USA > South Carolina > The Jews of South Carolina, from the earliest times to the present day > Part 13
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, I. N. , J. N. Carvalho, D. N. ¥ , E. N. , S. N.
Alexander, Aaron. 66 , Abm.
Ancker, G. V.
Cohen, A. N.
Audler, I.
Barnet, Woolf.
Barrett, Isaac. , Jacob, , S. I.
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Baruc, B. S.
66 Esdaile P. , G.
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Bernard, Levy.
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Bernstine, Nathan.
Blank, Josiah. Breslau, M. Canter, Emanuel.
Cardozo, D. N.
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66 , Hy. S. , I. S. , Jacob. 66 , Jr. , J. Barrett. ,
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168
THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA
Cohen, Lewis.
Falk, Abraham.
, George. , Isaac L. " , Zachariah. Frank, Joseph,
Frankford, S.
Friedlander, M.
Furst, DI.
Furth, Joseph.
Garretson, I.
Goldsmidt, Jonas.
Goldsmith, . A.
, Henry.
Cohn, L.
Davega, C., Dr.
, Isaac. David, R. L.
Davis, D.
, Henry.
66 , Isaac B.
" , Joseph. 66 , Moses.
Dehaan, L. S. , Samuel.
De La Motta, J., Dr.
, J.
De Lange, J. L.
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66
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De Leon, H. H.
, M. H.
Delong, Leo.
Droutman, T.
, Hyam N.
Dublin, Henry.
66 , J. J.
Eckman, J., Rev.
Elias, Levy.
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66 , Nathan.
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Engelberg, M.
Esdra, Eugene.
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Hendricks, J.
66
6. , Marx E. , MeDuff. , Melvin M. Mordecai. , Myer M.
66
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, I. H. , Morris. , Moses. Goldstein, A.
, I. , J.
Harby, Abm.
, H. J. 66 , Isaac. , Sol. H. Harris, A., Rev.
, A. J., Sr. 66
, A. J., Jr.
, N. , Z. Hart, Daniel.
66 , Levi.
Emanuel, Joel.
, Nathan.
, S., Sr.
" , J. E.
Fabian, H.
169
1824-1860
Henry, Barnard. 66 , P. J. Hertz, H. M.
, I. E. , Jacob. L. , Thad. E.
Heydenfeldt, S.
Hirsch, I. W.
, J. M.
Hoffman, G. Hyams, Hamilton. , Henry M. , Isaac. , Mordecai.
66 , Moses D.
66 , M. K.
66 , Pinckney. , Sol.
Hyneman, L.
Isaacs, Alexander. ' , S. F. Isenburg, B.
" , J.
Israel, M. " , N. H. Jacobi, M. " , W. J. Jacobs, C. 66 , D. , F. C. , H. R. 66 , H. S., Rev.
66 , J. S.
66 , Moses.
66 , Myer. , P. S. , Sol., Rev. Joseph, E. C. , J. , J. J.
Joseph, L. H. Koopman, M. Labatt, Isaac C. Lange, John H.
Lazarus, B. D.
, G. , J. E. P. 66 , Joshua. 66 , Marks. 66 , Michael. 66 Levin, L. J. 66 , Lewis C. , Moritz. , Nathaniel. Levy, A.
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, C. F. , Clarence. , Cossman.
, D. C.
, D. J. , Elias. , Eml. , Ezra L.
, G. J.
, Isaac. , J. C. , L. C. , L. L. 66
, Lyon.
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66
C.
E.
66 Orlando.
" , Reuben. Lewith, R. J. Lichtenstein, L.
Lipman, A. , Raphael. Livingston, J.
-
170 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA
Loovis, M. - Lopez, Aaron.
" , David. , John. « , Moses.
Mordecai, J. R.
, M. C. , T. W. Moses, A. J.
, C. B. 66 , D. L. , E. L.
Loryea, A. , E. , Isaac. Lyon, L. S. D.
" , Philip.
66 , Isaiah. , Jacob. 66
Lyons, Ellis, Rev.
, J. L.
, George.
, Joseph.
