Twentieth century history of Altoona and Blair County, Pennsylvania, and representative citizens, Part 2

Author: Sell, Jesse C 1872-
Publication date: 1911
Publisher: Chicago, Richmond-Arnold Publishing
Number of Pages: 1036

USA > Pennsylvania > Blair County > Altoona > Twentieth century history of Altoona and Blair County, Pennsylvania, and representative citizens > Part 2

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

Shoemaker, Benjamin F.

634

Patton, John . 616

Shoemaker, John H. 497

Patton, William A.

628

Shoemaker, Simon

602

Peck, Harry F ..

. 645

Shoenberger, Peter 157

Piper, Dr. Robert L.

844

Shoenfelt, Col. J. Blair. 822

Piper, William M.

. 646

Shoenfelt, John K. 611

611

Plack, Louis

.596

Shoenfelt, R. W.

853

Plummer, James S. 548

627

Plummer, Hon. J. Lee.

.548

Showalter, David L

802

Plummer, J. W.

.588

Shriver, Samuel M.

595

Potts, Gen. George.

295

Shultz, John A. 497

636

Preston, Cecil A.

866

Simon, August

595

Sipes, Eugene A.

.537

Ramey, David K. .633

Sipes, Uriah

537

Ramey, Frederick

621

Ray, Hon. John K .889

Reed, Harry

568

Reilly, P. J.

.933

Reilly, J. P.

776

Smith, A. B., D. O

729

Reiser, Anthony

. 488

Replogle, D. M.

.863

Replogle, George W.

793

Smith, Dr. George W.

791

Replogle, Dr. H. B

.883

847

Rhodes, Emory E.

.871

Smith, Jacob D.

774

Rhodes, John M.

878

Smith, James W.

707

Rhodes, Samuel S. 903

Smith, J. Horace

Riebenack, Max

703

. Smith, Dr. Samuel C.

791

Riggle, David A. . .886

Smith, Thaddeus W.

813

Ritchey, Franklin D. 788

Smith, William C.

847

Ritchey, Prof. J. K.

695

Snively, Daniel

681

Roberts, Lewis P .673

Snively, Joseph B.

845

Robeson, Albert C.

.737

Robeson, David

.683

Snoberger, Fred S

743

Robeson, John B.

827

Snoeberger, Theodore D.

869

Robeson, Samuel

.683

Snyder, David G.

526

Robison, Dr. Clair E.

.755

Snyder, John M.

520

Rodkey, Joseph H.

726

Sorrick, John M. 785

Root, Edward N

.650

Sparr, Harry A ..

828

Spealman, David H

589

Root, Joseph E.

.653

Sprankle, John A ..

618

Ross, Dr. Samuel M.

.670

Stayer, Dr. Andrew S. 678

Ross, Dr. William S

.670

Roudabush, Dr. D. M

. 735

Stevens, Joseph 664

Stevens, N. Augustine 664

Stewart, Angus B. 602

Stiffler, Abraham L. .551

Sauer, Calvin G. .641

953

Stiffler, James M.

624

Scheeline, Isaiah .612

Scott, Robert L. 836

Stiffler, Henry M. 485

Seedenburg, Dr. J. P. .796

Stiffler, Joseph

597

Sell, James A. .538

Stine, Edwin W

934

Sell, Jesse C.

493

Stom, George

677

Sellers, John G. .511

Stone, Andrew T.

. 698

Shade, Milton B .. .766

Stone, David C.

.903

Sharbaugh, Dr. William. 782

Stone, William .735

Shaw, Hon. Edmund .715

Stoner, Samuel I. 576

Shaw, Oliver W. .773

Straesser, Charles A .900

642

Slippey, Isaac

747

Slippey, Joseph B.

533

Small, J. B.

.584

Smeltzer, Raymond F 867

Smith, Eli D. 547

Smith, Forest V. .930

Smith, Guy H.

Snively, Samuel

681

Rodrigue, Dr. M. Aristide.

.512

Spang, Hon. Geo. H

Root, John M.

.650

Ross, T. Dean

.683

Stern, Rev. Aaron H. 724

Stevens, Adie A. 793

Royer, John B. .676

Royer, Samuel K. .677

Russell, Frank M. 689

Stiffler, Frederick 624

Stiffler, George W. 748

Sausser, Harry M

Stiffler, Harry T. 597

'herman, A. F. .667 Strehle, Joseph

.597

Plack, Bertram V.

