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WOWNSH
Gc 976.8 C22h 1377421
IANA TOWNSHIP LIBRARY.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
Gosb. 50 U10.
THE PROPERTY OF
Township, County of
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
The Library is in charge of the Trustees of the Township, who are accountable for the preservation of the same.
They may adopt rules and regulations necessary for the pre- servation and usefulness of the books, prescribe the time of taking and returning them, and assess damages done them by those enti- tled to their use.
The Library must be kept open to all persons entitled to its privileges, throughout the year, without regard to school sessions.
Every family in the Township is entitled to the use of two volumes at a time, and every tax-payer of the same, without family, to the use of one volume.
No volume can be retained a longer period than 30 days.
That the Trustees may be able to make their Annual Report of the condition of the Library, and effect the necessary exchanges of the parts thereof in classified districts, all books must be re- turned to the Librarian 10 days before the annual meeting.
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Lippincott's
Cabinet Historien of the States.
TENNESSEE.
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02497 9939
COV: JOHN SEVIER.
LIPPINCOTT'S
CABINET HISTORIES
TENNESSEE.
PHILADELPHIA J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO 1856
THE
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE,
FROM ITS
Earliest Settlement to the Present Time.
BY
W. H. CARPENTER.
GC
976.8
C22h
PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 1856.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by T. S. ARTHUR AND W. H. CARPENTER, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
, STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON AND CO. PHILADELPHIA.
PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.
THERE are but few persons in this country who have not, at some time or other, felt the want of an accurate, well written, concise, yet clear and reliable history of their own or some other state.
The want here indicated is now about being sup- plied ; and, as the task of doing so is no light or superficial one, the publishers have given into the hands of the two gentlemen whose names appear in the title-page, the work of preparing a series of CABI- NET HISTORIES, embracing a volume for each state in the Union. Of their ability to perform this well, we need not speak. They are no strangers in the literary world. What they undertake the public may rest assured will be performed thoroughly; and that no sectarian, sectional, or party feelings will bias their judgment, or lead them to violate the integrity of history. 1377421
The importance of a series of state histories like those now commenced, can scarcely be estimated. Being condensed as carefully as accuracy and interest of narrative will permit, the size and price of the volumes will bring them within the reach of every family in the country, thus making them home-read- ing books for old and young. Each individual will,
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PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.
in consequence, become familiar, not only with the history of his own state, but with that of other states : -thus mutual interest will be re-awakened, and old bonds cemented in a firmer union.
In this series of CABINET HISTORIES, the authors, while presenting a concise but accurate narrative of the domestic policy of each state, will give greater prominence to the personal history of the people. The dangers which continually hovered around the early colonists ; the stirring romance of a life passed fearlessly amid peril; the incidents of border war- fare; the adventures of hardy pioneers; the keen watchfulness, the subtle surprise, the ruthless attack, and prompt retaliation-all these having had an im- portant influence upon the formation of the American character, are to be freely recorded. While the progres- sive development of the citizens of each individual state from the rough forest-life of the earlier day to the polished condition of the present, will exhibit a pic- ture of national expansion as instructing as it is inte- resting.
The size and style of the series will be uniform with the present volume. The authors, who have been for some time collecting and arranging materials, will furnish the succeeding volumes as rapidly as their careful preparation will warrant.
PREFACE.
PERHAPS the history of no State in the Union contains more events of romantic interest than that of Tennessee. Settled originally by a rough border population, surrounded by vindic- tive and subtle enemies, upon whose territory they had established themselves in defiance of opposition and in contempt of danger, the long and bloody wars which followed encroachments repeatedly renewed have no parallel except in the annals of Kentucky. Yet this sturdy peo- ple, separated from the older States by inter- vening mountains, not only sustained themselves against the incessant assaults of their adversa- ries, but righted their own wrongs, assisted to repel invasion, and finally evolved order and prosperity out of tumult and disaster.
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PREFACE.
