USA > Virginia > City of Norfolk > City of Norfolk > History of Norfolk County, Virginia : and representative citizens, 1637-1900 > Part 4
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War was declared by the Grand Assembly in March, 1645, against the Nansemonds and other neighboring Indians, and the military district composed of Isle of Wight, Upper and Lower Norfolk was directed to prosecute the war with vigor by cutting up their corn and doing any other acts of hostility against them. The expense of this war was to be borne by the inhabitants of those counties ly- ing south of the James River. The three counties raised a force of So soldiers and the Lower Norfolk contingent was under com- mand of County Lieutenant Robert Smith, one of the heroes of the war on the Eastern Shore. These soldiers invaded the terri- tories of the Indians, defeated them in battle and drove them beyond the Roanoke River. On this occasion the tithable inhabitants of the county were divided into groups, and each group was required to work the farm of one of the soldiers who were sent to the war, though the expenses of the campaign were raised by a general levy on all the tithables of the three counties. At a meeting of the council of war for the military district, held on the 25th day of October. 1645, said council being composed of Capt. Thomas Willoughby. Richard Bennett, Esq., Capt. John Sibsey. Capt. Edward Windham, Capt. Thomas Dawe. Richard Preston. Anthony James and Francis Hough, an itemized statement of the campaign was prepared. The total cost was ascertained to be 38.314 pounds of tobacco, exclusive of the pay of three county lieuten- ants, whose pay was fixed at 2,000 pounds of tobacco each, to be paid by their respective counties. To secure this amount. a levy of
28 pounds of tobacco was made on each tith- able of Lower Norfolk County, and 31 pounds per poll in Nansemond and Isle of Wight. The order states that the difference in the amount of the levy was "in regards that those counties had and made use of more of these provisions of victuals which are brought into the account than those of the Lower Norfolk did." Lower Norfolk had one soldier, Abra- ham Pitts, wounded, and another, whose name was not given, was bitten by a snake.
Dr. Christopher Athely was "chirurgeon for the march." and was allowed 1,000 pounds of tobacco for the voyage, and for the care of Abraham Pitts and "him that was hurt by a snake." 600 pounds,-in all. 1,600 pounds of tobacco. Dr. Thomas Ward was the "chirurgeon" who accompanied the Lower Norfolk contingent to the Pamunkey River.
Each of the 80 soldiers was allowed 100 pounds of tobacco, and Abraham Pitts, wounded in the service, and "him that was bit - ten with a snake," were allowed 800 pounds each for the loss of their time and crop.
For several years after the tithables were divided into detachments of 40. and each de- tachment was required to maintain one of its number as a scout, whose duty it was to re- main in the woods at a distance from the set- tlements and give warning of any inroads of the Indians. If the scout was a planter, the rest of the detachment was required to culti- vate his plantation, and if not a land owner. they were required to feed him, keep him sup- plied with ammunition and pay him for his services. This method of carrying on war was very economical to the government. though it bore heavily upon men of small means.
The law prohibiting terms of peace and directing the cutting up of corn was repealed by the Grand Assembly in 1646, as well as the declaration of war against the Nanse- monds. It was enacted that Indians coming on the lands of the colonists should not be killed unless taken in acts of mischief, but this was soon amended so that none should be
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killed unless for the commission of what would be a felony for an Englishman. In- dian children, by leave of their parents, could be taken as servants on such terms as might be agreed upon between parent and master. but it was required that the children should be educated and brought up in the Christian religion. The friendly Indians were allowed to hold the land they possessed, and no per- sens were allowed to settle on such land with- out the permission of the government.
.A general war was again declared in 1075-70, because of "sundry murders, rapine and many depredations lately committed." The charge of this war was to be sustained by the whole colony. An army of 500 men was directed to be recruited to garrison forts and guard the frontiers. Capt. Edward Wiggins with to soldiers from Isle of Wight. Name- mond and Lower Norfolk was to man a fort at the head of the Nansemond River. He was to have 180 pounds of powder and 540 pounds of shot kept in the magazine. The military district was required to send provisions to this fortification,-five bushels of shelled corn and 60 pounds of pork or 80 pounds of beef per soldier for four months, and so provide every fourth month.