Shoenfelt, oseph M.

Shollar, Capt. James S

Pownall, Dr. Howard W. 806

Sigrist, Louis

INDEX

Stulz, Daniel

664

Weest, Harry W. 779

Stulz, Norman

664

Weest, William

779

Stultz, Martin L.

783

Weir, Thomas

767

Snekling, Thomas HI

943

Wertman, John S. 669

Swanger, P. M.

730

Wertz, Albert M.

899

Wertz, Prof. Henry S.

.675

Tate, Dr. George F

784

Wertzberger, Joseph P.

593

Taylor, George

White, Charles J.

806

White, David R.

950

Taylor, Dr. Amos O

509

White, Eliner B.

656

Taylor, William F.

861

Whittaker, Dr. Ralph R.

839

Taylor, Wilmer E.

701

Wike, Michael J.

941

Teeter, Daniel B.

538

Wiley, George W.

741

Williamson, John

Thomas, George W.

534

Thomas, Thomas R.

537

Wilson, Dr. James T. 970

847

Thompson, David M.

.870

Wilson, Dr. Thomas L

829

Thompson, Hon. Harry A.

.936

Wilt, Alexander W.

742

Tipton. George A.

715

Tobin, Dr. Thomas

960

Treese, S. Blair.

796

Trout. Maybury G.

583

Winter, Arthur E ..

661

Trout, 'Thomas G.

583

Winter, Ferdinand A.

658

Troutwine, John L.

.808

Wisler, Samuel L. . 736

Tussey, Robert I.

867

Witherow, Charles T 493

Tussey, Samuel C.

506

Witter, Albert A. 927

Van Allman, Joseph

690

Van Allman, William

781

Vogt, William

922

Wolf, Salem J. 897

Wolf, William F. 897

574

Wood, Daniel D.

897

Walter, John E.

.768

Walter, Kirk

538

Walters, Harry F.

835

Walton, Isaae P.

.910

Wyerman, William H.

636

Walton, Dr. L. S. .573

Yeater, Dr. I. F. 717

Yeekley, William

682

Wareham, Jacob S.

648

Yingling, William W. . 580

.534

Waring, Frank M.

920

Zook, Rev. Frederick R. 545

Weaver, Francis H.

732

Zook, John H. 545

Weest Bros.

779

Zook, Charles W. 609

755

Wilt, Frederick S.

838

Wineland, David L.

524

Wolf, Adam J. 896

Wolf, Adam R.

897

Wolf, Charles E.

897

Walker, Simon H 301

Walter, Calvin

.880

Walter, Hugh

.562

Woodeoek, John

570

Woodeock, William L.

737

Waple. Charles M. 857

Ward, Hon. William B. 938

Yingling, Martin M. 580

Wareham, Michael S.

.648

Warfel, B. F.

526

Young, Michael

Weber, Lewis B. 864

Wilson, George C. 966

Thompson, Edgar F.

717

Wilson, Jolın

Taylor, George W. 97

Teeter, John N. 538

Wilt, Emanuel

Wolff, William H.

Wray, James C .. 930

JESSE C. SELL

History of Blair County

CHAPTER I.

TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.

Introductory-General Topography-Geology of the County-Soil and Crops.

INTRODUCTORY.

To write a history of a county, following through all its stages of growth, is no ordinary task. The data is found in a scattered condi- tion and to collect it and reduce it to a consist- ent and logical story is a work that can only be realized when undertaken. It is impossible in a work of this character to treat exhaustively of history; yet the author desires to record, briefly, the important events in the history and development of the present territory of Blair county.

There has been a remarkable neglect or in- difference along nearly all lines of endeavor among our forefathers in preserving the rec- ords of their doings. In collecting the earlier history of Blair county the graveyards and vague tradition were the most fruitful sources of information.

Mr. Jones in his history of the Juniata Val- ley, published in 1856, says: "We are strongly impressed with the idea that a history of the early settlement of the valley should have been written a quarter of a century ago. Then it might have made a volume replete with all the stirring incidents of the times, for at that period many of the actors in the trials and struggles endured were still among us and could have given details; while we were com-

pelled to glean our information from persons on the brink of the grave, whose thoughts dwelt more upon the future than on the past."

