USA > Tennessee > The history of Tennessee, from its earliest settlement to the present time > Part 16
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276
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. [1819.
ject, and on the complete surrender of the Flori- das to the United States, the limits of Tennessee, as well as those of Kentucky, were greatly en- larged by a cession from the Chickasaw Indians of all that territory embraced between the nor- thern flow of the Tennessee river and the Mis- sissippi.
In the mean time, the course pursued by Jack- son in the late Seminole campaign, from the suc- cessful completion of which he presently return- ed, became an important topic of public con- sideration.
On the 12th January, 1819, the subject was brought before Congress by the report of a ma- jority of the military committee of the house, expressly condemning the executions of Arbuth- not and Ambrister. At the same time a mi- nority report, sustained by the administration, and regarding the whole matter in a favourable light, was introduced by Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. In a lengthened discussion of nearly a month both sides had an opportunity of being heard.
On the one hand, it was maintained " that the American government had been the aggressor in the whole business ; that the power of Congress in the matter of making war had been usurped upon ; that the trials by court-martial were a mere mockery, since the parties were not liable to trial in that way; and that the execution of
1819.]
DISCUSSION IN CONGRESS. 277
the British and Indian prisoners was in every respect unjustifiable."
On the other hand, "it was urged, as an apology for the executions, that as the Indians kill their captives, it was but a just retaliation to kill Indian captives; nor could white men, fighting on the Indian side, expect any better treatment than the Indians themselves. Harri- son, of Ohio, vindicated Jackson's course except in executing Ambrister, which he thought irregu- lar, as not sustained by the sentence of the court."
At length, after an ineffectual effort to indefi- nitely postpone the whole subject-an effort which Jackson's friends in no way seconded- the vote stood, for disapproving the executions of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, sixty-two to one hundred and three; and for disapproving the seizure of Pensacola and St. Mark's, seventy to one hundred.
Notwithstanding this triumph of the general's friends in the popular branch of the national legislature, an attempt was made in the Senate, about a fortnight later, to condemn his conduct in the Seminole campaign as a most reprehen- sible usurpation of authority. But the report containing this condemnation was suffered to lie on the table without action.
In whatever light the energetic proceedings of Jackson may now be regarded, one thing is
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278
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. [1821.
scarcely to be doubted-their good effect in bringing Spain to some definite action with re- gard to the cession of the Floridas-a cession hitherto vainly applied for, and which was deem- ed extremely necessary for the safety and repose of the adjoining States. While the general's conduct was being debated in Congress, the Spanish minister, newly instructed by his go- vernment, had at length signed a treaty by which the Floridas were to be surrendered to the United States, in consideration of their dis- charging certain claims, amounting to five mil- lions of dollars, brought by American citizens against Spain. Though immediately ratified by the Senate, this treaty, was not fully ar- ranged and completed, by the consent of both parties, until the 18th of February, 1821.
CHAPTER XXIV.
Statistics of Tennessee according to the census, of 1850-Form of government, &c .- Conclusion.
THE state of Tennessee, as at present consti- tuted, is bounded on the north by Kentucky and Virginia, on the east by North Carolina, from which it is separated by the Alleghany moun- tains; on the south by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi; and on the west by the Mississippi
279
STATISTICS.
1850.]
river, which divides it from Arkansas and Mis- souri. It lies between 35° and 36° 36' north latitude, and between 81° 40' and 90° 15' west longitude, and includes an area of twenty-nine million one hundred and eighty-four acres, of which, according to the census of 1850, only five million one hundred and seventy-five thousand are as yet under cultivation. It is divided into three sections, commonly designated as East, Middle, and West Tennessee, which are subdi- vided into seventy-nine counties ; the population numbering, by the latest official returns, one million two thousand six hundred and twenty- five, of whom three hundred and ninety-two thousand two hundred and fourteen were white males, three hundred and seventy-four thousand five hundred and thirty-nine white females, three thousand one hundred and eight free coloured males, three thousand two hundred and ninety- three coloured females ; one hundred and eighteen thousand seven hundred and eighty male and one hundred and twenty thousand six hundred and eighty female slaves. The representative population being nine hundred and six thousand eight hundred and thirty.
The agricultural products have been estimated at 52,276 bushels of Indian corn; 7,703,086 of oats; 1,619,381 of wheat; 89,163 of rye; 1,067,844 of Irish, and 2,777,716 of sweet po- tatoes; 369,321 of peas and beans; 14,214 of
280
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. [1850.
grass seed; 18,906 of flax seed; 20,148,932 pounds of tobacco; 8,139,585 of butter; 77,- 812,800 of cotton; 1,364,378 of wool; 1,036,- 571 of beeswax and honey; 177,680 pounds of cheese; 368,131 of flax; 248,000 of cane, and 158,557 of maple sugar; 258,854 of rice, and 74,092 tons of hay. The live stock valued at $29,978,016; market goods $97,183; orchard products $52,894; and slaughtered animals $6,401,765.