Possessing more than ordinary facilities for blending the science of manufactures with the pursuits of agriculture, it is not difficult to ima- gine the future greatness of a state so happily situated both as respects fertility of soil and variety of climate. At the present period, as the following pages will show, Tennessee ranks first among the States of the Union in the value of her domestic fabrics, fourth in the production of Indian corn, and fifth in the scale of popu- iation.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Romantic character of Spanish adventure-The Fountain of Youth-Ponce de Leon-Discovery of Florida-Warlike op- position of the natives-Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon-Lands in Carolina-His treacherous conduct to the natives-Second voyage of De Ayllon-Its disastrous termination-Expedi- tion of Pamphilo de Narvaez-Lands in Florida-Attacked by natives-Sufferings and privations of his followers-They reach Apalachee-The village of Anté-They re-embark at Tampa Bay-Successive loss of the flotilla-Captivity of Alvar Nunez-His escape and return to Spain-His myste- rious reports-Hernando de Soto-His early career-His marriage-Entreats permission to conquer Florida-Is in- vested with the government of Cuba-Sailing of the expedi- tion-Arrival at Cuba-Liberality of Vasco Porcallo ... Page
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CHAPTER II.
Embarkation of the Spaniards at Havana-Arrival at Tampa Bay-Skirmish with the natives-Capture of Juan Ortiz- His romantic adventures-The march through Florida-The troops constantly attacked by the natives-Take up their winter quarters at Apalachee-Continued hostility of the natives-The march resumed-De Soto reaches the province of Cofachiqui-His reception by an Indian princess-Enters northern Georgia and encamps at Chiaha-Fruitless search for gold-The province of Coosa-The Spaniards welcomed by its chief-The arrival at the province of Tuscaloosa- Haughty speech of Tuscaloosa-He accompanies De Soto to Mobile-The battle of Mobile-Condition of the victo- rious Spaniards-De Soto returns to Chickasa-His encamp- ment burned by the natives-Discovery of the Mississippi -The Spaniards cross the river into Arkansas-Encamp at the mouth of the Red River-Sickness and death of De Soto-Wandering of the Spaniards under Moscoso-Their return to Mexico.
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CONTENTS.
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CHAPTER III.
The Spanish settlements restricted to Florida-French, Eng- lish, and Dutch colonies in North America-The Jesuit mission in Illinois-Marquette ordered to explore the Mis- sissippi valley-The Illinois entreat him not to venture- His noble reply-Sets out on his journey-How attended, and by whom-Reaches Maskoutens-Rude evidences of Christianity among the natives-Speech of Jolliet-The voyageurs descend the Wisconsin-Their reception at the Des Moines villages-Marquette's address-Response of the chief-Description of the monstrous Piasau-The voyage down the Mississippi-False alarm of the travellers-They reach the cotton-wood region-Approach the village of Michigaméa-Hostile preparations by the natives-Rescue of Marquette and his party-Escorted to Arkansas, and hospitably entertained-The return to Canada. Page 48
CHAPTER IV.
Robert Cavalier de la Salle-His emigration to Canada-Be- comes a fur-trader-Establishes a trading-post at La Chine -His explorations-Made commandant of Fort Frontenac -Returns to France-Obtains a patent of nobility and a grant of land-Resolves to explore the valley of the Missis- sippi-Obtains a monopoly of the traffic in buffalo skins- Builds a brigantine on the upper waters of the Mississippi -Crosses the great Lakes to Mackinaw-Sails for Green Bay-Sends back the Griffin to Niagara, freighted with furs-Proceeds to the mouth of the St. Joseph-Builds the fort of the Miamis-Descends the Kankakee-Builds forts -Crevecœur and Rock Fort-Returns to Fort Frontenac- Reappears in Illinois-Again returns to Canada-Prose- cutes his voyage to the Mississippi-Reaches the mouth of the Illinois-Descends the Mississippi to the Chickasaw bluff-Loss of a hunter-Builds Fort Prudhomme.
CHAPTER V.
Discovery of Old Virginia by Amidas and Barlow-Attempts at settlement-The James River colony-Its reverses and eventual prosperity-Extension of settlements-The Albe- marle region-A patent granted by Charles II. for the pro- vince of Carolina-Locke's constitution-Its rejection in Albemarle-Culpepper's insurrection-Governor Sothel-
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CONTENTS.
