Venango County, Pennsylvania: Her Pioneers and People (Volume 1), Part 64

Author: Babcock, Charles A.
Publication date: 1879
Publisher:
Number of Pages:

USA > Pennsylvania > Venango County > Venango County, Pennsylvania: Her Pioneers and People (Volume 1) > Part 64

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

1867-Burgess, P. W. Raymond; council : Henry Dubbs, G. W. Brigham, F. W. Mitchell, R. S. McCormick, G. E. Ridgway.

The town, as noted, had a much more rapid growth during its boroughhood than that of the county. Various causes favored this : First, the completion of the Susquehanna turnpike, 1818; second, the extension of the canal in 1833; and the iron industry, follow- ing; but not till Drake's discovery of oil was its future greatness assured, as was also that of Oil City, and of the whole county.

CITY ORGANIZATION AND OFFICIALS

Franklin was incorporated as a city April 14, 1868, since which date the following have served as mayors :

1868-T. A. Dodd *

1869-Henry Dubbs*

1870-C. M. Hoover

1872-C. W. Mackey

1873-Samuel B. Myers*

1874-Thomas Hogue *

1875-J. W. Lee * 1876-W. S. Welsh * 1877-78-W. R. Crawford * 1879-J. C. Sibley

1880-W. R. Crawford * 1881-George Maloney *

1882-1883-George Allen 1884-George Maloney * 1885-1886 Charles Miller 1887-W. T. Bleakley * 1888-S. C. Lewis

1889-W. J. Bleakley * 1890-1891-Robert W. Dunn * 1892-1893-C. A. Myers * 1894-John A. Wiley * 1895-W. H. Forbes

1896-Bryan H. Osborne 1897-George B. Jobson 1808-James W. Rowland 1899-Thomas Algeo

1900-1901-Charles J. C. Miller 1902-S. G. Foster 1903-Dr. F. W. Brown

1904-1905-John R. Robertson 1906-Wm. J. McConnell * 1907-1908-John P. Emery 1909-1912-Robert F. Glenn 1913-1917-Fred W. Brown

* Deceased.

The government at present is administered by the following :

CITY COMMISSION

Mayor and Department Public Affairs-John P. Emery.

Department Finance and Accounts-T. E. Os- borne.

Department Public Safety-N. B. Myers.

Department Public Property-R. L. Satterwhite. Department Streets and Public Works-T. S. El- liott.

CITY OFFICERS

City Clerk-J. G. Crawford. City Solicitor-A. B. Jobson.

City Engineer-John McK. Snow.

City Treasurer-J. E. Elliott.

Chief Fire Dept. and Street Commissioner-C. H. Brennan.

Chief Police Department-E. J. Bleakley.

Health Officer-Dr. C. H. Brown. Plumbing Inspector and Asst. Health Officer- James Viele.

Superintendent Water Works-P. B. Hird.

POLICE DEPARTMENT

Chief-E. J. Bleakley. Patrolmen-L. E. Bell, Charles A. Gannon, H. H. Krotzer, George W. Dunkle, L. M. Rice, James S. Sutton.

Desk Sergeant-W. A. Shorts.

Police Justice-Vincent P. Bunce.

FIRE DEPARTMENT

Chief-C. H. Brennan. Assistant Chief-Leonard Babcock. Driver Hook and Ladder-C. G. Graff.

FIRE ALARM SIGNALS

There are fourteen fire alarm boxes, Game- well system, located at different points, serv- ing all the districts of the city.

LIBRARY

The Franklin Library Association has ac- commodations in the Hancock block, open from 2 to 5, and 7 to 9 p. m. The president

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is Col. S. C. Lewis ; vice president, Mrs. Robert McCalmont ; secretary and treasurer, Mary E. Hancock; librarian, Mary Clarke; assistant librarian, Louise Hanna; directors, Clifford Barnard, Mrs. James Carmichael, Mary E. Hancock, Col. S. C. Lewis, Mrs. William J. Mullins, J. Howard Smiley, Robert McCal- mont. This is a popular and growing insti- tution. It has a choice collection of books, and valuable files of newspapers and maga- zines.

CEMETERIES

The Franklin Cemetery Association meets in the City building April 3d, 2 p. m. Presi- dent, Robert McCalmont ; secretary and treas-

Mallory, F. G. McIntosh, L. H. Colburn, George B. Woodburn, G. E. Glines, E. E. Hughes.