Mairs, Levy. " , Simon.
66 , L. J.
, Myer. 66
M. J.
66
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66
, Perry.
' , M., Rev. Meyer, E. J.
, Raphael J.
, Reuben.
66 , Samuel.
Meyers, Eleazer.
Moïse, Aaron.
, Abraham.
, Ab., Jr. , B. F. , C. H. , C. T.
Myers, Eleazer.
, L. J.
66
66
, Columbus.
, E. W.
Nathan, Hyman.
, Franklin.
66 , Howard S.
66 , Isaac. , Jacob.
, L. 66 , M. H. , Sol. Nathans, Henry.
, J. N. 66 , Levy. , Meyer. , Nathan. Nauman, Wmn.
Oppenheim, Henry.
, H. W.
, E. J.
, Levy.
Marks, J. M.
, M.
Massias, Maj. A. A. Mayer, I.
" , Morris.
= , Simon. , Solomon. Moss, Joseph.
, Philip. , Samuel. , Sol.
, T. J. , T. S. , Philip A. , Warren. Mordecai, Ben. , I. D. , J.
-
171
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Oppenheim, J. H. S. H.
Ottolengui, A.
, Dan. , I. , J.
Pecare, J. " , M. , S.
Peixotto, J. C.
Phillips, Aaron.
, B. , N., Jr. , Philip.
Pinkussohn, P.
Poznanski, G., Rev.
, Gershon. , Hyam.
Prince, George.
Riesenberg, M.
Rodriguez, B. A., Dr. , Moses.
Roos, David.
Rosenfeld, J., Rev.
Rothschild, M.
Sampson, A. J.
, E.
, Jos. , J. H. Sam., Sr.
66 " , Jr. , Thomas.
Samuel, Moses. Sarzedas, D.
Schur, B. " , D. " , I .
Schwabe, L. B.
Schwerin, J.
Seckendorf, Isaac.
Segar, Isaac.
Seixas, D. C. . J. M. Silverston, M. Simmonds, M. B.
Simons, Jacob. " , Mordecai. Simpson, A.
, M. M. Solomon, Ab.
66
, A. L. , Augustus. , Henry. , M. , Phineas.
, R. , Solomon.
Solomons, D.
, E. , J. R., Dr. , Lizer. , L. J. Mordecai. , S. S.
Sommers, E.
Suares, A.
“ , B.
66 , Ben. C. , Jacob. , J. E. Tobias, A.
, Henry. .“ , I. , J. L. , T. J.
Triest, J.
, M. " , S.
Uhlman, J. H.
Valentine, I. D. , J. , S.
F
66
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THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA
Walters, J. Wesel, D. V.
Wetherhorn. M.
Wineberg, M.
Wineman, P.
Winestock, M. Woolf, H. L. P. " , Isaac. " , Ralph. Zachariah, J.
Of this large community, as before, most of its members engaged in commercial pursuits, some attaining great wealth. The limits of this volume will only allow the brief- est mention of the many men who achieved ordinary prom- inence. Four names, however, stand out in special relief : Isaac Harby, Jacob N. Cardozo, Jacob De La Motta, and Penina Moïse. To these we shall now refer at length.
ISAAC HARBY was the eldest son of Solomon Harby, whose father came originally from Barbary, where he occupied the post of Lapidary to the Emperor of Morocco. Falling into disfavor, he fled to England, where he married an Italian lady. His son, Solomon Harby, left England for. Jamaica before he was twenty-one years of age, and after- wards settled in Charleston, where Isaac Harby was born on November 9, 1788. He was educated at the academy of the famous Dr. Best, and early manifested signs of capacity as a teacher. Quite early in life, we are told, he became an assistant teacher in Charleston College and published short articles in the local newspapers.1 In 1805, assisted by his friend, Langdon Cheves, he began the study of law, which, however. he soon abandoned. The death of his father leaving him the sole support of a large family, he opened a school at Edisto Island in 1808. This proving a success, he ventured the following year to remove to Charleston, where his academy became known as one of the best teach- ing institutions in the city. The following is the announce- ment he made to the Charleston public in 1809: 2
1 Moïse: Memoir prefacing Harby's Miscellaneous Writings, p. 7.
2 The Courier, Jan. 1, 1810.
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"ISAAC HARBY
The subscriber has opened an Academy in BEDON ALLEY No. ---- , where will be taught the usual branches of an English Education, viz. Elocution, Arithmetick, Penmanship, Grammar, Geography-also the Lutin & Greek Classicks, Composition, & the first Books of Euclid's Elements.
