The Salt Lake City directory and business guide, compiled and arranged by E.L. Sloan, 1869 , Part 1

Author: Edward Lennox Sloan 1830-1874
Publication date: 1869
Publisher: Salt Lake City, Utah: published by E.L. Sloan
Number of Pages: 182


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JED. 180



Whole in au F tel Dealers in


Gines


Articles


S Oils, Glass cto


FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC


WES LIQUORS LID CICERS. . ABERTS FOR. " zak Grester' Pyk Mercines,


HE'S AND OTHER PAYANT CC LES


.A & M.a. Barnuna & Co.


WHOLESALE DEALERS IN


GIVES HOSTRY


V&. I'LL GOODS.


HOOP SHIRTS, COLSETS, Etc.


49 Lake Street,


T. B. WEBER.


G. W. WEBER.


T. B. WEBER & CO.


Manufacturers and robbers of


Boots and Shoes


No. 9 LAKE STREET,


CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.


We will occupy the spacious rooms, 3, 5 and 7 LAKE STREET, after July 15th, 1869. ·


Merchants of Utah and the West, are invited to inspect our Stock, and examine the well known Hand-Made "WEBER BOOT."


BOWEN, WHITMAN & WINSLOW, WHOLESALE


DRY GOODS


15 and 17 Randolph Street,


CHICAGO, -


-


ILLS.


CEO. E. STANLEY.


M. M. MORSE. MORSE & CO. ESTABLISHED 1858. Direct Importers of Wines, Brandies, Gins, Rums


And Dealers in FINE KENTUCKY WHISKEYS. 170 South Water Street. PRIVATE U. S. BONDED WARE HOUSE FOR IMPORTED LIQUORS. 159 Clark Street, CHICAGO. We make a specialty of old Copper distilled Whiskeys from Bourbon, Nelson, Woodford and Anderson counties, Kentucky.


John V. Farwell & Co., WHOLESALE DRY GOODS, NOTIONS


-AND-


WOOLENS, Nos. 42, 44 and 46 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL.


JOHN V. FARWELL, CHARLES B. FARWELL,


WILLIAM D. FARWELL, JOHN K. HARMON, BENJAMIN F. RAY.


EXCLUSIVELY WHOLESALE.


ALBERT H. HOVEY.


DANIEL S. HEFFRON.


HOVEY & HEFFRON,


HORTICULTURAL AND


SEED WAREHOUSE


IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN FIELD, GARDEN & FLOWER SEEDS. English, French, German and Italian Ornamental Goods, For House, Garden and Lawn.


57 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL.


A. E. BISHOP. J. P. PRINDLE.


BISHOP & PRINDLE, Successors to A. E. BISHOP, MANUFACTURERS OF


Farm and Freight Wagons


FOR THE UTAH TRADE. On Sale by WATT, SLEATER & CO., SALT LAKE CITY.


No. 16 South Jefferson Street, Near Randolph Street, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.


Vault BOOK ARCA 979.2251 51758 1869


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Dedication.


TO THE MAYOR, CITY COUNCIL AND BUSINESS MEN OF SALT LAKE CITY, THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY


THE PUBLISHERS.


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SALT LAKE CITY


EDWARDS'


ST. LOUIS DIREC' Steam Printing & Publishing Estak 300 and 302 NORTH MAIN STREI North-east corner of Olive Street, ST.


Branch Offices at Chicago, Milwaukee, Louisville and PUBLISHERS OF CITY AND STATE DI City Directories of all the principal Cities of the United States kept fc visitors to our office. Having a most extensive PRINTING AND BINDING ESTABL Conducted by first-Class workmen, we offer great inducements


BOOK ARCA 979. 517: 186


=


-


T


THE


SALT LAKE CITY


DIRECTORY


AND


BUSINESS GUIDE,


FOR 1869.


COMPILED AND ARRANGED BY E. L. SLOAN.


COPY RIGHT SECURED.


1


SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH : PUBLISHED BY E. L. SLOAN & CO. 1869.


GENERAL INDEX.


PAGE.


Abbreviations


87


Hotels. 78


Banks ..


78


Introductory. 55


Baths and Springs.