FRANKLIN HOSPITAL

This hospital was formally opened in 1903, the first patients being victims of an accident on the Eighth street bridge. The board of directors included : President, George Maloney ; secretary and treasurer, O. D. Bleakley ; Dr. Leadenham, Dr. Nicholson, Dr. McBride, Hon. J. C. Sibley and Col. S. C. Lewis.

The Women's Auxiliary was composed of the following members: President, Mrs. W. J. Mullins ; vice presidents, Mrs. O. D. Bleak- ley, Mrs. Clarke Hays; secretary, Mrs. Fred

FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH AND PARSONAGE, FRANKLIN, PA.

urer, O. D. Bleakley ; superintendent, C. D. Phipps; board of managers, Robert McCal- mont, O. D. Bleakley, S. C. Lewis, Robert F. Glenn, John Lamberton.

St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Cemetery, North Thirteenth street, is in charge of the priests of the parish.

Mount Zion Cemetery, Fox street, Rocky Grove. Secretary, B. Baer ; treasurer, Joseph Levi.

The care given to the resting places of the dead shows that Franklin holds them in rev- erent remembrance.

BOARD OF TRADE

The Board of Trade, whose quarters are at No. 1246 Liberty street, meets annually the' first Tuesday in February. Directors meet the first Monday after the 15th of each month, at 4:30 p. m. Directors : Boyd N. Park, D. D. 21

B. Black ; treasurer, Mrs. Mary D. Campbell ; Mrs. James McCutcheon, Mrs. S. G. Allen, Mrs. Fred Brown, Mrs. James Borland, Mrs. William Heathcote, Miss Effie Mason, Mrs. Ralph Mattern, Miss Harriet McDonald, Mrs. S. A. Megrath, Mrs. A. J. Sibley, Mrs. Wil- liam Trunkey. The first matron was Miss Gertrude Moore, from the Bellevue Hospital, New York City, who had charge for five years. During this time the average number of pa- tients was twelve.

Interest in the hospital idea became so gen- eral that the first plan, to build an Emergency Hospital only, was abandoned, and money was soon found to build and equip one of the finest small hospitals in the State. The Wom- en's Auxiliary has practically the entire man- agement, and the esteem in which their labors are held is notable.

The present officers are: President of As- sociation, Gen. Charles Miller; board of

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directors : President B. H. Osborne, D. D. the approval of at least three. Whether this Mallory, William J. Mullins, John R. Riesen- works out better or worse than the old ways, it certainly fixes definitely the responsibility for all public procedure. man, Robert McCalmont, Harry Lamberton, Hon. J. C. Sibley ; secretary-treasurer, D. D. Mallory, J. C. Kilgore; superintendent, Caro- line M. Wilson.

LOCAL IMPROVEMENTS

Under the care of the city government the fences around the parks were removed, the appearance of the streets improved steadily. On Sept. 4, 1882, a park commission was es- tablished, to consist of the mayor and four citizens, appointed by him with the approval of the council. This arrangement has resulted well for the fine domain which adds much to the pleasing appearance of the city, and to its wholesomeness.

The experience in obtaining water was varied. In early days the rivulets were util- ized, followed by wells sunk in the ground to the water level below. Next springs were led in from the hill tops. Now an abundant supply of good quality is obtained from ar- tesian wells drilled near French creek, a mile above the city limits.

Franklin has electric car, heating and light- ing service by the same companies supplying Oil City and the surrounding communities. The cars connecting the two cities and all points reached by the lines, run every half hour in summer and hourly in winter. The car service has extended the building limits of the places reached, besides promoting fellow- ship and the spirit of cooperation.

In 1883 a city building was completed. ade- quate for the needs of many years, and which can be made sufficient for larger service as it is needed.

Of special importance was the creation of a board of health by city council in 1889. The ordinance also provides for the selection of a health officer.

Franklin merchants have ranked with the most progressive always. Good taste united with an understanding of the requirements of the community has resulted in success and satisfaction. The friendly rivalry of the large towns or cities in the county has made pos- sible a still more complete offering of the finest and best goods in all departments of mer- chandise.