Ludwell's administration-The Carolinas under separate jurisdictions-Cary's insurrection-Arrival of Hyde-War with the Tuscaroras-Indian war with South Carolina- French in Louisiana-D'Iberville establishes a colony at Biloxi-Its removal to Mobile Bay-Crozat's grant-Charle- ville's trading-house on the Cumberland-French forts in the Tennessee country-New Orleans founded-Massacre of the French by the Natchez-Province of Georgia settled by Oglethorpe-French expedition against the Chickasas- Its disastrous failure. Page 65
CHAPTER VI.
Waning influence of the French-Progress of Georgia-War between England, France and Spain-Virginia boundary extended-Settlements on the Holston, Yadkin and Catawba -French in the valley of the Ohio-Mission of George Washington-Fort Duquesne-Skirmish at Great Meadows -Surrender of Fort Necessity-Arrival of Braddock-His defeat and death-Earl of Loudoun-Forts Prince George, Dobbs and Loudoun built-Campaign of 1758-Capture of Fort Duquesne-Trouble with the Cherokees-Indian nego- tiations for peace-Conduct of Lyttleton-Massacre of Indian hostages-Cherokee war-Montgomery marches against the Indian towns-Relieves Fort Prince George- Battle of Etchoe-Surrender of Fort Loudoun-Massacre of prisoners-Generosity of Attakulla-kulla-Advance of Grant-Second battle of Etchoe-Peace.
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CHAPTER VII.
Pressure of borderers upon the Cherokee country-Exploring parties in Tennessee-Wallen's hunters-Boone's-Hender- son employs Boon to explore Eastern Tennessee-Disco- very of Kentucky-Indian complaints-Royal proclamation -Disregarded by the pioneers-Scaggins explores the Lower Cumberland-Remonstrance by the Iroquois-Council at Fort Stanwix-Cession of lands south of the Ohio-Chero- kee council at Hard Labour-Settlements on the Holston --- The Long Hunters explore Kentucky-Increase of settlers at Watauga-They establish a local government-The commissioners for Watauga-John Sevier-Extension of Virginia boundary-The Watauga lands leased of the, Cherokees-An Indian murdered-Danger of the settlers -Heroism of Robertson-The north-western tribes-Trou- bles with the borderers-The massacre on the Ohio by Cresap and Greathouse-Indian war-Dunmore's campaign -Battle of Point Pleasant-Treaty of peace.
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VIII.
Cherokee council at Sycamore Shoals-Purchase of the Wa- tauga territory-Other grants-The Transylvania grant annulled by Dunmore-Colonial troubles-Instructions to the royal governors-Seizure of stores at Concord-Battle of Lexington-Difficulties with Dunmore-Patrick Henry marches on Williamsburg-Flight of Dunmore-Action of the Federal Congress at Philadelphia-Spirited conduct of North Carolina-Increased excitement in the province- Flight of Governor Martin-The legislature of North Caro- lina advocates a declaration of independence-Annexation of the Watauga settlement to North Carolina-Indian hos- tilities-Skirmish at Long Island-Defence of Watauga Fort-Anecdote of Catherine Sherrill-South Carolina me- naced by a British fleet-Provincial expeditions against the Cherokees. Page 106
CHAPTER IX.
Washington county established-Liberality of the North Carolina legislature-Special enactment in favour of the Watauga settlers-Increase of emigration-Military service -Assistance sent to Kentucky-Relief of Logan's Fort- Militia disbanded in Tennessee-Lawlessness of the Tories and Refugees-Committee of safety organized-Summary punishment of obnoxious persons-Hostility of the Chicka- maugas-The Nick-a-jack towns-Description of the Nick- a-jack cave-Expedition against the Chickamaugas-De- struction of their towns-Jonesborough founded-Sullivan county established-Exploration of the Lower Cumberland -Robertson's settlement on the Bluff at Nashville-Do- naldson's remarkable voyage-Joins Robertson at the Bluff .. 11 i
CHAPTER X.
