASPALUM, L.
setaceum, Michx. læve, Michx.
PANICUM, L. filiforme, L. (Slender Panic Grass.)
glabrum, Gaudin. (Smooth Crab Grass.) Sparingly in waste grounds. sanguinale, L. (Crab Grass.)
anceps, Michx.
agrostoides, Spring.
proliferum, Lam.
capillare, L. (Old Witch Grass.)
virgatum, L. Along the Delaware.
latifolium, L.
clandestinum, L.
microcarpon, Muhl. Along the Dela- ware. dichotomum, L.
depauperatum, Muhl. Common in mid- dle and upper districts.
Crus-galli, L. (Barnyard Grass.)
SETARIA, Beauv.
verticillata, Beauv. Bensalem, I. C. Martindale.
viridis, Beauv. (Fox Tail.)
glauca, Beauv. (Common Fox Tail.)
CENCHRUS, L. tribuloides, L. (Bur Grass.) Spreading inland from the Delaware.
ERIANTHUS, Michx.
alopecuroides, Ell. (Wooly Beard Grass.) Andalusia, I. C. Martindale. ANDROPOGON, L. furcatus, Muhl. (Beard Grass.)
scoparius, Michx.
Virginicus, L. Near Quakertown; Sel lersville, C. D. Fretz.
SORGHUM, Pers. nutans, Gray. (Indian Grass.)
27
FLORA OF BUCKS COUNTY.
SERIES II.
CRYPTOGAMOUS, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
CLASS III. ACROGENS. EQUISETACEÆ.
EQUISETUM, L.
arvense, L. (Common Horse Tail.) sylvaticum, L. (Wood Horse Tail.) Frequent in bogs in upper districts. · limosum, L. Bogs near Quakertown. hyemale, L. (Scouring Rush.) FILICES.
POLYPODIUM, L. vulgare, L. (Polypody.)
ADIANTUM, L. pedatum, L. (Maidenhair.)
PTERIS, L. aquilina, L. (Common Brake.)
CHEILANTHES, Swartz.
vestita, Swartz. (Lip Fern.) Near Pip- ersville; Neshaminy, I. C. Martin- dale.
WOODWARDIA, Smith. Virginica, Smith. (Chain Fern.) Bris- tol, Mr. Diffenbaugh.
ASPLENIUM, L. Trichomanes, L. ebeneum, Ait.
thelypteroides, Michx. Sparingly in upper districts. Felix-fœmina, Bernh.
CAMPTOSORUS, Link. rhizophyllus, Link. (Walking Leaf.) PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. hexagonoptera, Fee. (Beech Fern.) ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Thelypteris, Swartz. Noveboracense, Swartz. spinulosum, Swartz. var. intermedium, Gray. cristatum, Swartz. Bogs in Haycock. Goldianum, Hook. Milford, in bogs. marginale, Swartz. acrostichoides, Swartz.
CYSTOPTERIS, Bernh. bulbifera, Bernh. Ravines in upper districts. fragilis, Bernh.
ONOCLEA, L. sensibilis, L. (Sensitive Fern.)
WOODSIA, R. Brown. obtusa, Torr. Ilvensis, R. Br. Nockamixon, T. C. Porter. DICKSONIA, L' Her. punctilobula, Kunze.
LYGODIUM, Swartz. palmatum, Swartz. (Climbing Fern.) Near Newtown, Doctor S. Parry.
OSMUNDA, L. regalis, L. (Flowering Fern.) Claytoniana, L. cinnamomea, L. (Cinnamon Fern.)
BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Virginicum, Swartz. (Moonwort.)
lunarioides, Swartz. lunarioides, Swartz. var. oliquum, Gray. lunarioides, Swartz. var. dissectum, Gray.
LYCOPODIACEÆ.
LYCOPODIUM, L., Spring.
lucidulum, Michx. (Shining Club Moss.) Rather frequent throughout.
dendroideum, Michx. (Ground Pine.) clavatum, L. (Club Moss.) Dry woods Milford. complanatum, L. (Flat Club Moss.) ; SELAGINELLA, Beauv., Spring. rupestris, Spring. Near Point Pleasant. apus, Spring.
ISOETES, L. riparia, Engelm. (Quill Wort.) Anda- lusia, I. C. Martindale.
28
BIRDS OF BUCKS COUNTY.
BIRDS.
An enumeration of the birds found in Bucks county during the whole or part of the year.
BY JOSEPH THOMAS, M. D., QUAKERTOWN, PA.