Under the commission form of government now prevailing the care of public property and of the health and safety of the citizens is in the hands of the commissioners, subject to

In the other chapters of this work may be traced with more detail the progress of the towns and townships, how the small unknown county of a century ago came into the power of encircling the earth with useful machines, and led the nations in reducing the waste of friction and in the attainment of more light, more power. A glance into the past serves to brighten hope in the future.

III. EMLENTON BOROUGH

During the period when the iron industry flourished Emlenton prospered greatly. The depression that followed its decline was suc- ceeded by the commercial importance which the discovery of oil produced. It became the third town in the county, and while it has not a large population it will be noted, by reference to other parts of this volume, that its fine spirit of enterprise has never been lost and its institutions hold high rank in the county.

Emlenton is one of the interesting villages along the Allegheny which has gained much from the oil industry and lost nothing thereby.

FIRST RESIDENTS

It was believed by former writers that the first settler. John Kerr, was a squatter. He cleared land for a log cabin between the mouth of Ritchey Run and the present site of the Pennsylvania Railroad depot. He gradually made improvements around his home and worked there until the idea dawned upon him that boating building stones to Pittsburgh would add to his means. History records that he was drowned on one of these trips. His family moving away, his cabin was taken over by John Cochran, who did not enjoy the life and moved to a tract located in what is now Richland township.

Joseph B. Fox, an Englishman, owned much land in the neighborhood. He was the founder of the town of Foxburg. four miles from Em- lenton. He and Andrew McCaslin owned the town site of Emlenton when it was surveyed. and in compliment to Mrs. Fox, whose name was Emlen, the new venture was called Em- lenton. Mrs. Fox never had cause to regret the association of her maiden name with the town. It grew and prospered in a natural

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and wholesome way. The new citizens who came liked the promises it gave of life and comfort and sang its praises.

EARLY MERCHANTS

Andrew McCaslin was the first one to keep a store, and he also became a man of affairs in the county, once serving as sheriff, elected in 1832.

It is probable that McCaslin established his business in 1820. He had two large cov- ered wagons on the road between Pittsburgh and Emlenton, in which his goods were con- veyed. His trade extended twenty miles in- land east of the river and ten miles on the west.

The next merchant was John Keating, who in spite of adverse circumstances demon- strated what industry and honesty can accom- plish. He located in Emlenton in 1836, pro- pelling his own canoe from Pittsburgh, carry- ing his goods. In 1846 he built a furnace near St. Petersburg, and at the time of his death, January, 1881, he left a landed estate of one thousand acres. In 1866 he was made asso- ciate judge of Clarion county, but he continued to take an active interest in the affairs of Em- lenton.

William Canan, William Karnes and George Morgan were also early merchants. Brown, Phillips & Co., of the Kittanning Iron Works, in 1849 established the "Iron Store," of which J. C. Porterfield was the manager. This store was afterward continued by Porterfield, Teits- worth & Co., from August, 1857, to 1865, who were followed by Porterfield & McCombs, and was carried on for a number of years, becom- ing the oldest business house in the place.

Henry Allebach was the first jeweler at Emlenton, and Joseph Weller was the first tailor.

The ferry, which was the property of Mc- Caslin, was managed by Andrew Solinger in 1834, in which year Jacob Truby succeeded him. Passengers and teams crossed the river on large flat boats pushed across by a stout pole in the hands of the ferryman. One day, as Mr. Truby was starting out, the pole became entangled in an obstruction. It was the body of a man, and his identity not being established he was buried by the county. A large rock on the bank near which the body was discovered is known as Dead Man's rock.

In 1828 the little village boasted of its first physician, N. D. Snowden, who remained un- til 1830, when he removed to Franklin.

The third house built in the village, in 1834,

belonged to Dr. James Gowe, and stood on the site of the "Moran Hotel." The Doctor was one of the first to buy lots of McCaslin. His third daughter, Keziah, was the first white child born in Emlenton. Subsequently Dr. Gowe became prothonotary of Clarion county. Late in life he entered the ministry of the Methodist Church.

P. G. Hollister used the fourth building, which was erected in 1836, for a store room. In 1837 two houses were built-the "Valley Hotel" by Andrew Truby, and a frame build- ing by Jacob Truby, his son. The next house was built in 1838 by Walter Lowrie. It was also on Water street. John Diem bought two lots on Main street in 1840 and became the first blacksmith in the place. Emlenton thus gradually grew to the proportions of a small village.