War of independence-Evacuation of Boston-Declaration of independence-Battle of Long Island-Of White Plains --- Washington retreats across the Jerseys-Battle of Trenton -Battle of Princeton-Howe advances on Philadelphia- Battle of Brandywine-Of Germantown-Burgoyne's inva- sion-His defeat at Saratoga-Conquest of Georgia-Sub- jugation of South Carolina-Defeat of Gates at Camden- Activity of the mountaineers-Shelby and Sevier join
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CONTENTS.
McDowell-Capture of a tory garrison on Pacolet River- Advance of the British and Tories under Ferguson-Battle of Musgrove Mill-Rapid retreat of the mountaineers .. Page 129
CHAPTER XI.
Mountaineers disbanded-Advance of Ferguson-His message to Shelby-The mountaineers called to arms-Assemble at Watauga-Advance against Ferguson-The latter retires from Gilbert-town-American reinforcement-Conference of the partisan leaders at the Cowpens-Pursuit of Ferguson -Campbell selected to command the mountaineers-Ap- proach to King's Mountain-Order of battle-Sevier comes under fire of the enemy-The attack commenced-Cou- rageous conduct of Ferguson-Effect of his bayonet charges -Resolute perseverance of the mountaineers-Flag of sur- render twice torn down by Ferguson-His defiant conduct -His death-Surrender of the British and Tories-Tarle- ton sent to relieve Ferguson-His recall-Retreat of Corn- wallis - His subsequent movements-Battle of Guilford Court House-Capitulation at Yorktown.
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CHAPTER XII.
Return of the mountaineers-Indian hostilities-Battle of Boyd's Creek-Expedition into the Cherokee country- Destruction of Indian towns-Greene calls for reinforce- ments-Response of Shelby and Sevier-They join Marion -Capture two British posts at Monk's Corner-Shelby ob- tains leave of absence-The mountaineers return home- Prosperity of Tennessee-Death of Unatoolah-Alarm of the settlers-A new station constructed-Pacific overtures made to the Cherokees-Council at Gist-Land-office closed by North Carolina-Re-opened-Arbitrary extension of the western boundary-Greene county established-Explo- rations-Land-office opened at Hillsborough-Rapid sale of land-Expansion of the settlements west of the moun- tains
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CHAPTER XIII.
Recognition of American independence-Difficulties of the federal and state governments-Cession of public lands by North Carolina-Alarm of the mountaineers-Convention at Jonesborough-Declaration of independence-State of
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CONTENTS.
Franklin-North Carolina annuls her deed of cession-The mountaineers form a separate jurisdiction-Proclamation of Governor Martin-Its effect in the western counties- Political antagonisms-Increase of the party favourable to North Carolina-Tipton and Sevier-Outrages committed on both sides-Reactionary spirit-Return to the jurisdic- tion of North Carolina-Execution issued against the pro- perty of Sevier-Its seizure-Rash conduct of Sevier-His arrest-Escape-Election to senate of North Carolina.Page 159
CHAPTER XIV.
Robertson's colony on the Cumberland-Increase in popula- tion-Hostility of the Indians-Keywood and Hay killed- Freeland's station attacked-The settlers take refuge in block-houses-Cause of Indian hostility-Settlement on Red River broken up-Donaldson's party attacked-Panic among the settlers-Robertson's resolute advice-Freeland's station surprised-Repulse of the Indians-Desultory war- fare-Robertson's fort at the Bluff invested-Eight of the garrison killed by a stratagem-Custom of the country- Close of Revolutionary war-Temporary cessation of hos- tilities-Indian council at the Bluff-Spanish intrigues- Renewal of Indian incursions -Desperate skirmishes- Treaty of Hopewell-Continuance of hostilities-Robert- son's expedition-Attack on Hay at the mouth of Duck River-Surprise of Indian village by Robertson, and cap- ture of traders-Capture of French trading boats-Division of the spoils.
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CHAPTER XV.