76


Literary, Scientific and Benevolent ... 73


Business Directory


158


Mayors of Salt Lake City. 64


Camp Douglas 173


Ogden City Business Directory.


179


Cemeteries 78


Places of Amusement .. 72


Central Pacific Railway


187


Post Office 78


Chicago Directory of Patrons,


211


Post Offices in Utah Territory.


81


Chicago, its Growth and Trade,


59


Public Buildings, Halls, etc .. 74


Churches.


76


Dedication


187


Distances from Salt Lake City.


84


Sketch of Mormonism.


56


Educational.


General Directory of Names. 87 Towns in vicinity of Salt Lake City 175


Hot and Mineral Springs.


73 Union Pacific Railroad. 182


INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.


PAGE.


Abbott & Howard, steel and file mnfrs.


210


Aiken Frank E. propr. Aiken's Theatre .. 209


Allen J. M. & Co. stove dealers. 174


Aulbach, Beadle & Barrett, proprs. Corinne Daily Reporter and job printers. 148


Austin & Boal, farming tools, stoves, hollow ware,


wagon and carriage stock, etc. 18S Barnum C. A. & C. H. & Co. notions, white goods,


gloves, ete. . Front cover


Bassett & Roberts, whol. dry goods, grocers, etc .. 170 Baver J. H. & Co. piano mnfrs. and music and mu- sical merchandise . . Opp. inside back cover


Beardslee Chas. Bros. & Co. cloths, cassimeres, vestings, etc. whol. 214


Bishop & Prindle, farm and freight wagons. 51


Bowen, Whitman & Winslow, whol. dry goods.


Inside front cover


.


Brigham & Goodyear, saddlery hardware.


217


Bunting James L. custom made boots and shoes ..


155


Callahan & Cock oft, law book publishers. 215 Campbell M. wigs, toupees, etc. 196


Carter Charles, photographer .. . Top lines of pages


Chicago and Northwestern Railroad 220


Chicago Evening Journal. 198


Chicago Evening Post. 218


Chicago Manufacturing Co. lamps and lanterns mnfrs.


218


Chicago Tribune Co. Top lines of pages Clive & Reid, bakers ..


218


Cornforth T. T. whol. grocer and com. mer


181


Cunningham J. N. physician and surgeon 162


Davis M. L. physician and surgeon. 164 Dunford & Sons, boots, shoes, etc. Bottom lines of pages Dwyer James, railroad news depot. 167


Farwell John V. & Co. dry goods, notions, etc. whol. 51 Freund & Brother, fire arms, ammunition, etc .... 158 Garden City Pianing Mill and Manufacturing Co .. 194 Gilbert Hubbard & Co. ship chandlers. 204


Godbe & Co. drugs, medicines, chemicals, etc. Front cover


Grenig Daniel, baker and grocer. 170


Harrison E. L. T. & W. S. Godbe, proprs. Utah Magazine and Advertiser ... 178 Union Hide and Leather Co 198


Hatch, Holbrook & Co. hard wood lumber. 194


Hawkins & James, machinery. 215


Heath & Milligan, white lead, zinc and color mnfrs. 202 Hellman & Co. whol. clothing ....... Top lines of pags Hempstead Charles H. attorney and counsellor. .. 153


221


Herring & Co. safe mnfrs.


Hollister & Phelps, carpet house. 202 Horrocks James, hardware, etc 180


Hovey & Heffron, horticultural and seed warehouse. 51


Howell M. A. Jr. & Co. wall paper mnfrs. 219 Hussey, Dahler & Co. bankers. 170


Jackson H. S. & Co. whol. grocers. 219


Keen W. B. & Cooke, books and stationery. 211


Kimball & Lawrence, dry goods, groceries, etc 82 Kirk, Coleman & Co. iron, nails, steel, etc ... 210 Lill'e Chicago Brewery Co. 210


Long John V. seeds, vegetables and flowers.


168


Maiben J. B. dry goods, groceries, etc


159


Marshall & Carter, attorneys at law.


154


Meeks J. jewelry, watches, etc ....