THE IRON INDUSTRY

There were twenty iron furnaces in opera- tion as early as 1840, within twenty miles of Emlenton, most of which were east of the river. In connection with every furnace there was a store under the same management, at which the operators were paid in goods. When the river was navigable in the spring and fall the ironmasters received consignments by steamboat and Emlenton became an import- ant point. Several steamboats were generally landing goods at the same time. In the course of a few hours the warehouses would be filled, and the adjoining streets piled up with hogs- heads, casks, barrels and boxes. The ware- house proprietor acted as forwarding agent and consigned the freight to the furnaces in ponderous wagons, drawn usually by mules. During the summer months the town was quiet, giving the merchants an opportunity to reduce their stocks and prepare for the next shipments of country produce, while the fur- nace proprietors attended to the manufacture of pig-iron.

HOTELS

The town secured an advantage by these conditions which it retained for a long time, namely good hotels. Andrew Solinger was the first pioneer in this field. He kept a tav- ern in connection with the ferry, Jacob Truby succeeding also to this branch of his business. The "Valley House" was opened in 1837 by Andrew Truby and for many years it was the leading hotel of the town. In 1847-48 J. S. Haggerty built the hotel known as the "Ex-

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change"-the "St. Cloud afterward occupied ths site. Hugh Murrin established the "Union Hotel," which was owned by Hugh Keating in 1860. For a time it was occupied as a private dwelling, but was reopened as a hotel in 1868 by T. J. Moran and was afterward known as the "Moran House." This was burned in 1871. Another building was erected on the same site, in 1872, and is the third built on this ground. Alexander B. Crawford built a hotel in. 1867 which was known as the "Crawford House." It was purchased by T. A. Moran, who conducted it until his death, Oct. 18, 1876. It was burned in 1877 and Mrs. S. C. Moran erected a building in 1878 which was known as "The Grand Central." She conducted the business successfully for several years. Under other management the hotel was carried on until a recent date. Of all these hotels, the "St. Cloud" is the only name surviving.

EMLENTON BRIDGE

The spirit of those forward-looking men of Emlenton is shown by their undertaking at an early date so great a work as the building of the Emlenton bridge. The company was or- ganized May 2, 1854, with the election of Samuel M. Fox, president ; and a board of directors consisting of John Keating, Joseph Weller, R. S. Porterfield, Henry Kohlmeyer, Samuel Anderson and J. J. McGinnis. Later J. F. Winsch was elected secretary and Joseph Weller was made first treasurer. The location was chosen and the contract was awarded to Daniel McCain, superintendent later of bridge construction in Allegheny county and a bridge builder of experience. The first structure was of wood, for which the timbers were obtained at Tionesta and floated down in rafts. The cord and arch pieces were sawed by Andrew and William Long, of Freeport. The other timbers were hewed by hand. On Oct. 13, 1856, the secretary of the company notified the public by the circulation of five dollars worth of handbills that the bridge was pass- able. It was a truss and arch structure, with two spans of 230 feet each. In the winter of 1856-57 a pier was injured by an ice flood, causing a loss of several thousand dollars. The bridge was destroyed April 10, 1883, and rebuilt during the summer of that year, by the Canton Wrought Iron Company, being open for travel Aug. 16th. Hugh Adair was elected president of the company in 1855; John Keating, May 6, 1856: A. W. Crawford,

May 2, 1881. The directors after the building of the iron bridge were as follows: A. W. Crawford, John A. Weller, John McComb, Samuel J. Knauss, A. B. Crawford, Levi Alle- bach; R. W. Porterfield was treasurer from May 1, 1855. During the first fourteen years of its history the bridge produced no dividends, but afterward it became valuable property. It is now owned by the county, having been purchased July 28, 1898, and consequently no tolls are collected. It was the first free bridge in the county crossing the Allegheny river.

THE EMLENTON AND SHIPPENVILLE RAILROAD

The Emlenton and Shippenville Railroad showed the progressive business enterprise of the citizens of Emlenton. The company was organized June 17, 1875, with James Bennett as president ; J. W. Rowland, secretary ; R. W. Porterfield, treasurer; B. F. Cribbs, Jacob Black, Dr. William R. Shippen, Marcus Hul- ings, H. C. Bradley, J. C. Porterfield, directors. The venture was not a success, but its pro- jectors did not sustain any loss, as they had 'a favorable opportunity to sell out to a rival road from Foxburg to Clarion.