Col. Lemuel Mason and Maj. Francis Sawyer were commissioned to select persons to draft men into the army. Every foot sol- cier was allowed 1.500 pounds of tobacco and cask for each year's service, and every cav- alryman for himself and horse, 2,000 pounds and cask. The pay of a captain was 600 pounds and cask for a month's service : a lieu- tenant, 400 pounds and cask: an ensign. 300 pounds and cask : a sergeant, 250 pounds and cask; a corporal and a drummer, each, 150 pounds of tobacco and cask.
An act for listing, arming and training militia was passed in October, 1705. It pro- vided that the colonel or chief officer of the 'county should list all persons between 16 and 60 years of age, to be divided into troops or companies, but these soldiers had to provide themselves with arms and ammunition. . 1
general muster was to be held once every year. and company muster once every three months. The governor was authorized to call out the militia on invasions er insurrections. So began the old militia musters, which ended in 1861, when the 95th and 7th regiments of Norfolk County went out of existence; for the volunteers in the Confederate Army left none to muster in the ranks of the militia.
COLONEL. MILITARY TACTICS.
A LIST OF THE NEW EXERCISE OF YEAR 1754.
Take Care
Join your right hand to your Firelock. T
Poiz your Firelock.
I
Jom your left hand to your Firelock
2
Cock your Firelock
3
Present
I
Fire
I
Recover your arms
E
Half cock your Firelock.
3
Handle your cartreges.
3
Open your cartreges.
Prime
2
Shut your Pan.
3
Charge with your cartreges
3
Draw your Rammer
Shorten your Rammer
6
Ram down your charge.
2
Recover your Rammer.
3
Shorten your Rammer.
3
Return your Rammer.
Your Right hand under
1
Shoulder your Firelock.
3
Rest your Firelock.
Order your Firelock
3
Ground your Firelock
Take up your Firelock
3
Rest your Firelock.
1
Secure your Firelock
5
Present your arms.
1
Fare to ye Right.
3
To the Right.
3
To the Right.
3
To the Right.
3
To the Right about.
By the left as you were.
3
Fare to the left
3
To the Left.
3
To the Left. .
3
To the Lit ...
3
To the Left about.
3
Cast about to charge.
I
Put it in the barrel.
Poise your Firelock.
Rest your Firelock.
Club your Firelock.
Shouhler your Firelock
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HISTORY OF NORFOLK COUNTY
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By the Right as you were. 3 Poize your Firelock. 1
Shoulder your Firelock. 3
SOME OF THE COLONIAL MILITARY OFFICERS.
Capt. Adam Thorogood qualified May 15. 1037.
Capt. John Sibsey qualified May 15. 1037.
Lieut. Francis Mason qualified March 20. 1639.
Capt. Thomas Willoughby qualified December 16, 1643.
Capt. William Clayborne qualified December 16, 1643.
Capt. Edward Windham qualified January 16, 1045.
Capt. Francis Yardley qualified 1051.
Col. John Wilson qualified 1705.
Capt. John Halstead qualified 1716.
Capt. Thomas Hodges qualified 1716.
Capt. Mathew Spivey qualified 1716.
Capt. George Mason qualified 1716.
Lieut .- Col. George Newton qualified 1734.
Capt. Willis Wilson qualified 1734.
Cant. Lewis Conner of Norfolk County Militia quali- fied March 10, 1740.
Col. William Craford qualified as county lieutenant September 15, 1748.
Cant. John Willoughby qualified as captain of com- pany on the north side of Tanner's Creek September 15. 1748.
Lieut. James Wilson qualified as lieutenant in Capi. Willis Wilson's company September 15, 1748.
Col. Samuel Boush of Norfolk County Militia quali- fied October 20, 1718.
Capt. John Portlock of Norfolk County militia qualified August 16, 1752.
Capt. Thomas Veale of Norfolk County militia quali- fied August 16. 1752.
Capt. Joshua Corprew of Norfolk County militia qualified August 16. 1752.