163


Megeath & Co. forwarding and commission house. 181 Mitchell F. A. com. mer. dry goods, hardware, etc.


and sewing machine agt. . Top lines of pages and 83 Morrison John, propr. Morrison House. 219


Morse & Co. wines, brandies, gins, etc .. Inside front cover


Norris B. F. & Co. watches, clocks and jewelry mnfrs. . Inside back cover Noye William F. miller and mill furnisher 204 Phelps H. E. variety store. Top lines of pages


Pyper A. C. & Co. groce. ies and tinners, whol. and ret, tiu and sheet iron ware, etc. 86


Ransom S. H. & Co. stove and hollow ware foun- ders 194


Read Brothers


Top lines of pages


Reich F. propr. Pacific House


Rubin H. cigars and tobacco. 163


156


Sands' Ale Brewing Co


Opp. back paster


Scholes W. L. & Co. overland saloon.


181


Schweitzer E. & Co. toys, fancy goods, etc


202


Shipp A. & Co. boots, shoes, hats, etc


155


Skinner B. H. propr. Briggs House ..


216


Sloan Wm. & Co. boots and shoes .. . Top lines of pages Smith Adelaide, straw and fancy millinery. 159


Smith Job, basket mnfr. and dealer.


154


Snow Z. counsellor and attorney at law


154


Southworth H. L. hotel and boardinghouse


163


Sprague A. C. livery, feed and sale stables.


165


Strickland & Robertson, attorneys at law. 154


Strong W. W. furniture dealer. 198


Sturges, McAllister & Co. woolen and cotton goods


216


Taylor John & Brother, tailors and drapers.


169


Tait W. H. physician and surgeon


167


Tompkins W. F. agent American Clock Co. Inside back cover


Trumbo J. K. auction, storage and com.


170


Tufts E. propr. Mansion House.


163


Tullidge & MacAvoy, painters and glaziers


167


Union Pacific Railroad.


Back cover


Wallace & Evans, bakers and confectioners Top lines of pages


Watt, Sleater & Ajax, purchasing agents, general


merchandise, etc ...


166


Wayne J. L. & Son, hardware dealers


218


Weber T. B. & Co. boots and shoes, mnfrs. and jobbers. . Inside front cover


Wells, Fargo & Co. general express forwarders aad carries of overland mail ... 166


Wells M. D. & Co. boot and shoe mnfrs. and deal-


ears ..


211


White & Brown, drugs, medicines, etc.


189


Woodman C. L. & Co. cracker mnfrs.


200


Woodmansee Charles, dry goods, etc.


179


Young Brothers & Co. whol. clothing.


214


Chronological Events of Utah.


72


171 Rates of Interest in the United States. Salt Lake City 69


Courts.


52


Salt Lake County


Secret Societies .. 82


Direct Route East


189


Public Buildings. 71


73 Territory of Utah .. 65


PAGE.


PAGE.


INTRODUCTION.


IN presenting the Salt Lake City Directory and Business Guide for 1869 to the public, it is necessary to briefly state the causes which have delayed its publication for several weeks beyond the time originally fixed upon for issuing it. In procuring the information contained in it much more labor was required, and longer timne had to be devoted to it, than was at first believed would be necessary. The greater portion of the matter contained in it was also delayed on its transit to the printers by the heavy snow storms which impeded travel through the Rocky Mountains in February and March.


No pains have been spared to make the work a reliable one for future reference; and every change of business which has occurred from the completion of the canvass for the Business Directory, up to the work being put to press, has been carefully noted as far as information could be obtained.


The compiler begs to express his obligations for favors received in obtaining information to the Hon. George A. Smith, historian ; A. W. Street, Esq., P. M., Salt Lake City; Robert Campbell, Esq., Recorder of Salt Lake City ; Jesse W. Fox, Territorial Surveyor General; Hon. L. E. Harrington, American Fork; and Walter Thompson, Esq., Ogden, County Clerk of Weber County.


Respectfully, THE PUBLISHERS.


1442


SKETCH OF MORMONISM.