Desultory Indian warfare continued-American attempts at retaliation-Robertson and Bledsoe remonstrate with McGil- livray-Death of Colonel Bledsoe-Robertson's negotiations with the Creeks-Hostilities continue-Increase of emigra- tion-Causes which influenced it-State grants and reserva- tions-District of Morgan established-Courts of law-Da- vidson county established-Nashville receives its name- Partial cessation of hostilities-Road opened through the wilderness-Sumner and Tennessee counties established- Voyage of Colonel Brown down the Tennessee-Massacre of his party by the Chichamauga Indians-Captivity of Mrs. Brown and the younger children-Their release- North Carolina cedes her western lands to the United States.
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVI.
Territorial government formed-Blount appointed governor -Difficulty with Spain-Instructions to Mr. Jay-Indigna- tion of the western people-Instructions rescinded-Unpo- pularity of the Federal government-Intrigues of Spain- Activity of Governor Blount-Indian hostilities-Campaigns of Harman and St. Clair-Restlessness of the Cherokees- Treaty of Holston-Depredations by the Creeks-Knoxville founded-The lower Cherokees declare war-Attack on Buchanan's station-Capture of Captain Handly-Captain Beard surprises Hiwassa -Is court-martialed-Hostile movements of the Creeks and Cherokees-Massacre at Cavet's station-Sevier's expedition-Defeat of the Indians -The Nick-a-jack expedition. Page 189
CHAPTER XVII.
Organization of a territorial assembly-Congress petitioned to declare war against the Creeks and Cherokees-Colleges established at Greenville and Knoxville-Washington col- lege established-Convention at Knoxville and adoption of a constitution for the State of Tennessee-Sevier elected governor-Blount and Coxe chosen senators of the United States-Their election declared invalid-Subsequent action of the legislature of Tennessee-Andrew Jackson appointed a member of Congress-His personal appearance-Indian difficulties-Blount expelled the senate-Appointment of Jackson to fill the vacancy-Reception of Blount in Ten- nessee-Chosen a senator of the State-His trial and ac- quittal-His death-Roane elected governor-Prosperity of Tennessee. 201
CHAPTER XVIII.
Aaron Burr-His duel with Hamilton-His journey to the West-Account of his projects against Spain and the United States-Co-operation of Blennerhasset-Burr publicly wel- comed at Nashville-Becomes the guest of Andrew Jackson --- Descends the Mississippi-Returns to Philadelphia-
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CONTENTS.
Intrigues with Eaton, Truxton, and Decatur-Eaton's visit to Jefferson-Reappearance of Burr in the West-Military preparations in the Ohio valley-Burr's correspondence with Wilkinson-Denounced by the latter-Jackson's warn- ing to the governor of Louisiana-Jefferson's proclamation -Arrest of Burr in Kentucky-His acquittal-Suddenly appears at Nashville-Frustration of his schemes-Burr descends the Cumberland-Encamps on the west bank of the Mississippi-His arrest, trial and acquittal-His subse- quent fortunes. Page 210
CHAPTER XIX.
Difficulties with Great Britain and France-Action of Con- gress-Increase of popular indignation against Great Britain -Congress declares war-Disastrous issue of the campaign at the north-Naval victories-Wilkinson calls on Tennes- see for volunteers-Prompt response-Reach Natchez under Jackson and Coffee-Ordered to be disbanded-Conduct of Jackson-Return to Nashville-Tecumseh-His attempt to form an Indian confederacy-Effect of his visit to the southern tribes-The Creeks become hostile-Massacre of Fort Mimms-Jackson reassembles the militia of Tennessee -Battle of Tallasehatche-Battle of Talladega-Successes of the Georgians and Mississippians 220
CHAPTER XX.
Jackson's difficulties at Fort Strother-Arrival of fresh troops -Jackson marches toward the centre of the Creek country -Battle of Emuckfau-Repulse of the Red Sticks-Return of the army toward Fort Strother-Battle of Enitachopeo -Gallant conduct of Constantine Perkins and Craven Jack- son-Defeat of the Indians-Volunteers discharged-Jack- son marches from Fort Strother with a new army-Battle of Cholocco Litahixee-Terrible slaughter of the Red Skins -Anecdote of Jackson-Submission of the Indians-Wea- therford surrenders to Jackson-His speech-West Tennes- see volunteers ordered home.
