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NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES 3 3433 08179770 0
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HISTORY
-
1
OF THE
Rebellion in Bradley County,
EAST TENNESSEE.
BY J. S. HURLBURT.
INDIANAPOLIS: 1866.
PIERC LINEATT
83061A TOR. LENOX AND LDEN FOUNDATION R 1923 L
ENTHUSIASTICALLY DEDICATED TO THE UNION PEOPLE OF TENNESSEE AND THEIR POSTERITY,
BY THE AUTHOR.
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year A. D. 1866, by J. S. HURLBURT, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of Indiana.
PREFACE.
THE following work, like many other books is forced into existence by circumstances. Regardless of the previous plans, previous and present wishes or present fears of the author, it arbitrarily assumes its present form. A believer in special Providence, he is compelled to accept it as one of the Providential tasks, if not one of the Provi- dential afflictions of his life.
Having prepared to publish the history of the 9th Indiana, under the present high rates of printing, it was found that upwards of $4,000 were necessary to issue 2,000 copies-a book to be properly illustrated and finished, and to contain 600 pages. Only $1,900 had been con- tributed for this purpose. The scheme must therefore be abandoned, or some method invented to save it from an entire failure. If the sale of the present work does not obviate the difficulty, the enterprise will be relinquished and the subscriptions refunded to all who desire them. The long and heart-rending delay of this work, more heart- rending to the writer than to all others concerned, is as unavoidable on his part as it is afflicting, and the only present consolation is the hope that the sequel may yet be to some extent an atonement for past disappointment. * * *
In regard to the present work, many things suggest themselves that might be said ; but in any case, it is bad taste, bad economy, and in principle very suspicious to re-write a book in. its preface. The principles entertained and views expressed in the following pages, morally, politically and socially, as general laws, are principles and views for which our only regret is that circumstances have militated against their being expressed more pungently and more at length. No person is fit to write upon the subject of our great rebellion who does not feel that it was at war with every principle of justice, every principle sacred to God and humanity, and that his pen is a two- edged sword put into his hand to wield in defense of his own life and of the life of posterity, as the sword and the musket were wielded at Shiloh and other battle-fields of the war-wielded to the death-by the friends of God and of human rights.
The mournful and costly victory in the field has been obtained, but the triumph is lost if the principles for which the bloody ordeal was endured are not, hence forward, unequivocally made the basis of our national action ; and the unequivocal and unobstructed triumph of
iv
PREFACE.
these principles in the nation cannot be maintained, only as writers and speakers upon the subject write and speak from a corresponding sense of the moral obligation divinely lain upon us as a people, and from an undying sympathy with, and an agonizing remembrance of, the bloody sacrifices which, in the Providence of God, was willingly poured out upon the field in defense of universal liberty and universal justice.
The only argument we have for those who think that we have been too severe with rebels, is to ask them to become intimately acquainted with the feelings of those Union people in East Tennessee who were the greatest sufferers-whose bereavements were the most terrible from the rebellion. The trials, sufferings and insults endured, for instance, by the families of Drs. J. G. Brown and Wm. Hunt of Cleve- land. and the persecutions and abuses, for instance, heaped upon the family of Gov. Brownlow of Knoxville, would not be accepted the second time by these families for the treasures of the State. These, with hundreds and thousands of other and similar cases in Tennessee, with very many still more disastrous and terrible, are the only argu- ments which we care to offer in justification of the severity that, by some, will be complained of as attaching to this volume. To ignore such a state of things in any country, and especially in our country, would be as false to the legitimate and vital objects of history as the rebellion itself was monstrous and cruel ; and we feel that the spirit in which rebels are dealt with in the following pages, will be sus- tained by those who, from bitter experience or from theory alone, are able to comprehend the depths of the malignancy of the spirit that originated and sustained the rebellion.