JOSEPH SMITH, the founder of the organization, was born in Sharon, Windsor county, Vermont, December 23d, 1805. His father's name was Joseph and his mother's Lucy ; and their family consisted of six sons and three daughters of whom the future prophet was the third son. When he was in his fourteenth year his father moved to Manchester, Ontario county, New York, having previously resided four years in Pal- myra in the same county. While in Manchester, and during a religious revival, he was, as he states in his autobiography, the subject of religious impressions ; during which, while praying in the woods one day, he had the first vision, two glorious personages appearing to him, who com- muned with him. Some three and a half years afterwards, on the 21st of September, 1823, he had a second vision and received a communica- tion relative to the plates upon which the Book of Mormon was inscribed. These plates, his history states, he obtained possession of on the 22d of September, 1827, from the place of their deposit, on the west side of a hill convenient to Manchester, the villege where he resided. The plates were enclosed in a box, covered with a stone, and had been there for some 1400 years, having been buried by an ancient inhabitant of this continent named Moroni. The characters on them had been principally inscribed by Mormon, hence the title of the work.


Being poor and with the work of translating the records before him, in his exigencies he obtained assistance from a gentleman named Martin Harris ; and in April, 1829, he made the acquaintance of Oliver Cowdery, a school teacher, who became his amenuensis, and the work of translat- ing commenced immediately. The Book of Mormons, was put in the hands of the printers ; but before it was published a church was organ- ized on the 6th day of April, 1830, in the house of Mr. Peter Whitmer, Fayette, Seneca county, New York. Thus the Empire State not only produced the plates, from which the book was translated, but can claim the honor of the organization of that society which is the greatest prob- lem of the century. Six members composed this church on its organi- zation, a small beginning for the thousands into which it has grown and the power and influence acquired in the short space of thirty-eight years. The Book of Morman was published, preaching and proselytizing were prosecuted with vigor, though the missionaries of the new faith were mostly uneducated, and churches were raised up in a number of places in a few months.


Early in 1831 a settlement was made at Kirtland, Ohio, and this may be called the first " gathering-place " of the church-a central point to


MEN'S AND BOYS' BROGANS AT DUNFORD & SONS.


CHILDREN'S SHOES IN GREAT VARIETIES, AT WM. SLOAN & CO.'S.


SKETCH OF MORMONISM.


57


wards which all who received the faith should converge. In July of the same year a lot was selected and dedicated, for a Temple, at Independ- ence, Jackson county, Missouri. Here a printing press was set in ope- ration and a periodical, the Evening and Morning Star, was published by Judge W. W. Phelps. Trouble broke out at Independence, between the settlers of the new faith and others inhabiting that region, and a mob tore down the printing office, tarred and feathered some of the prominent Mormons, abused others, and inflicted losses on the fraternity, in the de- struction of property, to a very large amount. The Mormons were obliged to leave, and most of them fled into and settled in Clay county, in the same state. The Jackson county mob influenced the citizens of Clay county, and after a time the refugees had again to leave, this time settling in unoccupied territory, which received the name of Caldwell county, as well as in Davis and other adjacent counties, in Missouri. In three years they made wonderful improvements in their new location, for industry has ever been a prominent characteristic of the organization. At this time they were viewed with suspicion by many pro-slavery citi- zens there, who classed them as abolitionists, many of them having com from states where the abolition theory was gaining ground. For this cause, and because their industrious habits conflicted with the dis- sipated customs of a class always too well known in frontier settle- ments, as well as for religious reasons, troubles again broke out and the entire Mormon community was compelled to leave the state. Their next settlement was at Commerce, Hancock county, Illinois, where in a short time they built the city of Nauvoo, which was duly chartered by the state Legislature. They had built a temple at Kirtland, which was an immense effort in its size and costliness for so small and poor a body of people as they then were. But in Nauvoo one was commenced on a scale proportionately greater to correspond with their increased numbers, wealth and importance. This they finished, but before it was completed, their Prophet, Joseph Smith, and his brother Hyrum Smith, the Patri- arch of the Church, were murdered in Carthage, where they were im- prisoned on a charge of treason. The Missouri enemies of the prophet and his followers, had never ceased their efforts against him and his peo- ple, preferring charge after charge which were disposed of by the courts, he always obtained an acquittal; until this last charge, when the mob would not wait for the result of a trial, but shot him and his brother dead while in prison under guard, wounding at the same time Elder John Taylor, one of the Twelve Apostles. They held Governor Ford's pledge for their safety at the time. This was on the 27th of June, 1844.


Soon after the Mormons were compelled to leave Illinois, and took up their line of march in February, 1846, for the then almost unknown west. That Fall and Winter the main body of the refugee Saints located in the neighborhood of the Missouri River, near what is now Council


PLOUGH SHOES AND BALMORAL SHOES AT DUNFORD & SONS.


1


58


PURE EXTRACTS, AT WALLACE & EVANS'.


SKETCH OF MORMONISM.


Bluffs and Omaha, where temporary settlements were formed. Next Spring, President Brigham Young started westward with 143 pioneers, broke a road, forded streams and built bridges from the - Missouri over the great plains and through the Rocky Mountains, arriving in Salt Lake Valley on the 21st of July, 1847. As soon after as possible the main body followed, a provisional State government was formed, gentle- men were sent to Washington to represent the new colony ; and in 1849 a Territorial government was granted to them for the Territory of Utah. Since that time they have prospered exceedingly ; their cities, towns and settlements number about two hundred with a population of nearly 150,000 souls. Besides these there are branches of the Church in many parts of the United States ; and in Europe the communicants of the faith number nearly 20,000. Their missionary efforts have been directed to every country where religious toleration would permit them to carry and disseminate their views. Most European and some Asiatic nations, as well as Australia and several of the Pacific Islands, have given prose- lytes to the faith; and almost all the old members of the Church are native born citizens of the Union, which still adds largely to the believers in the latter-day dispensation.


The Church is organized with a First Presidency of three ; a Coun- cil of Twelve. Apostles ; a Patriarch ; a quorum of High Priests of in- definite number ; sixty-four quorums of Seventies ; an Elders' Quorum ; a Presidency of three and a High Council of twelve for each Stake of Zion ; a Presiding Bishop for the Church with two Counselors ; a Bishop ' for each Ward ; a Priests' quorum ; a Teachers' quorum ; and a Deacons' quorum.


The present authorities of the Church are :


Brigham Young, President; George A. Smith his first and Daniel H. Wells his second counselor.


Orson Hyde, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and Orson Pratt, Sr., John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, Ezra T. Benson, Charles C. Rich, Lorenzo Snow, Erastus Snow, Franklin D. Richards, George Q. Cannon, Joseph F. Smith and Brigham Young, Jr., members.


John Smith, Patriarch.


John Young, President of the High Priests' Quorum; Edwin D. Wooley and Samuel W. Richards counselors. ,


Joseph Young, President of the first seven Presidents of the Seven- ties, and Levi W. Hancock, Henry Harriman, Albert P. Rockwood, Horace S. Eldredge, Jacob Gates, and John Van Cott, members of the first seven Presidents of the Seventies.


Edward Hunter, Presiding Bishop, Leonard W. Hardy and Jesse C. Little, his counselors.


George A. Smith, Historian and general Church Recorder, and Wil- ford Woodruff, assistant.


LADIES' FINE SEASONABLE HATS AT DUNFORD & SONS.


59


AN ELEGANT STOCK OF LADIES' SHOES AT WM. SLOAN & CO.'S.


CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS.


CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS OF UTAH.


1847. July 24th-Pioneers, numbering 143 men, enter Salt Lake Valley, having left the Missouri river April 14th. The day of their arri- val they commenced plowing and planting potatoes. A thunder shower wet the ground slightly in the afternoon.


July 29th .- A portion of the Mormon Battalion, numbering about 150, under command of Captain Brown, arrive, having come from Pueblo to Fort Laramie and thence west. They were accom- panied by a party of immigrants from the State of Mississippi.


July 31st .- Great Salt Lake City laid out, in square blocks of ten acres each, eight lots to the block, and streets eight rods wide, run- ning at right angles. Latitude of northern boundary of Temple block, ascertained by meridian observations of the sun by Prof. Orson Pratt, Sr., 40 deg., 45 min., 44 sec. Longitude, obtained by lunar distances, taken by the sextant and circle, 111 deg., 26 min., 34 sec., west of Greenwich. Altitude above sea level 4,300 feet.


August 25th .- President Brigham Young and about seventy of the Pioneers start east for "Winter Quarters," on the Missouri river, to assist their immigration forward.


August 26th .- The colonists had laid off a fort, built twenty- seven log houses, plowed and planted eighty-four acres with corn, potatoes, beans, buckwheat, turnips, etc., and had manufactured 125 bushels of salt.


1848. May 31st .- President Brigham Young organizes the immigrants of the faith coming west, at Winter Quarters, into companies for the journey. They numbered 1,891 souls, with 623 wagons.


August 9th .- Great Salt Lake City fort contains 450 buildings, with three saw mills and a flouring mill in the city, and others in course of construction.


August 10th .- Feast given in Great Salt Lake City to celebrate the First Harvest gathered in the Great Basin.


September 20th .- President Young arrives with his company.


Davis and Weber counties settled.


1849. February 5th .- Mercury 33 deg. below zero in Great Salt Lake City.


March 8th .- Memorial sent to Congress for a State Government.


March 9th .- Election held under the Provisional Government of the State of Deseret. Brigham Young elected governor; Willard Richards, secretary of state; N. K. Whitney, treasurer; H. C. Kim- ball, chief justice ; John Taylor and N. K. Whitney, associate jus- tices ; Daniel H. Wells, attorney general ; Horace S. Eldredge, mar- shal ; Albert Carrington, assessor and collector of taxes; and Jo-


WE ARE BOUND TO SELL AT DUNFORD & SONS.


60


Clothing, Wholesale and Retail, at HELLMAN & CO.'S, Salt Lake City.


CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS.


seyh L. Heywood, surveyor of highways, etc. Magistrates were also elccted.


May 27th .- Parties from the east en route for the California gold mines first arrive.


August 28th .- Captain H. Stansbury arrive to commence his survey.


October 6th .- Perpetual cmigration Company organized.


Utah, Tooele and Sanpete Counties settled. First Indian war.


Deseret Dramatic Association organized. Robert Campbell, president ; re-organized again in 1850.


1850. February 22d .- Earthquake shock felt in Great Salt Lake Valley. June 15th .- " Deseret News" published.


July 4th .- Parley's canon opened for travel under the name of " The Golden Pass."


August 28th .- Captain Stansbury completes his survey.


September 9th .- Act of Congress, organizing Utah Territory, ap- proved.


Ogden City located.


October .- Brigham Young appointed Governor of Utah Terri- tory.


December 8th .- " Thirty families left Salt Lake City, including 118 men, with 600 head of stock and 101 wagons, led by Elder George A. Smith, and in January following arrived at and settled the county of Iron, by building a fort at Parowan."


Council House ready for occupation this fall.


1851. January 3d .- First criminal trial by jury held in the provisional State of Deseret.


January 11th .- Great Salt Lake City incorporated, Jedediah Morgan Grant, first mayor.


Charters granted to Ogden, Provo, Manti and Parowan cities.


October 29th .- Fillmore City located as the seat of government for and the capital of Utah territory.


Millard, Box Elder and Carson counties settled.


1852. . January 16th .- Tabernacle, capable of seating nearly 3000 per- persons, finished.


February 14th .- Territorial Legislature memorialize Congress for a Pacific railroad and telegraph line.


July 27th .- Thermometer 127 deg. in the sun in Great Salt Lake City. -


September 3d .- First company of P. E. Fund immigrants arrive from Europe with thirty-one wagons, A. O. Smoot, captain ; met by the First Presidency, Captain Wm. Pitt's band, and many lead- ing citizens.


. MISSES' FINE KID AND GOAT SHOES AT DUNFORD & SONS.


THE FINEST FRENCH CALF BOOTS, AT WM. SLOAN & CO.'S.


CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS.


61


September 4th .- Treaty made with the chiefs of the Utes and Sho- shones in Great Salt Lake City.


Juab and Washington counties settled, the latter in the spring and the former in the fall.


Post offices established at American Fork, Springville and Pay- son, Utah county ; Salt Creek (Nephi), Juab county ; and Fillmore City, Millard county.


1853. February 14th .- The ground for the Temple, in Temple Block, consecrated.


April 6th .- Corner stones of Temple laid.


August 29th .- Resolution adopted by city council, in compliance with expressed request of the inhabitants, to build a Spanish wall around Great Salt Lake City. The wall was twelve feet high; six feet thick at base, tapering to two feet and six inches six feet from the ground ; and preserving that thickness to the top. It was about nine miles in length. Portions of it still stand in a dilapidated con- dition.




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