" He pledges himself, not only to pay every attention to the routine of his Pupils' improvement. but also to instruct them in the principles of virtue & patriotism. To instil into their minds honour & morality; & so far to effect the wish of the noble Spartan, as to teach Boys those things when they are young, which will prove most useful to them, when they become men.
"ISAAC HARBY.
" December 19."
Many amusing stories are related of him as a teacher. It is said that "while a schoolmaster, he would join in the sports of the boys during the hours of recess, but woe to the urchins with whom he played who were not perfect in their recitations. He generally thrashed them soundly, though he might engage in the ball play with them the very next hour. '' 3 His Academy continued to exist for some years, when he retired from teaching and took up news- paper work. He returned to teaching, however, in 1822. In 1825 he was elected one of the teachers of the Free Schools,4 but resigned his position prior to his removal to New York in 1828.5
In the first quarter of the nineteenth century there were many distinguished local littérateurs in Charleston : Crafts, Percival. Gilman, Ed. Jones, the elder Timrod, White, Hol- land. James, and Simmons-to mention only the best known. It was a period of great literary activity. Among the most distinguished of this coterie of writers was Isaac Harby.
3 The XIX Century ( Charleston, S. C., 1869), Vol. 1, p. 280.
4 The Courier. Feb. 15, 1825.
5 Ibid., May 27, 1823.
174 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA
His first work as an editor was done while he conducted The Quiver, a literary weekly that was short-lived. Becoming interested in politics, associated with a friend, he purchased The Investigator in 1814, which forthwith became the elo- quent champion of the Republican cause. It was a bold venture to change the character of an established paper. He even changed its name to The Southern Patriot and Commercial Advertiser,6 and diversifying its columns with his own writings, he made a success of his venture. In his paper he supported the administration of Mr. Madison with much ability. He retired from The Patriot on October 6, 1822, and shortly afterwards associated himself with John Geddes, Jr., who had become the proprietor and editor of The City Gazette and Daily Advertiser. Harby was Geddes's assistant." He retired from The City Gazette in 1823, and at the end of the year issued a prospectus of an afternoon paper-The Examiner -- which was designed to support Mr. Calhoun, in the first instance, for the Presi- dency; failing in this, his second choice was Andrew Jack- son. This paper never materialized. He was also an occa- sional contributor to The Charleston Mercury.
Isaac Harby was best known as an essayist. His essays were distinguished for their choice diction and good taste. Among these essays are the following: "Essay on Criti- cism," "The Quarterly Review and Melmoth," "Le Sage and De Solis," " The Field of Waterloo-a Poem by Sir Walter Scott," " Byron's Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte," "Letters on the Presidency. " 8 His dramatic criticisms, too, were much admired and brought him into note on both sides of the Atlantic.
& King: The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C., p. 74.
1 Ibid., p. 62.
These essays, together with numerous theatrical criticisms selected from his newspaper writings and his play, Alberti, are included in the memorial volume, Miscellaneous Writings.
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Harby was not only a dramatic critic, but a successful dramatist. Charleston at that time enjoyed the reputation of being one of the first cities in America to encourage the transportation of the drama from Europe and to foster its growth. Several of his dramas were played with com- parative success on the Charleston boards. His earliest effort. written in 1805, when he was just seventeen years old, was Alexander Severus, a tragedy in five act's. This was followed in 1807 by The Gordian Knot, or Causes and Effects, and was not a great success. In his preface the 'author gives a most amusing description of the difficulties he had to surmount before he saw his play performed.º
His next attempt was not made till 1819, when he pub- lished his Alberti, a play in five acts, the original object of which was the vindication of the character and conduct of Lorenzo De Medici from the calumnies of Alfieri in his tragedy called The Conspiracy of the Pazzi. President Monroe, who was then on a tour through the States, was present at the second representation of the play-a benefit performance for the author. This was a great success. Though Harby's dramatic work lacks originality, it will bear comparison with the best productions of his day.