Much of the valuable and interesting matter that was obtained and prepared for this work, and that many readers in Bradley will expect it to contain, we have been compelled to lay aside for want of space. The Gatewood raid through Polk county, and the raids into Bradley from Georgia, in the winter of '64-'65 we have had to abridge to infinitesimal statements, while many other very interesting and im- portant incidents, with historic matter relating to the movements of the two armies in and about Bradley, have necessarily but very reluctantly, and with deep mortification to the author, been omitted altogether.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
PAGR
Bradley County-Boundaries-Latitude-Area-Soil-Stone for the Wash- ington Monument -Climate - Productions-Rivers-Streams-Cleveland -- Charleston-Georgetown-Minerals-Rolling Mill-Znlaski-His Torpedoes -Col. Pete-Burning of the Torpedoes-Col. Long Attacked by the Rebels- Torpedoes on the Railroad Track-Cherokee Indians-Slaves-Slave-trade in Bradley-Rebel Cruelties-Class that inaugurated the Rebellion.
CHAPTER II. PRETENSIONS OF THE REBELS TO DIVINE FAVOR.
Remarks-Moral Position assumed by the leaders of the Rebellion-Their infatuation-Southern Divines in the condition of the Prophets of Baal-As a worldly scheme the Rebellion possessed elements of success-England, France-Recognition-The Spirit of the Rebellion-Our Fathers.
20
CHAPTER II1. ELECTION FOR CONVENTION AND NO CONVENTION.
Rebels assume to be the Loyal Party-Union men the Loyal Party-Ten- nessee Rebels Dual Traitors and Tripple-stained Criminals-Thomas Payne -The Election for Convention and No Convention-Majority for No Conven- tion-Rebels admit the Fairness of the Election-The Election a verdict of the People against Secession-Office-holders and Politicians mostly among the Minority-Steps immediately taken by those to resist the Will of the peo- ple-Governor Harris calls an extra session of the Legislature-Message of Governor Harris-Ordinance of Secession
29
CHAPTER IV.
THE ELECTION FOR SEPARATION AND NO SEPARATION.
Extract from the Address of the Greenfield Convention-Extract from Par- son Brownlow's Experience among the Rebels-R. G. Payne-Louisville Journal-Election Returns-Extract from an Address of Ex-Gov. Neil S. Brown and others - Rebel Forces distributed throughout Tennessee pre- vious to the election-Extract from the Cleveland Banner
46
CHAPTER V. UNION FLAG RAISED AND LOWERED.
Union Pole and Flag Raising-Mississippi Rebel Regiment-Flag Dis- lodged-Flag Concealed three years-Gen. Grose-Col. Watters-Flag Re-in- stated-False Alarm-Extracts from Rebel Editorials-Property destroyed in Bradley by Rebels.
59
vi.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
FIRST CLIFT WAR.
First Clift War-Refugees-Clift's Headquarters-Rebels sent to Attack Clift-Union Citizens Advise with Clift-His Camp Vacated-Gen. Galispie -The Cross Roads Treaty-Second Clift War-Clift re-establishes his Camp on Sails Creek-Capt. Snow-Clift invents his own Artillery-Rebel Force sent to Dislodge Clift-Clift Vacates his Camp-Col. Wood-Rebels fight among themselves-Col. Clift's Escape-Rebels Scour the Country-Col. Clift at Washington-Obtains authority to Recruit a Regiment-His Fight at Huntsville-Ilis Regiment attempts to join Gen. Morgan at Cumberland Gap -Attempt to join Gen. Thomas at McMinnville-Col. Hoagland Captured- The Regiment finally joins Gen. Morgan-Clift's Regiment Merged with the sth Tennessee-Characteristics of Col. Clift.
66
CHAPTER VIII.
CAPT. WM. L. BROWN AND THE FIFTH DISTRICT ELECTION.
Robel Regiments raised in Bradley and adjoining Counties-Capt. Brown -His Character-Shaving Notes-The Fifth District Election-Mr. Donahoo President-Capt. Brown Rebel Candidate for Justice of the Peace - Mr. Hiram Smith the Union Candidate-Capt Brown Elected-Dr. Sugart -Maj. McCulley-Commendable Conduct of two Rebel Guards-Brown supplies his Rebel Friends with whisky-Brown attempts to Purchase Union Votes- Brown's Election Confirmed by Gov. Harris-Brown's Robbery of Mr. Wy- rick
CHAPTER IX.