There were in 1850, 2789 manufacturing es- tablishments in the State, each producing $500 and upward annually. Among these were 33 cotton factories, with a capital amounting in the aggregate to $669,600, employing 310 male and 580 female operatives; consuming raw material worth $297,500, and manufacturing 363,250 yards of stuffs, and 2,326,250 pounds of yarn, the total value of which was $510,624. Four woollen establishments, with a capital of $10,900, gave employment to 15 males and two females, consumed raw material to the value of $1675, and fabricated 2220 hats worth $6310. Eighty- one furnaces and forges, with $1,915,950 capital and 2705 male hands, consumed raw material worth $730,551, and produced 44,152 tons of wrought, cast, and pig iron, the gross value of which was $1,611,043. In breweries and dis- tilleries there was invested a capital of $66,125, giving employment to 159 hands, consuming
281
STATISTICS.
1850.]
3000 bushels of barley, 258,400 of corn, and 5480 of rye, and producing 657,000 gallons of whisky, wine, &c. Of tanneries there was found to be 364, employing $490,320 capital, consuming raw material worth $396,159, and producing leather to the value of $746,484. In addition to these the value of home-made manufactures was estimated at $3,137,810-the highest in the Union.
The exports of Tennessee are principally live stock, pork, bacon, lard, butter, ginseng, cotton bagging, flour, Indian corn, fruits, tobacco, cot- ton, hemp, feathers, and saltpetre. The foreign imports of 1852 amounted to $252,504.
It has been seen that Tennessee at an early day provided liberally for the support of educa- tion. In 1850 there were nine colleges in the State, with an aggregate of 551 students, and libraries containing 27,056 volumes. There was also one theological school with 24 students, one law school with 56, and two medical schools with 590. The number of children in the State was 288,454, of public schools 2713, and 278 acade- mies. The school fund amounted to 1,321,655, the annual expenditure being $114,718. The number of books in the various school libraries amounted to 5100 volumes.
There were in 1850 no less than 1939 churches in the State, 831 of which belong to the Metho- dists, 611 to the Baptists, 357 to the Presbyte-
24*
282
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. [1850.
rians, 57 to the sect of Christians, 28 to the Free Church, 17 to the Episcopalians, 15 to the Union Church, 12 to the Lutherans, and 3 to the Roman Catholics. The remaining churches be- longed to the Friends, the Protestant Evangeli- cal, the Tunkers, and the Africans-making one church to every 517 inhabitants. The gross value of the church property was $1,208,276.
The public institutions consisted of 21 libra- ries, with an aggregate of 47,356 volumes; a State Penitentiary at Nashville, the present capital; and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Knoxville.
Under the constitution of Tennessee the go- vernor is elected for two years by the popular vote, his salary being fixed at $2000 per annum. The Senate consists of twenty-five and the House of Representatives of seventy-five mem- bers, both elected by the people for two years. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, presided over by three judges, elected for twelve years by a joint vote of the two houses of the legislature; of a Court of Chancery, pre- sided over by four chancellors ; and of fourteen Circuit Courts, presided over by as many judges. The judges of the inferior courts are elected by the legislature for eight years. Davidson county, in which the capital of the State is seated, has a special criminal court, and the city of Memphis has a Common Law
283
STATISTICS.
1850.]
and Chancery court. The salaries of the
judges range from $1500 to $1800.
The actual State debt of Tennessee, in Ja- nuary, 1853, was $3,901,856.66; loan debt, $915,000; endorsed debt, $675,000-total, $5,491,856.66.
On the other hand the State was in possession of a school fund, amounting to $1,346,068, of productive property valued at $4,837,840, and of unproductive property worth $1,101,390. The annual expenses of the State, exclusive of the interest upon the public debt and the charge for educational purposes, did not much exceed $165,000.
In January, 1853, the aggregate capital of twenty-three banks chartered by the State, was $8,405,197; the circulation, $5,300,000; and the amount of coin in the vaults of the different institutions, $1,900,000.
Though prevented by their geographical posi- tion from engaging in those profitable commercial enterprises which have tended so largely to in- crease the wealth of the people inhabiting the At- lantic borders, the citizens of Tennessee have sought and found the means of prosperity on their own soil. Possessing immense tracts of fertile land, water power in abundance, navigable rivers which drain an area of forty-one thousand square miles, abundance of coal and other fuel for manufacturing purposes, a climate so various as
284
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. [1850.
.
to ripen in equal perfection the cereals of the North and the cotton of the South, they have already become the first State of the Union in the value of their domestic manufactures, the fourth in the production of tobacco, and the fifth in the scale of population.
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