Not as a littérateur and publicist alone, however, will the name of Isaac Harby be handed down to posterity. He will be chiefly remembered as one of the founders of the Reformed Society of Israelites, whose soul he was till a few months before his death. Though he was only a dilletante in the history and literature of Judaism, yet was every fibre of his being attuned to the spirit of the faith of his fathers. He had the gift to advocate his peo- ple's cause before the world, and nobly did he use it. In October, 1813, he delivered a discourse before the Hebrew Orphan Society, of which he was a member and whose chil-
Preface to The Gordian Knot, pp. 6-9.
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dren he had at one time taught. At this gathering was pres- ent a large assembly of citizens, including most of the first literary characters of whom Charleston could then boast. His address made the profoundest impression upon his audi- tors.10 His Anniversary Address, delivered before the Re- formed Society of Israelites on November 21, 1825, is to-day the best known of his literary remains. This address was everywhere well received, and among letters of commenda- tion that reached the author were two from Thomas Jeffer- son and Edward Livingston.11
In June, 1828, he determined to leave Charleston for New York, where he hoped to find a wider field for his literary activity. Nor was he disappointed. He established a school and readily found an outlet for the products of his pen. He contributed to The Evening Post and other papers, princi- pally dramatic criticisms. But the bright prospect that had opened before him was soon to be darkened. The death of his wife, who was Miss Rachel Mordecai, of Savannah, had been a sad blow to him. His health, impaired from exces- sive work and perhaps from real privation, soon broke down. He died on December 14, 1828, having just com- pleted his fortieth year -- barely six months after he had left his native city. 12
JACOB N. CARDOZO was born in Savannah on June 17, 1786. His family removed to Charleston before he had passed his eighth year. He received a plain English education, and from his twelfth year was employed in mechanical and mer-
10 See Memoir in Miscellaneous Writings, pp. 26-8. Mr. Moïse gives the date of this discourse as Oct., 1817. It should be 1813. (See The Courier, Oct. 22, 1813.)
1 Ibid., pp. 34-6.
12 There is a fine obituary notice of him in The City Gazette and Com- mercial Daily Advertiser. Dec. 27, 1828, copied from The Southern Patriot. In The Mercury, Dec. 25, 1828, Penina Moïse contributes a poem " On the Death of Isaac Harby, Esq."
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cantile pursuits. Possessing a well-disciplined and prac- tical mind, while still a young man he forged his way to the front among the leading writers of his day. In 1816 he assumed the editorship of The Southern Patriot, of which he became the sole proprietor in 1823. He had long studied the principles of trade, commerce, and finance, and his pur- pose from the first was to render his journal the organ of Free Trade doctrines. Having a constant view to those commercial questions in which the interests of the Southern States were involved, the commercial relations of the United States with the British West India Islands, in their re- stricted condition, engaged a large share of his attention. The removal of these restrictions was an object of constant solicitude with Monroe's Administration. To force a relax- ation by the British Government, Congress in 1818 and 1820 adopted counteracting regulations. These, whatever their effect on the British, were found to be oppressive on South- ern commerce. In 1822 various seaport towns of the South, such as Norfolk and Baltimore, petitioned Congress for their removal. The city of Charleston was so far inclined to second the movement that a large public meeting was held and a memorial was drafted for its adoption. Cardozo regarded the case as an exceptional one, and opposed the Memorial. He argued against unlimited intercourse when reciprocity was denied, and at an adjourned meeting of the citizens the Memorial was rejected, leaving the whole mat- ter, as before, in the hands of Congress and the Executive. The result which was arrived at in the countervailing reso- lutions of Congress was soon seen in the partial removal of the British restrictions. When this was done President Monroe opened the ports of the United States to the vessels of the British West Indies.