UNION PEOPLE ROBBED OF THEIR PRIVATE ARMS.
Extract from the Cleveland Banner-Number of Guns Collected-Union People alone Victimized-Disposition made of the Guns-Order from Gov. Harris-Character of the Transaction-Assault of Hawkins and Brown upon the family of Mr. Harle.
96
CHAPTER X.
MONEY EXTORTED FROM UNION PEOPLE UNDER THE PRETENSE PROVIDING FOR THE FAMILIES OF REBEL SOLDIERS.
Case of old Mr. Hendricks-Letter from Mr. T. II. Calloway-Mr. Calloway approaches Brown in the presence of Rebel Officers-Brown's Hypocrisy to Escape their Censure-Lawyer Gaut-Men whom Brown Robbed-Amount of Money and Goods Extorted-Brown's propensity to Steal-Steals from his Friends-His House the Depot of Stolen Goods 105.
OF
CHAPTER XI.
THE TUSCALOOSA PRISONERS.
Esq. Trewhitt Arrested-Esq. Trewhitt and others sent to Knoxville- Arrest of Esq. Beene-Prisoners sent to Tuscaloosa-Death of Mr. Spurgen -Ladies of Mobile-Death of Esq. Trewhitt-Mr. Birch of Chattanooga- Position of Judge Campbell-Appeal made to the Rebel Authorities at Knoxville-Tibbs and other Bradley Rebels Fight the Application-Mr. Birch goes to Richmond-Rebel Secretary of War-Return of the Prisoners -Persecuted the Second time-Flee from the State-Most of them enter the Federal Service-Law Enforced against Rebels.
113
CHAPTER XII.
CAPT. BROWN'S WHIPPING OF THE CAMP WOMEN.
Arrest of Brown-Petition-Mr. John Craigmiles Refuses to Sign the Peti- tion-His Release-Names of Petitioners-Statements of a Cleveland Lady -Summary of Brown's Career.
119
CONTENTS.
vii.
·
CHAPTER XIII.
THE CLEVELAND BANNER.
Judge Rowles-Hand-cuffs-Extracts from the Cleveland Banner-Editor of the Banner taking the Oath-Illumination-Slavery a Bible Institution .. 135
CHAPTER XIV. THE STONECYPHER FAMILY.
Mr. Bryant-Arrest of Mr. Stonecypher -- His Son Volunteers to take his Place -- Son Dies at Knoxville -- Bryant offers $2.500 for a Substitute for his Son -- Absalom Stonecypher Kidnapped -- Is Delivered to Bryant-Bryant allows him to Visit his Home-Does not Return -- Mrs. Stonecypher Before Esq. Dean -- Efforts to Recapture Absalom -- False Accusation -- Rebel Officer Jones -- Absalom Enlists in the Federal Army -- Serves during the War- Death of old Mr. Stonecypher -- Sufferings of the Family
146
CHAPTER XV. CASE OF MR. WILLIAM HUMBERT.
Character of Mr. Humbert -- Capt. Brown's Attempt to Arrest Mr. Hum- bert -- Mr. Richmond -- Mr. Humbert's Daughters Robbed by Brown-Mr. Humbert Flees to North Carolina-Returns -- Flees the Second time-Mr. Humbert and his Family all Live to see the Rebellion Crushed -- The Hollow Log
165
CHAPTER XVI.
CASE OF LAWYER A. J. TREWHITT.
Mr. Trewhitt's Arrest-Sent to Knoxville-In Jail -. Released- Reaches Home-Arrested the Second time-Sent Again to Knoxville-In Camp of Instruction-Sent South-Escapes with Two Others-Twenty-three Days in the Forests-Reaches Bradley-Mr. Trewhitt's Wife-Reaches Home ...
172
CHAPTER XVII. TRIALS AND DEATH OF S. D. RICHMOND.