The people who preserve the various papers that give account of current events have a source to draw from unknown to our ancestors, and were it not for this the present generation would leave but little more for their children than our fathers left to us. It is therefore highly important that a permanent and effect- ive historical society be organized in the in- terest of the history that is being made.

The peculiar location of Blair county con- taining the head of the streams which made it the terminal of the canal and the Old Portage railroad and the fact that it is a terminal of the Pennsylvania railroad, give Blair county a unique place among the counties of the state and make its history a record of highly impor- tant events. Its wonderful resources, varied industries and enterprising citizens have made it a field rich in historical data. It is to be sin- cerely regretted that so much of it is irrecover- ably lost.

Blair county, Pennsylvania, is in the beauti- ful and far-famed Juniata valley, and lies be- tween the forty-first and forty-second degrees north latitude; and the seventy-eighth and seventy-ninth degrees west longitude from Greenwich, England, or the first and second

HISTORY OF BLAIR COUNTY

degrees west longitude from Washington, D. C. As a political division it is bounded on the north by Center and Clearfield counties, on the east by Huntingdon county, on the south by Bedford county and on the west by Cambria county. Of the sixty-seven counties of the state, in the order of age, it is the fifty-ninth; in alphabetical order of designation, the seventh; and in population ranks nineteenth. In geographical position Blair county is one of the south central counties of the state, while its geographical center and center of population are not very far apart, and both are located in Frankstown township, a few miles northeast of Hollidaysburg. Blair county has an area of 510 square miles, according to the state rec- ords, and 594 square miles, or 380,160 acres, by the geological survey. It was created in 1846 from parts of Huntingdon and Bedford counties and it was named for Hon. John Blair, a worthy man and public-spirited citizen. It is one of the rich mineral counties in Penn- sylvania.

There is much in the history of Blair county that can be written with a feeling of pride and nothing stands out more prominently than its splendid citizenship. It was settled by the sturdy sons and daughters of England, Scot- land, Ireland and Germany, who came hither in quest of civil and religious liberty, and they have left an impression upon their descendants that time has not obliterated. As a result all along the pathway our people have stood up for the principles of civil and religious liberty for which their forefathers fought and endured hardships. Churches and schools have flour- ished from the earliest days, and on every field of battle for the preservation of the national honor and existence, the hardy sons of the county have fought and died.

Blair county has also produced some giant intellects, whose names are written high on the scroll of fame. The names of its jurists, edit- ors, physicians, teachers and business men stand among the highest the commonwealth has produced. Among those to whom we point with pride are Dr. Peter Shoenberger, who from the humblest walks of life, by his shrewd-

ness and business sagacity, developed the re- sources of the county and accumulated a for- tune of four or five millions; Andrew Carnegie, who, though not a native of the county, here laid the foundation of his future greatness and his great fortune which he has used in the in- terest of humanity ; Charles M. Schwab, whose fame in the world of business enterprise and finance is world-wide; John Dean, one of the greatest jurists of his day; Mr. Zimmerman, who starting in life as a barkeeper and team- ster, settled at Niagara Falls, and became a millionaire in the days when millionaires were few, and Samuel Steele Blair, whose wise counsel and eloquent voice were at the com- mand of his country in the halls of congress in the dark days of treason and rebellion, or of the humblest litigants at the bar of justice.

We are likewise proud of our beautiful mountains and hills, valleys and rivers, of our cities and towns and their magnificent institu- tions. To describe the former and write the story of the latter has been the work of many months, and in the preparation of this work the author inclines to the narrative rather than to the technical style. He will give the prin- cipal facts as they appeal to him, clothing them in language easily understood, leaving to the close student the disputed points and those which border on tradition. There is nothing in local history so confusing as that which borders on the obscure, and history, to be in- telligible, should be stripped of the mistiness which sometimes surrounds it. It is not claimed that the present work is free from er- rors. Considering all the circumstances and difficulties in the way of securing data, it would be simply marvelous if mistakes were not made. Besides, all the manuscript was prepared while the author was engaged in the arduous task of editing a daily paper, and with the assistance of no one save his father, James A. Sell, who helped in gathering the data and in writing some of the chapters. The work goes upon its merits and the author will be con- tented with whatever verdict the public pro- nounces upon it.

AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY.

Blair county has an area of 510 square miles. The Allegheny mountain is the boundary on the northwest side, forming an embankment facing the southeast, and towering in some points to 2,500 feet above sea level. The topography is hilly, uneven and in many places very rough. The streams have cut very deep ravines and the surface is made up of succes- sive valleys and mountain ridges.

The crest of the Alleghenies, which follow closely the Cambria-Blair county line, forms the watershed of the principal drainage systems of the eastern United States. The main stream is the Juniata river, which receives the drain- age from the east side of the Allegheny moun- tains through small streams, and from the southern end of Morrison's Cove through McKees Gap. At the foot of Short mountain it turns abruptly to the northeast and receives the drainage from the Horseshoe Curve sec- tion through the Beaverdam creek at Holli- daysburg. It continues thence in a general northeasterly direction through Lock Moun- tain Gap, where it is joined by Clover creek, and flowing north leaves the area at the base of Tussey mountain.

The climate of this section of Pennsylvania is moderate and healthful and suited to a wide range of crops. The temperature rarely ex- ceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit in summer or falls below fifteen degrees Fahrenheit in win- ter. East of the Allegheny front is the shale valley of the Juniata river. This is separated from the limestone valley of Morrison's Cove by Dunning, Short, Loop and Lock mountains. East of the cove and on the eastern ridge of the area lies the mountainous ridge known as Tussey mountain.

The principal water courses are the Little Juniata, the Beaver Dam, and the Frankstown branches of the Juniata river. The former is first observed in Logan township, from whence its course is northeast through Antis and Snyder townships to the borough of Tyrone, where it makes a sharp turn to the northeast, and soon after, by skirting the northeast boun-

dary of Tyrone township, becomes for some three or four miles the boundary-line between Blair and Huntingdon counties. The Beaver Dam branch, formed by the junction of several small streams, which take their rise in Logan and Allegheny townships, flows southeasterly through Blair township, constitutes the boun- dary-line between the boroughs of Hollidays- burg and Gapsport, and finally joins the Frankstown branch, near the old town of Frankstown.

The Frankstown branch has its source among the highlands of Greenfield township and on the side of Blue Knob, the highest peak in Pennsylvania, and flowing thence north- easterly through Greenfield, Freedom and Blair townships, flows through the land which was formerly the old canal reservoir near Hol- lidaysburg, and again passes on to the junc- tion with the Beaver Dam branch near Franks- town. The united stream, still known as the Frankstown branch, then continues a tortuous, though general northeast flow through Franks- town township, and forms, for the major part of the distance, the boundary between Wood- bury and Catharine townships; thence crosses the latter division to Morris township, in Hunt- ingdon, where it again becomes a boundary- line, by separating Blair and Huntingdon counties, until a point near Water Street post- office is reached, when it crosses the county line, and passes into Huntingdon county.

Besides the streams already mentioned, each township of the county is also well supplied with its own local runs and rivulets ; separately they are unimportant as water courses, yet, · after each has run its own separate, sinuous and eccentric course, all combine, ultimately, to form the ever beautiful Juniata. Among these small streams may be named Bald Eagle creek, Moore's, Sinking, Hutchinson's Elk, and Three Springs runs, in Snyder township; Tay- lor, Bell's Gap, Laurel and Beaver Dam runs, in Antis township; Elk, Arch Spring and Sink- ing runs, in Tyrone township; Homer's, Mill, Kittanning, Burgoons and Brush runs, in Lo- gan township; Blair creek, Sugar and Brush runs, in Allegheny township; Olftown and

IIISTORY OF BLAIR COUNTY

Robinson's runs and Canoe creek in Franks- town township; Canoe creek, Fox, Roaring and Yellow Springs runs in Catharine town- ship; Clover and Piney creeks, in North Woodbury, Huston and Woodbury townships ; Halter and Plum creeks in Taylor township; Poplar and Brush runs, in Blair township; Poplar, McDonald, Dodson's, South Dry and Paw Paw runs, in Freedom township; Bobb's creek, Blair creek, Blue Knob, Poplar and Dry runs in Juniata township; Beaver creek, Pole- cat, South Poplar, Amelia's, Bobb's, Diamond, Queen Esther's Pine, Smokey and Roaring Spring runs, in Greenfield township.