The tariff of 1824 met with but little opposition from the South. The agitation for an increase of protection in 1827 was followed by the Act of 1828. Cardozo brought the
178 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA
subject before the Charleston Chamber of Commerce and was one of a committee to draft a Memorial to Congress, which was unanimously adopted by the citizens of Charles- ton in a public meeting. The arguments on the subject, new though they were, rapidly made their way into the public mind and constituted the chief political capital of the press and party. The agitation ripened into Nullification, the controversies upon which began in 1828. Cardozo continued his opposition to the protective tariff, still maintained his Free Trade argument, but declined to adopt the extreme practical results to which Nullification was expected to lead. The advocates of Nullification succeeded in South Carolina, but Cardozo forfeited none of the public esteem in conse- quence of his course, He continued to conduct The South- ern Patriot, still keeping it the exponent of the commercial principles of which he had so long been the advocate, until 1845, when he sold the paper. In the same year he estab- lished The Evening News, with which he was associated during its existence as commercial editor.
As a journalist, Cardozo was a recognized authority on banking, commercial statistics, and political economy. His writings on these subjects were characterized by the great- est ability. He exhibited a fine taste, too, in criticism, and his editorial papers on the drama and other departments of the fine arts gained him repute far outside of his imme- diate neighborhood, He was a most prolific writer. He contributed many able articles on his favorite themes to The Southern Quarterly Review and other periodicals, and in 1826 published his Notes on Political Economy, which at- tracted much attention.13
During the war he filled editorial positions in Mobile, Atlanta, and Charleston, and after the war was a contribu-
This work is noticed by Adams: Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, 13
Vol. 1, p. 271.
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1824-1860
tor to the Savannah Morning News, for which he continued to write until a year before his death, when failing eyesight compelled him to abandon his pen. In 1866 he published his Reminiscences of Charleston, and in 1870 was the suc- cessful competitor for the prize essay of the Charleston Board of Trade, receiving the commendation of that body at its anniversary meeting on April 6, 1870-a remarkable record, indeed, for a man eighty-four years of age. After an absence of eleven years he returned to Charleston, nearly blind. He remained here but a little while. In April, 1873, he returned to Savannah, and died in that city on August 30th of that year. At the time of his death he was the oldest editor in the South. It is worthy of note that the "Cotton Statements" which now form an important feat- ure in all commercial papers were first introduced by him between 1845 and 1862.14
JACOB DE LA MOTTA was born in Savannah on February 24, 1789, but during the greater part of his life was a resi- dent of Charleston. He graduated as a physician in Phila- delphia, and after graduation was elected a junior member of the Philadelphia Medical Society.15 He began the prac- tice of medicine in Charleston, starting as an attending phy- sician at the Charleston Dispensary.16 He served as a sur- geon in the regular army in the War of 1812 and after the
1} For a highly appreciative editorial notice see The News and Courier, Sept. 2, 1873. See also an article reproduced on p. 1 of this issue from the Savannah Morning News. This article has been generously utilized by the author in the preparation of this sketch. See also The News and Courier, Sept. 3, 1873, for some interesting reminiscences by King, and that author's Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C., p. SO. Appleton's Encyclopedia of American Biography confuses Isaac N. Cardozo with Jacob N. Cardozo, The former did not die, as stated in this work, on Aug. 26, 1850, but on Aug. 18, 1855. (See the author's The Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C., p. 12.)