Mr. Richmond's Arrest-Is sent to Tuscaloosa-His Four Sons-His Prop- erty Stolen by Gregory-Arbitration-Mr. Richmond is Visited by Three Rebels pretending to be Rebel Deserters-His Murder -- His Remains Dis- covered-Capture and Death of one of his Murderers-Isaac Richmond and William Fisher
18%
CHAPTER XVIII.
REV. ELI H. SOUTHERLAND.
Mr. Southerland's Father-Mr. Southerland Proscribed by his Brethren- Rebels Compel him to Cease Preaching-Disposition of Mr. Southerland- Wm. H. Tibbs-Public Speaking-Mr. Southerland's Property Destroyed- Escape of the Perpetrators-Shooting of Dr. Griffin.
191
CHAPTER XIX.
BRADLEY COUNTY COURT.
Action of the Court-Rage of the Rebels-Editor of the Banner-Tax finally applied to the Relief of Rebel Women Only-Hanging of Mr. Grubb -Mr. Lusk -- Death of Amos Manes-Imprisonment of Mr. McDowell-Six Soldiers.
197
viii.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XX.
RED FOX.
Mr. Spurgen's Marriage-Constitutional Temperament-In the Mexican War-His Skill at Strategy-Joins Col. Clift's Regiment-His great Success as a Pilot-Once Captured-Escapes-Joins Col. Bird's Command-Attached to Scofield's Corps-Is on the Atlanta Campaign-Is Wounded-Attends the Bd Corps to the Eastern Army -- Returns -- Is Discharged-Mrs. Spurgen- Death of Mr. Baugh
213
CHAPTER XXI.
WM. LOW.
Arrest of Mr. Low-Sent to Knoxville-Secesh Ladies-In Jail-Released -His Son, Powell H. Low-Mr. Low Flees from Cleveland-Supping with Mr. Wise-Mr. O'Neil and Mr. Potts Captured-Mr. Low Escapes-Mrs. Low, Miss Mattie Low, Miss Rebecca Wise-Misses McPhersons-C. L. Hardwick. 224
CHAPTER XXII. MURDER OF FANTROY CARTER.
His Arrest-In the Rebel Army-Resigns-Enlists in the Federal Army- Is Murdered-Mrs. Carter and her Two Sisters Compelled to take the Rebel Oath-W. M. Willhoit.
236,
CHAPTER XXIII. MURDER OF THE TWO CARTERS.
Character of the Carters-Their Capture-Old Mr. Carter Wounded by James Roberts-The Two Reported to Gen, Wheeler-Affidavits-Horrid Cruelty to Robert Carter-Savage Treatment of Mr. Duncan by James Rob- erts-James Roberts' Shot at the House of Mr. McNeil-Escapes to Dalton- Accidentally Shot at the House of Mr. Renfrow-George Roberts-Purvines, Runnions
245
CHAPTER XXIV.
ARTIFICIAL CAVES.
Faith and Hope of the People of East Tennessee-Buell's Retreat from Battle Creek-Consequences to East Tennessee-Union People Equal to the Emergency-Artificial Caves.
257
CHAPTER XXV. MR. AMOS POTTS.
Characteristics of Mr.and Mrs. Potts -- Albert -- Mr. Langston -- Convalescents -Rebel Cavalry at Mr. Potts' house-McDaniels-The Winkler boys-Rebel Col. Hunley-Hunley chokes Mr. Potts-Hunley robbs Mr. Potts of his Horse -Horse turned loose-Horse stolen second time by McGriff-Remarks on Character of McGriff's offense-Shooting of Mr. Thomas-Ministers in Bradley-Murder of Mr. Cooper.
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THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY
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HISTORY OF THE REBELLION
IN
BRADLEY COUNTY, EAST TENNESSEE.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
BRADLEY is one of the most southern counties of East Tennessee, bordering upon the State of Georgia. It is bounded north by McMinn county, east by Polk, south by Georgia, and west by the counties of Hamilton and Meigs. From Cleveland, the county seat, which is in north latitude, thirty-five, it is by rail, twenty-eight miles west to Chattanooga, one hundred and twenty-eight south to Atlanta, and eighty-two east to Knoxville. The county is twenty-three miles north and south, by nineteen east and west, consequently, it has an area of about four hun- dred and forty square miles.