The county has several other natural feat- ures, well worthy the attention of tourists and men of leisure. The Arch spring and the cave in Sinking Valley are probably among the greatest curiosities to be found anywhere. The spring gushes from an opening, arched by nature, in such force as to drive a mill, and then sinks into the earth again. The subter- ranean passage of the water can be traced for distance by pits or openings, when it again emerges, runs along the surface among rocky hills until it enters a large cave, having the ap- pearance of an immense tunnel. This cave has been explored as far as it will admit-some four hundred feet-where there is a large room, and where the water falls into a chasm or vortex, and finds a subterranean passage through Canoe mountain, and emerges again at its southern base, along which it winds down to Water street, and empties into the Juniata.

Another of these subterranean wonders is a run back of Tyrone, where it sinks into the base of a limestone ridge, passes beneath a hill, and makes its appearance again at the edge of the town. The most remarkable spring, however, is one located on the right banks of the Juniata, some seven miles below Hollidays- burg. The peculiar feature about this spring is the fact that it ebbs and flows with the same regularity the tides do. The admirer of natural curiosities may arrive at it when it is brimming full or running over with the purest of lime- stone water, yet in a short time the water will commence receding, and within an hour or

two the hole in the ground alone remains. Then a rumbling noise is heard up the hill- side, and soon the water pours until the spring is again overflowed.

At Roaring Spring is by far the largest spring in the county. It has more the appear- ance of a small subterranean river breaking out at the hillside than that of a spring. The water has a bluish-green tinge, and is so ex- ceedingly pure that a drop of it placed under a microscope would show fewer animalculae than a drop of river water would after being filtered. From the spring to a miniature lake, . about 300 yards long and 140 yards wide, there is a fall of about fifteen feet and the roaring of waters over this fall explains the origin of the name. The water flow into the Frankstown branch of the Juniata about four miles north.

GEOLOGY.

The Results of the Field Work of P. J. Leslie.

The many short, deep ravines of the Alle- gheny mountain, all containing the lowest pro- ductive coal beds at their upper ends, issue, be- tween short projecting knobby spurs of Catskill and Pocono rocks, and lower down as Chemung and Hamilton vales, into the long transverse water bed of the Little Juniata flowing along the soft Marcellus outcrop, from Altoona (1,178 feet A. T.) northeast of Tyrone city (896 feet A. T.). Here re-enforced by the simi- larly arranged Bald Eagle Creek, coming from Center county, it turns and gaps the mountain, exposing Oriskany sandstone, Lewistown lime- stone, Medina and Oneida sandstones, and Hudson river shale and Utica slate, and crosses Sinking Valley to the end of Canoe mountain.

The drainage of the southwest townships is more complicated. The mountain ravines here pour their rainfall into the Juniata through a hatchet-shaped synclinal basin; from which it issues by the Williamsburg gap through Canoe mountain to traverse the Canoe valley limestone rocks to the gap in Tussey mountain.

Canoe mountain opens southward into Mor- rison's Cove, which is drained backward through McKee's Gap in Dunning mountain into the river above Hollidaysburg.

AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS

The vast anticlinal arch of Nittany valley dies southward up Sinking Creek valley; while the equally huge arch of Morrison's Cove dies northward against it at Frankstown. Thus the important Lower Helderberg limestone, Lewis- town limestone outcrop, and the still more val- uable Clinton ore beds, Clinton shale, not only run the whole length of the county, but fold back into the Frankstown Cove, greatly in- creasing the exposure of ore and flux.

Immense holes along the limestone outcrop of Lewistown limestone (as at Blair Furnace ) have been filled with brown hematite; while in Canoe valley at Springfield, and elsewhere, and in Morrison's Cove on Roaring Spring run, still larger deposits of pipe and ball ore (occupying ancient caverns in the Trenton limestone long since uncovered by erosion) once stocked the first small furnaces of Dr. Shoenberger, and later in whole or in part the Rodman, Holla- day, Martha, Frankstown, Bennington, Spring- field, Aetna, Rebecca, and Sarah furnaces, some using coke and others char-coal.