BUCKS COUNTY, in common with other districts of the state, and, in fact, the whole country, has suffered a serious decimation of her feathered denizens by the hand of man. This has been occasioned in various ways. The march of civilization, trans- forming the face of the country by cutting down and removing the timber growth, once so abundant here, and subjecting the soil to tillage, has destroyed, or at least materi- ally circumscribed, the haunts of many of our native birds that once made the forest vocal with their song. Like the American Indian, against whom civilization has waged a constant and relentless warfare, even to extermination in many cases, so the birds have suffered indiscriminate destruction from the same ruthless foe : the sports- man for pleasure, the ignorant farmer from mistaken motives of protecting his crops, and the thoughtless urchin from promptings of wantonness and mischief, as well as others, actuated by a desire of gain, have contributed likewise in diminishing the number of birds, formerly so numerous. Unmindful of the mischievous consequences of destroying these ministers of beneficence to man, his hand has been staid only when, comparatively recently, our legislature sounded a truce by enacting laws for- bidding the destruction of insectiverous birds, and permitting certain game birds to be shot at specified periods in the year. To repair in a measure the damage done in the past, it was found expedient a few years ago to send abroad and import the English sparrow to aid in extinguishing the insect pest that had become such a nuisance. Fifty years or more ago, when Wilson, Audibon, and others, traversed our woods and fields to study and describe our native fauna, many species of birds, now rare and only occasionally seen within our border, were observed in great abundance.
In 1683 William Penn, Proprietary and governor of Pennsylvania, wrote to the committee of the Free Society of Traders residing in London, in relation to some of the resources of the province, as follows: "Of living creatures, fish, fowl, and the beasts of the wood, there are divers sorts, some for food and profit, and some for profit only. For food, as well as profit, the elk, as big as a small ox, deer bigger than ours, beaver, raccoon, rabbits, squirrels ; some eat young bear, and commend it. Of food of the land there is the turkey, forty and fifty pounds weight, which is very great, pheas- ants, heath birds, pigeons and partridges in abundance. Of the water, the swan, goose, white and grey, brant, ducks, teals; also the snipe and curloe, and that in great num- ber, but the duck and teal excel, nor so good have I ate in other countries."
29
BIRDS OF BUCKS COUNTY.
Geographically considered, this county is very favorably located for the abode of a great and diversified number of species of birds, either as resident or visiting. The Delaware river, with tide-water, forming the boundaries for a long stretch on the north-east and south along the border of the county, with numerous creeks emptying into it, furnishes a resort for a great variety of water birds, some of which reside and breed here, while others remain only temporary, in their spring or autumn migration. Among the latter may be included some of the salt water birds, or those that frequent the sea-coast, such as the gulls, terns, sandpipers and ducks. A considerable tract of country, especially in the upper end of the county, in Nockamixon, Haycock, the Rockhills and Milford, being still wooded and comparatively little changed from its primitive condition, affords the undisturbed and solitary haunts so favorable to many species of birds, and hence in these locations are still found in considerable numbers rapacious birds, warblers, etc., rarely seen in other places.
In presenting a catalogue of the feathered fauna of the county, it has been considered proper to include in the list, according to the arrangement and nomenclature of Baird, all the species of birds that are known to have been seen within its limits, embracing as follows : 1st, those resident the entire year ; 2d, those resident only during the warm and genial months of the year, breeding here but migrating south in the autumn, to return again at different periods in the spring; 3d, those resident here in the winter only, migrating further north at the approach of spring; 4th, those making only a temporary stay of a few weeks with us, in their migration north in the spring and south in the fall ; and 5th, those that are occasional visitors only.