The whole surface of the county is decidedly broken and uneven, being thrown into ridges and valleys running generally north and south, consequently, it is very favor- able for military operations in those directions. The soil in the valleys is a dark yellow clay with a mixture of loam, having a sub-stratum mostly of red clay and slate formations. The soil of the ridges is substantially the same, but of course more gravelly, with slight scattering ledges of flint, and layers of imperfectly formed slate and sand rock.
About two miles east of Cleveland, or not far from the center of the county, are extensive beds of marble. The
2
10
HISTORY OF THE REBELLION
product of these quarries, when hewn and chiseled to a polish, present a surface of beautifully variegated colors, denoting the presence of different minerals. A finely worked specimen of this marble is lying within sight while we write, in one of the streets of Cleveland. It is a block or slab about four and a half feet long, by two wide, and from eight to ten inches in thickness. One side is polished, and on the polished surface is beautifully car- ved, an ellipse, or flattened circle, the arc or belt of which is three inches wide, the ellipse itself being as large as the surface of the stone will permit. The upper half of this circle is under, arched with thirty-two stars, signify- ing the number of States in the Union at the time this specimen of art was manufactured. Under these stars is cut the following inscription: "Contributed by the citi- zens of Bradley County, Tennessee, 1860." Mounting the under half of the ellipse, is carved in very expressive characters the following motto : " UNITED WE STAND, DIVIDED WE FALL !"
Thus nationalized, this production was intended by the people of Bradley, to be forwarded and placed in the " Washington Monument," as a token of their fidelity to the Union. But alas! while the loyalty and patriotism of the county were here engraven upon rock, and that rock just ready to occupy an appropriate niche in the most sacred temple of our national liberties, as an evi- dence that her citizens still loved those principles of National and individual freedom, bequeathed to them by the " Father of his Country," the whirlwind of rebellion, the maddened defection of a traitorous few came upon them, and came just in time to prevent the transportation of this stone to the place for which it was designed.
Traitors and treason did not like the devotion to the Union which it announced as existing in the people of Bradley, consequently, they declared that this stone, though admitted to be an expression of the views and feelings of a majority of the people, should never be sent to the Monument. Accordingly, this little enterprize of marble presentation, as well as all other expressions of
11
IN BRADLEY COUNTY, EAST TENNESSEE.
national affection by the people here, was, as by moh violence, strangled in an hour; and the neglected and insulted stone now lies as cast-off rubbish in one of the by-ways of Cleveland.
The unimproved portions of Bradley are thinly covered with a medium growth of timber, principally the different kinds of oak, some hickory, a kind of sour wood, the sas- safras, a scattering of sugar maple on the creek bottoms, a few other common varieties, with a general interspers- ing of the yellow pine.
The coldest weather here is seldom severer than three degrees below zero, and the warmest is generally from ninety-six to one hundred above it. The seasons, we are informed, are sufficiently uniform that a failure of crops is very rare; and spring and autumn storms and high winds nothing like as vigorous, nor climate changes, it appears, anything like as sudden and disagreeable as with us in the North, nor even as much so here as at an earlier period.
Cotton and tobacco are raised in this county very spar- ingly. . Corn and wheat are now the principal crops. The black oats, however, here a winter grain, produce finely. The seed is sown about the middle of October, the crop being harvested the following June. They usually yield a very solid and heavy berry. The grass of these oats makes, especially for young stock, the finest winter pas- ture of any grown in the country.
The red and the white wheat are the principal varities raised. The red is sometimes affected with what they call the "wheat sick."