WATER SUPPLY

The Emlenton Water Company was organ- ized May 14, 1877, under a charter granted Feb. 5, 1874. Abundant water of fine quality was obtained from the hills. The pressure in the mains was sufficient to protect all the buildings from fire by the use of hose. The first officers were as follows: President, J. J. Gosser ; secretary, D. D. Moriarty ; treasurer, J. M. Mitchell.

FIRE PROTECTION

The Hulings Hose Company, named in honor of Marcus Hulings, was organized Sept. 10, 1877. It has been maintained to the pre- sent time, by volunteers, and is still a sufficient protection from fires.

CITY HALL

The municipal building was erected in 1878. The contract was awarded to George Perryer. and the committee of the council in charge was composed of Peter Curry, S. J. Steinberg, and John Mitchell. The third story was built by Joseph Weller, and reverted to the borough in 1884.

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The manufacturing interests have been . Donnelly, Peter Curry, J. M. Truby, August treated in another portion of this volume. Schmuck.

INCORPORATION

BOROUGH OFFICIALS

The borough was incorporated by decree of the court of Quarter Sessions Jan. 27, 1859. The first election resulted in the choice of Henry Allebach as burgess, Joseph Weller, R. Colbert, A. B. Crawford, Elias Widle and Ebenezer Crawford as members of council. All the records were destroyed by fire on the night of Oct. 31, 1873, and it is impossible to ascertain who were officers during the inter- vening period up to then. Since that date we have record of the following:

1873-Burgess, S. Lowell; councilmen, J. J. Rupert, A. D. Gates, J. H. Camp, C. C. Middleton, B. F. Hamilton.

1874-Burgess, W. D. Crawford; council- men, H. E. Bradley, G. W. Livingston, J. M. Wick, David Houser, J. K. Kuhns, Ebenezer Crawford.

1875-Burgess, August Schmuck; council- men, C. H. Van Schaick, Joseph Weller, Emanuel Widle, Sebastian Kreis, H. E. Brad- ley, S. H. Crawford.

1876-Burgess, August Schmuck; council- men, C. H. Van Schaick, Elizur Strong, Joseph Flynn, Joseph Weller, H. E. Bradley, D. D. Moriarty.

1877-Burgess, William Lusk; councilmen, H. C. Bradley, J. J. Gosser, Peter Curry, H. E. Bradley, S. J. Sternberg.

1878 Burgess, J. Brenner ; councilmen, J. M. Mitchell, John Curry, T. J. Jamison, A. H. Crawford, Jr., C. Lewalter, S. Kreis.

1879-Burgess, H. E. Bradley ; councilmen, J. M. Mitchell, S. H. Crawford, C. Lewalter, T. J. Jamison, Peter Curry, S. Kreis.

1880-Burgess, J. K. Kuhns; councilmen, J. H. Heasley, J. A. Crawford, J. B. Engle, J. A. Boozel, J. W. Shoemaker, A. J. Halder- man.

1881-Burgess, A. M. Comstock ; council- men, Thomas Flynn, J. W. Shoemaker, J. A. Boozel, J. H. Heasley, J. R. Donnelly, H. L. Gearing.

1882-Burgess, A. M. Comstock; council- men, J. R. Donnelly, J. M. Truby, Peter Curry, Thomas Taylor, J. H. Anchors, Frederick Roschy.

1883-Burgess, A. M. Comstock; council- men, J. M. Mitchell, J. M. Martin, J. R.

1884-Burgess, A. M. Comstock; council- men, J. A. Crawford, A. J. Halderman, J. M. Mitchell, Joseph Flynn, H. E. Bradley, John McCombs.

From 1885, instead of electing the entire council each year, two members have been elected, to serve three years, unless a vacancy occurs, when more than that number may be chosen.

1885-Burgess, J. A. Crawford; councilmen, C. Lewalter, A. H. Crawford.

1886-Burgess, J. A. Crawford; council- men, G. W. King, U. Sloan, Joseph Flynn.