The Pennsylvania railroad tunnel through the crest of the Allegheny mountain (2, 126 feet A. T.), cuts through the Freeport upper coal bed (five feet thick), with a westward dip of one degree, the railroad gradient upwards in that direction being also one degree.

Below it are six other coal beds from two to four feet thick, which drops out around the heads of all the ravines along the mountain wall for many miles. The Mahoning sand- , stone makes the range of knobs along the sum- mit of the mountain; and the thickness of coal measured under it is 350 feet; descending we have exposed at first with gentle and then with steeper and steeper dips until they become quite vertical in the Bald Eagle mountain, the follow- ing formations: Pottsville conglomerate and coal measures, 220 feet; Mauch Chunk red shale, 280 feet; Pocono sandstone, 1,240 feet ; Catskill red sandstone, etc., 2,560 feet ; middle and-lower Devonian Chemung shale, Portage flags and Hamilton shale, 6,520 feet ; Oriskany sandstone, fifty feet ; Lewistown limestone, 900 feet ; Clinton shale, red shale and fossil ore, 1,330 feet ; the three sandrock divisions of the

Bald Eagle mountain, Madina and Oneida sandstones, 2,900 feet ; the dark slates of Hud- son river shale and Utica slate, 900 feet ; and a measured thickness of Canoe valley limestone strata, Trenton limestone, 6,600 feet, without reaching the Potsdam sandstone, which no- where appears; that is, 23,316 feet of Palaeo- zoic strata, all of them exposed in detail at many points in the county.

The original height of the great rock arches over Sinking creek, Canoe valley, and Mor- rison's cove must have been nearly five miles above the present surface; and the lowest lime- stone strata visible at Birmingham, Springfield, and Bloomfield must plunge vertically under Altoona to an equal depth beneath the Alle- gheny mountains.

The Nittany arch is broken between Bir- mingham and Tyrone city by a fault, and the Morrison cove arch by a similar fault along the east foot of Dunning mountain. Two small transverse cracks throw the Bald Eagle rocks westward north of Tyrone city; and Canoe mountain is still more apparently dislo- cated by a diagonal fault just north of Wil- liamsburg.

The range of picturesque roofed and un- roofed caverns through which Sinking creek finds its way in a straight line for three or four miles to the Little Juniata are fine ex- amples of the combined chemical and mechani- cal erosion of past ages, still going on, which has moved the great Palaeozoic arches from over the present surface. The Springfield ore bank in Canoe valley, and the Bloomfield ore bank in Morrison's cove, are two of the largest and richest in the state. The great ore deposit in Leathercracker cove, at Henrietta, near the Bedford county line is peculiar, because at the upper edge of the limestone next the slates of Hudson river shale and Utica slate, at the foot of Tussey mountain. (See chapter on Minerals and Mining.)

SOIL AND CROPS.

The early settlers found the soil well adapted to corn, wheat and other grains, flax and pota- toes. Corn was the favorite crop. Growing

HISTORY OF BLAIR COUNTY

flax and wool from which to make homespun cloth was early an important industry. In fact, the first farmers produced nearly everything they needed. During the growing season from April to August an average of 20.87 inches of rain falls. This is ample for all crops, and drouths are of rare occurrence. If the planting of spring crops is retarded, buckwheat is sowed in June, so that the farmers' income is not materially lessened. Stock can be pastured dur- ing at least one-half the year.

Corn in the early days yielded 100 to 125 bushels in the ear per acre ; wheat, thirty bushels and potatoes 200 bushels. The first grain crops were cut with a sickle, and later a cradle came into use, and is still employed in the moun- tainous parts. The advent of the mower and binder gave an impetus to agriculture and the surplus crops were exchanged in market for articles which could not be supplanted at home. The building of state roads has proven a great benefit to the agricultural interests of the county.

Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.

Twentieth century history of Altoona and Blair County, Pennsylvania, and representative citizens, Part 2

Author: Sell, Jesse C 1872- Publication date: 1911 Publisher: Chicago, Richmond-Arnold Publishing Number of Pages: 1036

Author: Sell, Jesse C 1872-
Publication date: 1911
Publisher: Chicago, Richmond-Arnold Publishing
Number of Pages: 1036