About the time of the Chickamauga battles, a rebel regiment of cavalry was for a short time posted in the vicinity of Cleveland, commanded by Colonel Dibble. Immediately after its arrival the officers as well as the privates spread themselves over the country in quest of supplies. Wheat was to them a desirable commodity ; and the farmers-and probably the millers also, as far as possible-secreted their white wheat, turning out the other article to the hungry soldiers, who were, perhaps,
12
HISTORY OF THE REBELLION
ignorant of the difference; at least did not suppose that they were being supplied with a regimental emetic in con- nection with theirs. After collecting what they thought a supply for the time, Colonel Dibble sent the whole to the mills to be made into flour; after which it was rationed out to the men. The whole regiment partaking pretty heartily of its new bread, it was not long before it found that " death was in the pot "-a strange trouble was in the camp. The men began to sicken at the stomach, and everywhere fell to vomiting as though they had been dosed with arsenic. The Bradley County wheat was at once charged with being the evil demon; and Colonel Dibble forthwith arrested all the millers concerned in making his flour, with as many others as his indignation suggested were accessory in thus poisoning his men. The investigation, however, failed to criminate either any of the millers or of the farmers, it being difficult to prove that these parties knew that the wheat was diseased, even if any such knowledge existed; and Colonel Dibble was compelled to pocket the insult, if such it was, and make the best of the difficulty in applying himself, as soon as possible, to recuperate his men by administering all the anti-arsenicals and gastric disinfectants that his hospital stores contained or his surgeons could manufacture. The difficulty, although it created considerable excitement, did not after all prove to be very serious; yet, serious enough we presume, ever after to impart to Colonel Dib -- ble's men a knowledge of the possible difference between the red and the white wheat of Bradley.
The sweet potato, also the Irish potato if cultivated with care, with almost all other vegetables peculiar to our Northern climate, as well as almost every kind of gar- den fruit, grow here in abundance. As is the case, per- haps, with the most of East Tennessee, the people of this county have not given that attention to the cultivation of the choice varieties of fruits which their soil and climate, as well as past experience, appear to justify. Peaches, and we believe pears, seldom fail, while plums and cherries. are equally sure ; and a few years of experienced cultiva-
13
IN BRADLEY COUNTY, EAST TENNESSEE.
tion of the best varieties in this section, would fill the country with these delicious fruits.
Bradley is emphatically an inland county, no part of it being nearer than sixteen miles to the Tennessee River. The Hiwassee, however, which heads among the mountains of North Carolina, bounds part of it on the north; and, some seasons, is navigable for small boats, twenty or thirty miles from its mouth.
The country is meandered by numerous small streams, affording a profusion of water privileges, most of which are improved by the erection upon them, of flouring and lumber mills, on a scale sufficient for the accommodation of the present inhabitants. In regard to water for all the purposes of life, nature has been lavish in her gifts to East Tennessee. Deep, blue springs, and crystal fountains are everywhere bursting out along the base of the ridges, forming the sources of the numerous.silver streams that dance along over their rocky or pebbly bottoms, till lost in the stronger currents of the Tennessee, or the Hiwassee. Had we some of these boiling, gravelly fountains, and leaping, crystal streams, upon the rich and extensive prai- ries of Indiana and Illinois, we then, most emphatically, might consider ourselves in possession of the gardens of the world.
Cleveland, the county seat, is the principal town of Bradley, is desirably located on slightly elevated ground, is pleasantly arranged as to streets and dwellings, with a suitable central square on which stands the Court House, a respectable brick building surmounted with a dome and spire, which together with its own proportions cause it to loom up in the distance, the most sightly edifice of the place.
At the commencement of the rebellion, Cleveland numbered two thousand inhabitants. It contains four churches, New School and Cumberland Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist. It also .contains an Academy. This, before the war, was under the supervision, as Prin- pal, of Mr. - Blunt, who, at the opening of the rebel- lion, went North and joined the Federal army. Before
14
HISTORY OF THE REBELLION
the expiration of his enlistment he obtained a Captain's: commission, and did good service in the work of putting down the rebellion. Since the war Mr. Blunt has resusci- tated his school, and is again at his post as the principal instructor in the county.
Charleston is in the eastern part of the county upon the Hiwassee, and at the point where the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad crosses that river. It contains about four hundred inhabitants.
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