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CONTENTS.
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CHAPTER XXI.
Jackson appointed a major-general-He negotiates a treaty with the Creeks-The British at Pensacola-Jackson's cor- respondence with the Spanish governor-His project for the reduction of Pensacola-He calls upon Tennessee for volunteers-Fort Bowyer attacked-Repulse of the British -They take refuge at Pensacola-Jackson determines to attack that place-Arrival of volunteers from Tennessee- Jackson marches upon Pensacola-Unsuccessful negotia- tions-Americans attack the town-Submission of the Spa- nish governor-Escape of the British-Indians driven off -Jackson resurrenders Pensacola-He proceeds to New Page 243 Orleans.
CHAPTER XXII.
Jackson calls again for volunteers-Patriotism of the Tennes- seeans-Disaffection at New Orleans-British forces under Packenham threaten that city-Difficulty with the Loui- siana militia-Martial law proclaimed-Vanguard of the enemy encamp on the Mississippi-Night attack by Jack- son and Coffee-Dilatory movements of the British-De- struction of the schooner Caroline-First repulse of the enemy-Jackson's difficulty with the Louisiana legislature -Battle of the 8th of January-Packenham slain-Final repulse of the British.
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CHAPTER XXIII.
Return of Jackson to New Orleans-Opposition of the citi- zens to the continuance of martial law-Imprisonment of a member of the legislature by order of Jackson-Arrest of Judge Hall-Intelligence of peace-Return of Hall to New Orleans-Arrest and trial of Jackson for contempt of court -A fine imposed-Demonstration of popular sympathy- Dismissal of the Tennessee volunteers-Honours awarded Jackson by Congress-McMimm elected governor-Diffi- culties with the Cherokees-With the Florida Indians- Jackson ordered to take the field -Tallahassee towns
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CONTENTS.
burned-Seizure of the Spanish fort at St. Mark's-Skir- mishes with the Indians-Execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister-Jackson takes possession of Pensacola-Pro- test of the Spanish minister-Execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister discussed by Congress-Jackson sustained by the House of Representatives-Florida ceded to the United States Page 267
CHAPTER XXIV.
Statistics of Tennessee according to the census of 1850- Form of government, &c .- Conclusion 278
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
CHAPTER I.
Romantic character of Spanish adventure-The Fountain of Youth-Ponce de Leon-Discovery of Florida-Warlike opposition of the natives-Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon-Lands in Carolina-His treacherous conduct to the natives-Second voyage of De Ayllon-Its disastrous termination-Expedi- tion of Pamphilo de Narvaez-Lands in Florida-Attacked by natives-Sufferings and privations of his followers-They reach Apalachee-The village of Anté-They re-embark at Tampa Bay-Successive loss of the flotilla-Captivity of Alvar Nunez-His escape and return to Spain-His myste- rious reports-Hernando de Soto-His early career-His marriage-Entreats permission to conquer Florida-Is in- vested with the government of Cuba-Sailing of the expe- dition-Arrival at Cuba-Liberality of Vasco Porcallo.
NOTHING in the whole range of history is more singularly romantic than the remarkable series of exploration and adventure which ushered in the sixteenth century. The discovery of an un- known continent by Columbus, and the heroic yet half barbaric exploits of Cortez and Pizarro, extended the dominions of Spain over a vast region, reaching from the Mexican Gulf to the Pacific Ocean, had poured into the royal treasury
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. [1512.
at Madrid an almost fabulous amount of wealth, and correspondingly enriched all those daring soldiers of fortune, whose ambitious spirits led them to embark in perilous enterprises, the splendid results of which were owing, not less to their great powers of endurance than to their acknowledged courage.
Successes so astonishing, achieved by a mere handful of men, when compared with the num- bers by whom they were opposed, animated others to undertake enterprises of a similar cha- racter. And though the field of conquest was, at the period to which we refer, confined to the southern shores of the American continent and the islands adjacent, it was already rumoured that to the north of Cuba lay lands as rich in gold and jewels as those over which the Spanish flag already floated, and nations as easy to be overcome.
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