There are comparatively few species of birds remaining with us the whole year, for even in this climate most of them are excluded from an adequate and proper supply of food during the winter season, for then insect life, upon which many of them feed exclusively, is dormant and unattainable ; and our streams, from which some obtain subsistence, are frozen over. They are, hawks, owls, downy woodpecker, butcher bird, song sparrow, cardinal grossbeak, rose-breasted grossbeak, meadow lark, the common crow to some extent, blue jay, pheasants, partridge, and a few others. Those of the second division are quite numerous, and constitute largely the birds seen here through- out the summer season, among which may be named the cuccoos, the woodpeckers, humming bird, chimney swallow, whippoorwill, night hawk, kingfisher, the family of flycatchers, thrushes, robin, blue bird, black and white creeper, several of the warblers, red start, scarlet tanager, the swallow, purple martin, the vireos, cat bird, the wren, American creeper, finch, thistle bird, sparrows, indigo bird, reed bird, ground robin, cow bird, black birds, orioles, purple grackle, common dove, herons and bitterns, plovers, killdeer, woodcock, snipe and sandpipers, some species of duck, etc. The third division embrace principally the following birds : Snow bird, shore lark, tree sparrows, nuthatches, the titmouse, titlark, and perhaps a few others. The fourth includes most of the warblers, the kinglets or crowned wrens, some of the fly- catchers, lesser red poll, some of the sparrows, fox-colored sparrow, English snipe, some of the ducks, wild pigeon, etc. The fifth takes in the snow bunting, goshawk, the snowy owl, turkey buzzard, the bald eagle, golden eagle, fish eagle, red-cockaded woodpecker, large-billed water thrush, rough-winged swallow, wax wing, Bewick's wren, Lapland long spur, the cross bills, Lincoln's finch, white heron, night heron, purple sandpipper, some of the duck and grebe families, etc. It is probable that a few other species of birds, not named in the list, may at irregular intervals visit within the limits of the county, but sufficient reliable data are not furnished to establish it. The English sparrow, introduced into this country a few years ago from England, has become firmly established, and it is now abundant in nearly all parts of this county.
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BIRDS OF BUCKS COUNTY.
CATALOGUE.
1. The Turkey Buzzard, (Cathartes Au- ra.) Occasionally seen, though for- merly much more frequently.
2. Pigeon Hawk, (Falco Columbarius.) Occasionally seen in different parts of the county.
3. Sparrow Hawk, (Falco Sparverius.) Frequent summer and winter.
4. Duck Hawk, (Falco Anatum.) Rare and along the Delaware and larger streams.
5. The Goshawk, (Astur Atricapillus.) A handsome bird; very rare; oc- casionally seen in winter coming from a more northern latitude.
6. Cooper's Hawk, (Accipiter Cooperii.) Frequent throughout the county.
7. Sharp-shinned Hawk, ( Accipiter Fus- cus.) Frequent throughout the county.
8. The Red-tailed Hawk, ( Buteo Bore- alis.) Frequent and resident.
9. The Red-shouldered Hawk, (Buteo Lineatus.) Frequent and resident.
10. Broad-winged Hawk, (Buteo Pennsyl- vanicus.) Frequent.
11. The Rough-legged Hawk, ( Archibuteo Lagopus.) Frequent throughout the county.
12. The Black Hawk, (Archibuteo Sancti Johannis.) Rare.
13. The Harrier Marsh Hawk, (Circus Hudsonius.) Rare.
14. The Golden Eagle, (Aquila Canaden- sis.) Rare, but seen occasionally in Nockamixon, along the Narrows, and in Haycock township.
15. The Bald Eagle, (Haliaetus Leuco- cephalus.) Rare; the writer has one alive that was shot and wounded slightly three years ago along the Narrows.
16. The Fish Hawk, ( Osprey Pandion; Pandion Caroliensis.) Occasionally seen along the larger streams.
17. The Barn Owl, (Strix Pratincola.) Oc- casionally seen and resident.
18. The Great Horned Owl, (Bubo Vir- ginianus.) Frequent and resident.
19. The Screech Owl, (Scops Asio.) Fre- quent and resident.
20. The Long-eared Owl, ( Otus Wilson- ianus.) Occasionally seen and resi- dent.
21. The Short-eared Owl, (Brachyotus Cassinii.) Frequent and resident.
22. The Barred Owl, (Syrnium Nebu- losum.) Rarely seen, but resident. 23. Saw-whet Owl, (Nyctale Acadica.) Rare.
24. The Snowy Owl, (Nyctea Nivea.) Occasionally seen; large and beau- tiful; a visitor from a more north- ern latitude.
25. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, (Coccyzus Americanus.) Common; breeding here.
26. Black-billed Cuckoo, (Coccygus Ery- throphthalmus.) Common; breed- ing here.
27. The Hairy Woodpecker, (Picus Vil- losus.) Variety medius ; not in- frequently seen.
28. The Downy Woodpecker, ( Picus Pu- bescens.) Common.
29. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Pi- cus Borealis.) Very rarely seen ; belongs farther south.
30. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, (Sphy- rapicus varius.) Frequent.
31. Black Wood Cock-Log Cock, (Hy- latomus Pileatus.) Occasionally seen.
32. Red-bellied Woodpecker, (Centurus Carolinus.) Occasionally seen.
33. Red-headed Woodpecker, (Melaner- pes Erythrocephalus.) Common and in mild seasons remaining through the winter.
34. Flicker-Yellow-shafted Woodpeck- er, (Colaptes Auratus.) Common.
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