10 The Courier, March 16, 1810.
16 Ibid., August 9, 1810.
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war returned to Charleston. In 1824 he was elected secre- tary of the Medical Society, a position that he occupied for many years. Though a resident of Charleston, he took a deep interest in the religious affairs of his native city and was one of the leading spirits in the reorganization of the small Congregation of the Jews of Savannah, in the erection of whose Synagogue he took a prominent part. For. several years be officiated there as Minister, acting later in a sim- ilar capacity in Charleston. He took an active interest in politics, too, and was chosen to read the Declaration of Independence at the anniversary celebration in 1830.17 In 1832 he was chairman of a meeting of the Union and States' Rights Party.15 On the occasion of the Whig dinner in 1840 he sang a song composed by himself.19 He was a member of the Clay Club in 1843.20
In 1831 he was elected a Commissioner of the Poor- house.21 From 1832 to 1840 he was secretary of the Liter- ary and Philosophical Society, before which distinguished body he made several addresses. In 1836 he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Medicine at Paris .?? He was a frequent contributor to The Cou- rier,23 in which paper several of his lectures on scientific subjects were printed. Among these were the following: "On the Natural History and Product of the Silk Worm" 24 and "On the Philosophy of Botany. '' 25 He was an occa- sional contributor, too, to The Occident. He was Assistant Commissioner of Health in 1837.20 He was at one time President of the Congregation Beth Elohim, and after the division of that Congregation through the introduction of
17 The Courier, July 7, 1830. 20 Ibid., Dec. 12, 1843.
18 Ibid., June 26, 1832.
2 Ibid., April 20, 1831.
19 Ibid., Dec. 9, 1840.
22 Ibid., May 30, 1836.
33 See, e.g., ibid., Sept. 6, 1834, Sept. 17 and Nov. 19.
24 Ibid., July 16, 1836. 28 Ibid., Sept. 15, 1837.
25 Ibid., May 20, 1840.
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1824-1860
the organ he was President of the seceders for two years. He was the author of two pamplilets: An Oration, on the Causes of the Mortality Among Strangers, During the Late Summer and Fall (1820), also of a Discourse-delivered at the consecration of the Synagogue at Savannah (1820).27
PENINA MoisE was born in Charleston on April 23, 1797. Her father, Abraham Moïse, was an Alsatian Jew who had settled in St. Domingo and who fled with his family to Charleston during the negro insurrection of 1791. She had barely passed her twelfth year when her father died and she was compelled to leave school and to take her part in sup- porting the large and almost helpless family he left behind. Being studiously inclined. she devoted every spare moment to reading and soon possessed a well-developed mind. She manifested literary tendencies at an early age, but it was not till 1830 that her poems were printed in number. From that time on, however, she wrote incessantly, mainly poetry, though numerous examples of her prose are preserved in the files of The Charleston Courier.25 Her pen was remark- ably prolific, and while much of her writing does not rise above the level of the average feminine verse, she certainly must have possessed an extraordinary gift to be able week after week-frequently as often as three times a week -- to contribute long poems on almost every conceivable subject to the columns of a single paper. Several of her best poems were devoted to topics relating to the emancipation of her
" For an obituary notice see The Occident, Vol. 3, pp. 59-60. Dr. De La Motta's Discourse, two copies of which are preserved in the Leeser Library in Philadelphia, is often referred to by writers who have mani- festly not seen it. The author expects some day to reprint this pamphlet together with other documents relating to the early history of the Jews in America.
" The author has collected references to several hundred of her poems, stories, and essays, a selection from which he hopes some day to preserve in permanent form.
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people: "The Rejection of the Jew Bill in the House of Lords" (1833), "The Jews of Damascus" (1840), "To Sir Moses Montefiore." In 1833 she published a small volume of poems, which she called Fancy's Sketch Book, and also contributed to The Charleston Book in 1845. Her best known work, however, and which will keep her name alive, is the volume of hymns which she wrote for the use of the Congre- gation Beth Elohim, of which she was a member. This vol- ume went through four editions. Her hymns have been incorporated in many collections, as a rule without acknowl- edgment. Charlotte Adams characterizes these hymns well when she says of them: "They are beautiful and stately songs, reminding one in their rhythmic march of the re- ligious verses that Cowper, Pope, Addison, and other eigh- teenth-century poets bequeathed to the world."
Penina Moïse was not merely a gifted writer, but also a splendid type of exalted womanhood. Her devotion to her mother, who had become paralyzed, and to her brother Isaac,29 who was likewise an invalid, is to this day spoken of by those who knew her. For many years she was super- intendent of the Sunday-school, succeeding its founder, Miss Sally Lopez.30 She wrote hymns and exercises for the younger pupils, and recitations and poems for the older ones.
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