1887-Burgess, J. A. Crawford; council- men, J. M. Martin, H. E. Bradley.

1888-Burgess, B. F. Gault; councilmen, James Bennett, C. S. Kerr, C. C. Cooper.

1889-Councilmen, A. R. Newton, James Bennett.

1900-01-02-Burgess, M. Gougler; council- men, 1900, H. B. Mitchell, James Bennett, C. E. Crawford, C. C. Cooper, G. M. Sheffer; 1901, Fred Roschy, H. J. Crawford, George Keil; 1902, C. F. Mault, B. F. Jamison, L. E. Weller, J. G. Lamberton.

1903-04-05-Burgess, G. M. Sheffer ; coun- cilmen, 1903, R. Messer, E. S. Weller, C. H. Hatton; 1904, George Keil, C. S. Kern, Fred Roschy; 1905, J. H. Campbell, J. G. Lam- berton, C. F. Mault.

1906-07-08-Burgess, W. G. Gilmore ; coun- cilmen, 1906, B. F. Jamison, John Grunden, M. J. Glynn, W. C. McKee; 1907, B. F. Keefer, M. J. Glynn, G. M. Sheffer; 1908, J. R. Grimm, J. H. F. Campbell.

1909-10-11-Burgess, N. Mackin; council- men, 1909, H. E. Shoemaker, H. M. Bennett, Joseph Grieff ; 1910, George Hall, John W. Young ; 1911, R. B. Adams, M. M. Shoemaker, G. M. Sheffer.

Changes in legislation relating to borough government resulted in the holding of no borough elections in 1912, 1914 and 1916, officials holding over in those years. The first election under the general act of 1915 was held in 1917, at the same time as the general election in November.

1913-15-Burgess, J. H. Rupert; council- men, 1913, H. B. Mitchell, A. E. Bishop, G. A. Hughes, S. Messer; 1915-16, F. L. Giering (four years), F. H. Krear (four years), S. Messer (four years).

1917-18-19-20-Burgess, A. R. Newton;

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councilmen, 1917, W. B. Jacobs (four years), D. M. Long (four years).

PRESENT CONDITIONS

Emlenton at the present day is one of the most attractive towns on the Allegheny. Na- ture has been kind. From the top of the high- est hill a view unsurpassed is spread out. De- lightful drives are possible, there is no need

for the citizens to go far from home to enjoy lovely scenery. Emlenton has merchants who are progressive and successful. They make reasonable the slogan of the day, "Buy at home." The social life of the town is char- acteristic. Hospitality prevails, and those who have moved to other places return to engage in the social life which is peculiar to a village where all are known to each other, and who have the same interests.

CHAPTER XXIII

TOWNSHIPS AND BOROUGHS

IRWIN TOWNSHIP-MECHANICSVILLE-BARKEYVILLE-ALLEGHENY

TOWNSHIP-SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP-RENO

We present the record of the various town- ships of Venango county in the order of their formation.

IRWIN TOWNSHIP

Irwin township has the distinction of being older than Venango county. While that part of Venango west and north of the Allegheny river was included in Allegheny county it_was called Irwin township. On Oct. 6, 1800, the court of Quarter Sessions of Crawford county erected three townships from this territory, Ir- win, Allegheny and Sugar Creek, Irwin com- prising all that part south of French creek and west of the Allegheny river. At March ses- sions, 1806, a commission appointed by the court of Quarter Sessions of Venango county to divide the county into townships formed Irwin with its present northern boundary, and the erection of Clinton in 1855 reduced this township, originally embracing the territory now included in the sixteen townships north and west of the Allegheny, to its present limits. It is at the southwest corner of the county, bordering on the counties of Mercer and But- ler.

Pioneers .- In 1796 Adam Dinsmore, a na- tive of Ireland, settled upon land later owned by C. C. Hoffman, and Henry Crull located upon the farm where Hezekiah Mays after- ward resided. Mr. Crull subsequently kept the first hotel in the township. In 1797 Isaac McMurdy and his son George, of Huntingdon

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Venango County, Pennsylvania: Her Pioneers and People (Volume 1), Part 64

Author: Babcock, Charles A. Publication date: 1879 Publisher: Number of Pages:

Author: Babcock, Charles A.
Publication date: 1879
Publisher:
Number of Pages: