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inasmuch as a certain, maturity of mind is requisite for the proper grasp of these studies, it is not recommended that any student, however well prepared, enter upon them at an age less than eighteen years. In the department of Engineering the matriculate should be well trained in the elements of mathematics.
EXPENSE.
A second point on which mnch misapprehension exists is the cost of an education at the University. It is reputed to be an expensive school, to which only wealthy men can afford to send their sons. The most satisfactory answer that can be made to such allegations is a statement of actual facts.
To academical students from Virginia the University offers all her facilities of labraries, apparatus and instruction in ten distinct Schools, embracing all the branches of science and letters, for a single matriculation fee of $25. This is the only charge, and is all that the school receives from such a student.
To have sufficient guarantees of health among the young men, it has been found necessary to erect a hospital, provide a matron and a trained nurse, and have regular attending phy- sicians. To support this hospital every student (except such as live at home) pays an annual fee of $7. This entitles him to free medical advice and nursing, and is an exceedingly modest charge for the services actually rendered. Such as it is, none of it goes into the treasury of the University ; the whole amount being expended in the maintenance of the hos- pital. Including this we have for the University fees of a student from Virginia in the academical department-
Matriculation, $25
Infirmary fee,
7
Total of University fees, $32
The living expenses of a student at the University are on the lowest estimate as follows :
Lodging, $ 15
Board at $12 a month, 108
Fuel, Lights and Washing,
1 25
Total living expenses $148 I
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
These depend on the market price of commodities in the the locality and can be reduced only by the provision of a diet inadequate in quantity or unsuitable in quality-a device which would be worse than the wildest extravagance. The fare provided at this price is plain but wholesome and abun- dant. More luxurious accommodations can be obtained at a corresponding increase of price. But the usage of the school is shown by the fact that of the 250 students resident within the precincts of the University during the last session, 120 or 48 per cent. lived at the Clubs at the rates above stated. Sum- ming up the foregoing items we get for the total necessary expenses of a Virginian academical student-
University fees, $ 32
Living expenses, 148
$148
The additional cost of books and stationery will be the same at the University as at other schools and varies with the courses taken. The amount of pocket money spent by the student will usually vary inversely as his success in his studies. A father can provide for his son no sharper spur to frivolity, no surer allurement to vice, than unrestricted pocket money. Few young men who take part in the literary and forensic ac- tivities of the student community can get through the session under $50; $100 should be considered a maximum. To sum up, a Virginian, in the academical department of the Univer- sity, should have an allowance of $250 to $350 according to the price he pays for board, plus his expenditure for books, clothing and travelling. More money will do him harm. In the laboratory Courses and in the professional Schools the charge for tuition should be added. For those with whom severe economy is a necessity, it should be said that every year there are men at the University who meet all the ex- penses of college life on less than $200.
FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION.
In nothing has the University changed so greatly since its foundation as in the facilities which it offers for instruction.
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
The original FACULTY consisted of eight professors, three Literary, three Scientific, one of Medicine and one of Law ; each in charge of a distinct School. At present there are four distinct departments.
I. LITERARY DEPARTMENT with six professors and two instructors.
II. SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT with eight professors and two instructors.
III. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT with four professors and one instructor.
IV. LAW DEPARTMENT with two professors.
The LIBRARY consisted originally of 2,436 admirably selected volumes ; to-day it possesses about 50,000.
The OBSERVATORY was never completed and soon fell into ruins. To-day Mount Jefferson is crowned by an observatory building unrivalled for excellence of constructive details, and containing a telescope which surpasses in power and perfection that attached to any University in the world. The Lick Ob- servatory has a merely nominal connection with the Univer- sity of California.
There was no Laboratory of any sort in the University for the training of students. To-day the Chemical Laboratory, the Physical Laboratory and the Biological Laboratory are each filled with appliances for illustration and for study and scientific research.
The only MUSEUM was a collection of curiosities. To-day the Museum of Industrial Chemistry exemplifies all the prin- cipal applications of Chemistry to the Arts, and the Museum of Natural History illustrates all branches of that subject.
SANITARY APPLIANCES.
On two occasions in the history of the University its doors have been closed by explosions of the malady characteristic of the Piedmont region-typhoid fever. The tragical story of these epidemics is made more pathetic by the fact that the wisest physicians of the day were profoundly ignorant of the causes of the malady and unable to prevent its recurrence.
.
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
One of the great triumphs of modern medicine has been the detection of the causes and the discovery of the remedy. Acting upon this discovery the University has provided for itself a copious supply of the purest water, conducted in un- derground pipes from a mountain reservoir five miles distant ; has put in a complete system of impervious sewers which convey all excreta and human wastes at once from the prem- ises ; removes all kitchen wastes daily from the buildings ; permits no horses nor cattle within the precincts, and in all things exercises a scrupulous cleanliness. The result is, that since these precautions have been taken, no case of typhoid or dysentery has originated within the precincts of the Uni- versity. Perseverance in them may be relied on to elimi- nate these two grave dangers to public health in this region. The situation of the University ensures it at the same time against malarial maladies. So that its sanitary condition seems to be as good as human care and foresight can make it.
DISCIPLINE.
In August, 1828, Thomas Arnold entered upon his duties as head master of Rugby school, and began those reforms in school management that have shed over his name the lustre of immortality. TEN YEARS EARLIER, in August, 1818, Thomas Jefferson met the Commission, appointed to select the site and draft the plan of organization of the University of Virginia, and then laid down the cardinal doctrine upon which Arnold afterwards based his work-that " after a certain age fear is not a motive, to which we should have ordinary recourse in aca- demical government, but that the human character is susceptible of. other inducements to correct conduct more worthy of employ and of better effect."
Upon this foundation stone the system of discipline of the University is built. Those futile endeavors to secure a mo- nastic seclusion, those degrading efforts to practice an effective espionage over the students, which have been for centuries the opprobrium of collegiate life, were from the beginning dis- carded. The student is treated as a rational human being
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whose interests and desires concur in persuading him to reap the benefits for which he pays. He is encouraged to become the friend of his preceptors, and receiving their confidence to give his in return. His word is accepted as absolute truth, and testimony when given by him is always voluntary and not upon oath. Regular and orderly attendance upon his lec- tures, with satisfactory progress in his class work, is regarded by the Faculty as the index of upright conduct and sober liv- ing on his part. Any failure in these particulars brings the student at once under the attention of the authorities. He is first admonished by his professors. If no reform is made he is reproved by the Chairman and a report of his deficiencies made to his friends at home. If he is still obdurate he is re- qnired promptly to withdraw from the University. The pen- alties of dismissal and of public expulsion are reserved for such offences as drunkenness, dissoluteness and dishonorable conduct.
What are the results of this government by influence ? They are not perfect. But who has devised a system for the government of four hundred young men which gives perfect results ! Yet the method of the University has ren- dered possible the introduction of the honor system in the examinations, in which each man is allowed to guarantee the honesty of his work by his personal pledge. It has estab- lished a reverence for truthfulness and personal integrity so great that no man who is known to have violated either the one or the other can remain a member of the University. And finally it has received the compliment of unacknowledged imitation (at least as to outward form) from those who have been its most interested and most unsparing critics.
FRUITS OF UNIVERSITY CULTURE.
If we enquire into the results of University training we find again the fairest answer in a simple statement of facts. Of the professors in the colleges, and universities of Virginia, 32 are Alumni of the University of Virginia ; of 5 judges of the Court of Appeals, 4 are University men ; of the judges of the
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
Circuit Courts the University has furnished 7 ; and like results may be pointed to in every department of intellectual activity.
During the past session (1887-88) of her 391 matriculates 242 were from Virginia ; and of those there were 61 students of law, 42 of medicine, 16 of engineering, and 25 were teachers in the public schools of the State.
Nor is it in Virginia alone that the results of her culture have been felt. In every Southern State her alumni occupy honorable stations on the bench, on the bar, in the medical profession, in the professoriate, in the pulpit.
In her first sixty years she has educated wholly or in part 2665 lawyers, 2504 physicians, 688 teachers, 340 clergymen.
Among her alumni have been 395 legislators, 179 judges, 62 congressmen, 6 governors, 2 cabinet ministers, 2 Speakers of the House of Representatives.
HER CHILDREN ARE HER JEWELS !
Railway Facilities.
O COUNTY in Virginia has better facilities for trans- portation. The Chesapeake and Ohio, east and west, and the Virginia Midland north and south, give every portion of the county ; excellent facilities for shipping, while the southern limits of the county are served by the Rich- mond and Alleghany. The Chesapeake and Ohio and the Virginia Midland form a junction at Charlottesville, the centre of the county, (where is located the handsomest and best Union depot in Virginia), thus affording our citizens direct and competing through communication with the vast net work of railways which cover this country from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf to Maine.
Our county roads are already in good conditions, but the
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
work of improvement, which was begun years ago, will go on until our highways are unsurpassed.
We are next door, so to speak, to all the good markets of the seaboard, and in the centres of dense population. Grapes and all perishable fruiis, gathered in the afternoon, can be placed on the stands in New York by 6 o'clock the following morning, and other markets can be reached with equal prompt- ness. Express is received and forwarded by every passenger train; we have four mails daily from Washington and the north, and three each day from Richmond and from Louisville and the West. These facilities of communication enable the shipper to keep posted as to the conditions of the markets.
Freight can be shipped via Virginia Midland to Washing- ton, the shipper having the choice of routes from the national capital ; or by way of Chesapeake and Ohio to Waynesboro, thence north by the Shenandoah Valley, or to Staunton, and continued north by the Baltimore and Ohio; or to Hanover Junction, and thence by the Richmond and Fredericksburg to Washington ; or by the Chesapeake and Ohio to Richmond, and thence by York River road to destination ; or to Newport News to the north and by water to New York, Boston, Phila- delphia, Providence or Europe, or other foreign countries.
Going west, freight will be sent via the Chesapeake and Ohio to Cincinnati, and thence by any route to other western cities.
Going south and southwest, by Virginia Midland to Lynch- burg, thence by Norfolk and Western to destination by way of Bristol ; or to Danville and thence by Richmond and Dan- ville to destination; or by the Chesapeake and Ohio to Waynesboro, thence by Shenandoah Valley to Norfolk and Western ; or to Richmond and thence by Richmond and Danville and Coast Line to destination. A reference to any railroad map will at once show these advantages and substan- tiate our claim of superiority over other counties.
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
City of Charlottesville.
Officers.
R. T. W. DUKE, JR., Judge of the Corporation Court.
R. W. DUKE, Clerk. S. J. DUDLEY, Sheriff. W. T. JONES, Treasurer.
JOHN W. DAVIS, Commonwealth's Attorney.
Council.
R. F. HARRIS, Mayor.
C. H. HARMAN,
C. D. FISHBURNE,
W. O. FRY,.
W. C. PAYNE,
R. C. VANDEGRIFT,
J. L. WALTERS, MOSES LETERMAN,
T. W. BAILEY,
JOHN L. COCHRAN,
S. B. WOODS.
Its Advantages.
HARLOTTESVILLE, the county-seat of Albemarle, is the most populous, prosperous and progressive city in this section of the State.
In speaking of Charlottesville, the first inclination is to re- vert to its past history ; and this impulse is almost irresistible, for the record of its sons both merits and receives the praise and admiration of the whole country and points out a line worthy
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
. of emulation by all who desire to make a name for history or to do an act which will lighten the burdens of posterity. Great explorers, learned jurists and eminent statesmen and patriots have hailed from its ancient precincts, and the impres- sions they have left on the institutions of our country are des- tined to be as lasting as liberty itself. These things have their place ; it is not here, however; and while they cannot be for- gotten, yet for the present, at least, we must "let the dead past bury its dead," and in considering only questions of material progress and advantage, look alone to the prosperity of the fu- ture and point out the advancement promised us "if we weary not in well doing."
Located at an elevation of four hundred and fifty feet; sur- rounded by the beautiful Blue Ridge and its sub-ranges of mountains, Charlottesville enjoys celebrity for its lovely land- scape scenery. Its climate is dry and healthy, susceptible to no sudden changes, with sometimes a few days of severe winter weather, and only a short term of disagreeable summer heat accompanied, however, invariably with cool and pleasant nights. In order for healthfulness to be sure and perfect, the natural advantages of location and climate must be supple- mented by abundant pure water and perfect drainage. Until lately the town was supplied with water by wells only, and the need of a better accommodation, in this respect, was greatly felt, but the want has now been met by the establishment of an unequalled system of water-works; leading from pure mountain streams, and furnishing a supply sufficient for the greatest demand.
The site of the city is on ground undulating gently, yet sufficiently to afford a most excellent system of natural drain- age. In view of these advantages, therefore, it is hardly neces- sary to say that the place ranks high for healthfulness, so much so that the city and surrounding country are usually well sup- plied, especially during the summer, with temporary sojourners, who come for rest and relaxation and with a view to recuper- ate their health and strength. In addition to this the superior educational facilities, together with the refinement and hospi-
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tality of its people, concur in making this an eminently desira- ble place of residence ; and, consequently, among our popula- tion are numbered many, in independent circumstances, who, as strangers sought out this point as possessing all the attrac- tions which unite in marking out a place as desirable for a home.
This is an old town but a new city, having been chartered by the last legislature under a city government going into effect July 1, 1888; its growth, has always been healthy, natu- ral and on a sound and steady basis. While our progress has not been artificial, neither has it, of late, been slow. In 1880 the population was 2,676, now it is 5,530 with suburbs of at least 1,000 more.
Personal property in 1888 $ 585,260
Personal property in 1880 295,217
Increase
289.943
Real estate in 1888 1,216,012
Real estate in 1880 723,953
Increase 482,159
Our merchants, as a rule, are successful, many of them hav- ing accumulated comfortable furtunes. Their retail trade ex- tends into six counties and the jobbing trade has also assumed considerable proportions; this, however, is a comparatively new departure, but the success it has attained is a guarantee of future progress. Manufacturing enterprises are also prosper- ous and increasing both in numbers and capital. The demand for houses, especially small ones, has kept far ahead of the supply, and as another sign of the times there may be men- tioned among recent improvements and new enterprises-a street railway, electric lights, baking powder company, new gas plant, water works, ice factory, wire and picket fence company, sash, door and blind factory, bottling works, two new cigar factories, as well as many smaller enterprises, all of which are in successful operation. To show still further the natural growth of our city we publish the figures (in round numbers) of building operations for the past few years :
1885 96,000
1886 112,000
1887 150,000
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
And in addition to these sums, there has been expended for water works, street railway, new gas plant and electric light plant, nearly $200,000.
The accomplishment of these results is not to be attributed to accident, the causes are adequate and well defined, and the. powers which developed them are capable of distinct analysis and definite determination. The causes which operate to build up cities are both natural and artificial, the forces of na- ture are irresistible and they are moreover at work while man sleeps, and if he but supplies the intelligence and enterprise to subordinate and utilize them all the conditions of a high and complete developement are fulfilled, and where they are both combined in the largest degree, there the greatest results are found.
The progress which Charlottesville has attained is to be at- tributed largely to the former causes ; developement has never been forced, and new enterprises have not been started until forced forward by demand ; and when it is considered that it has attained its present state of prosperity under these con- ditions, and that the community is now fully alive to the great advantages we possess and that man's intelligence, vigilance and enterprise is supplementing the wealth and opportunity that nature has so lavishly supplied, the future of our city is bright. The people are aroused by a spirit of enterprise and progressiveness, they are united in their efforts towards public improvement and are determined in a common purpose to co-operate with the favorable conditions which surround them, to develope the raw material, multiply the manufacto- ries, add to the activity of trade and thus increase the aggre- gation of population, prosperity and wealth. Domestic capi- tal as well as domestic enterprise is devoted to these objects, but encouragement and assistance is also largely sought away from home.
Only a brief retrospect need here be given of those advan- tages which Charlottesville possesses to give it a place among the most favored cities of Virginia as a desirable location for successful business undertakings. Manufacturing is to be con-
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
sidered as among the most potent factors in developing the resources of a country, and it is with a view to this, therefore, that a consideration of our advantages will mainly be directed.
Among the first and most important elements of successful manufacturing is a good supply of raw material, in easy ac- cess. The limits of this article forbid any detailed mention of the abundant resources with which nature has freely supplied our community ; however, a careful perusal of this book will show that either in agricultural products, minerals woods or fruits, we have an abundant supply easily available and sus- ceptible of profitable manipulation.
Next in importance, doubtless, is the question of labor, and it may safely be predicted that the community which can give assurance to the manufacturer of satisfaction and freedom from trouble in this regard has a large advantage and offers a great inducement for the importation of outside capital and new ideas. In this respect, the outlook for the future must be mainly predicated upon the experience of the past, and when it is discovered that we have an advantage a reason should be sought which will explain it. A considerable proportion of our population is composed of the laboring classes. They are provident, frugal and ambitious ; many of them own their own houses, and consequently are happy and contented in the con- templation of the reward of their industry and economy ; and those who have not been so fortunate are emulating the exam- ple of their more successful neighbors. They are intelligent and easily trained to new vocations ; reasonable in their de- mands, requiring only fair and honorable treatment, and when this is accorded them they freely share with their employers, if need be, the misfortunes of an adverse season ; the results from these characteristics are that while other communities are harassed by strikes, lock-outs and dissensions, we know of them only by name. These attributes are to be applied to the white and colored laborers alike, and all grades should be in- cluded, from the skilled mechanic to those who carry the hod. While our community claims pre-eminence for these character- istics of the laboring classes, it is but fair to say, that they
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
prevail, to a large degree, throughout the whole South, where colored labor is extensively employed and is to be traced to the civilizing and improving influences of former institutions, under which the servants and laborers, though slaves in name,
Albemarle Female Institute, Charlottesville, Va.
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ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
were really like members of the master's family, and were always ambitious of imitating and acquiring the refinement which they saw around them ; and, although, these institutions have passed away, this is one of the good results which re- main as a lasting blessing, especially to those in whom the qualities referred to have become so strongly rooted as to partake of the nature of instinct. The superiority of our white laboring classes is to be attributed to a very great ex- tent to the educational advantages of our community. Edu- cation is the great civilizer of the world, and wherever it prevails in the greatest degree there its best effects are felt, and whether it be applied directly to a given individual or only indirectly to him from an observation of its cultivating and refining effects on his neighbors, its good results are apparent, and the fact that it is in the reach of all, even though it be not taken advantage of, tends to create a desire for self-im- provement. The schools are free to the laborers' sons, and even the University of Virginia, which is located here, and is the head of our free school system, affords practically free tui- tion to any white, native or adopted Virginian, of whatever walk in life, who is sufficiently ambitious to undertake its arduous studies, and the sons of the laboring classes find themselves on equality there with the sons of any in the land. This institu - tion has been the means of raising to eminence many of humble parentage, and the success of each such aspirant has awakened ambition in many a younger heart, and caused even the elders to "put their best foot forward." As an educator, however, still greater good results from the Miller Manual Labor School of Albemarle, and for the purposes now in hand it need only be said that this institution combines an advanced academic education with a practical mechanical training, both united with the advantages of moral instruction and home influence, under the supervision of skilled and effi- cient teachers ; it gives free education, maintenance and sup- port to the white boys and girls of Albemarle county. The requisite for their admission being that they are "poor." With these advantages the laboring classes of Albemarle county
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