Capt. Robert Burgess of Norfolk County militia qualified September 28, 1752.
Capt. Marcom Herbert of Norfolk County militia qualified September 28. 1752.
Capt. William Hodges of Norfolk County militia qualified September 20, 1753.
Capt. Joseph Hutchings. Borough of Norfolk militia qualified September 20. 1753.
Col. Robert Tucker qualified to be county lieutenant March 20, 1760.
Capt. John Portlock qualified March 20, 1700. Capt. Joshua Nicholson qualified March 20, 1700. Capt. Thomas Talbot qualified March 20, 1700. Capt. Thomas Veale qualified March 20, 1760. Capt. Samuel Happer qualified March 20. 1760. Capt. Robert Burgess qualified March 20, 1760. Capt. Stephen Wright qualified March 20. 1700. Capt. Joshua Corprew qualified March 20, 1700. Lient. William Hanver qualified March 20, 1760. L.icut. John Herbert qualified March 20, 1700. Lient. Thomas Nash, Jr. qualified March 20, 1760. Lient. William Nicholson qualified March 20. 1760. Lieut. John Ferebce qualified March 20. 1760. Ensign Isias Slack qualified March 20, 1760.
Ensign John Scott qualified March 20, 1700.
Ensign Richard Ballentine qualified March 20. 1760.
Ensign David Ballentine qualified March 20, 1760.
Charles Stewart, Gent., qualified to be quartermaster of the Norfolk County militia March 20, 1760.
Maj, Lemuel Willoughby, Borough of Norfolk mili- tia, qualified April 16, 1761.
Cant. William Orange, Borough of Norfolk militia, qualified April 16, 1761.
Col. John Hutchings of Norfolk County qualified April 17. 1761.
Lieut. Samuel Bacon qualified June 19. 1761.
Ensign Richard Scott, Borough of Norfolk militia, qualified June 19, 1761.
Capt. David Porter of Norfolk County militia quali- fied March 18, 1763.
Lieut. Giles Randolph of Norfolk County militia qualified March 18, 1763.
Lieut. Jerome Creech of Norfolk County militia qualified March 18. 1763.
Ensign George Wright Burgess of Norfolk County militia qualified March 18. 1763.
Capt. Thomas Willoughby. Borough of Norfolk militia qualified October 16. 1766.
Col. John Willoughby qualified as lieutenant and chief commander of county militia October 15, 1767.
Col. Josiah Wilson of Norfolk County militia quali- fied February 18, 1768.
Lieut .- Col. George Veale of Norfolk County militia qualified February 18, 1708.
Lieutt. John Boush, Borough of Norfolk militia, com- missioned March 18, 1772.
Lieut. Caleb Herbert of Norfolk County militia. commissioned March 18, 1772.
Lieut. Samuel Veale of Norfolk County militia. com- missioned March 18, 17-2.
"Capt. Nicholas Wonycott this day 17th April, 1772, produced a commission from John Earle of Dunmore. Viscount Fincastle. Baron Mury of Blair, of Monlin and of Tillamet. Lieutenant and Governor General of Ilis Majesty's Colony and Dominion of Virginia, and Vice Admiral of the same, to be Major of the Borough of Norfolk, and he having taken the oath to the govern- ment and subscribed the test entered on the execution of his Commission."
Lieut. Edward Archer, Borough of Norfolk militia, commissioned May 21. 1773.
Lieut. James Nicholson of Norfolk County militia, commissioned August 17. 1773.
Ensign William Nicholson of Norfolk County mili- tia. commissioned August 17, 1773.
Fort Necessity fell in July. 1754, and in October of that year Governor Dinwiddie inaugurated measures to increase the Virginia forces to make another aggressive movement against the French and Indians. As in every emergency, Norfolk County was ready with her soldiers, and on the 2end of November. 1754. John Me Neil appeared before the Coun- ty Court with his commission, and qualified as lieutenant of the Virginia force raised for the Ohio expedition, and Simon Frazier, with
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his commission, qualified as adjutant . i the same command.
The removal of the gunpowder from the magazine at Williamsburg on the 20th et April. 1775. kindled the fire of revolution. which spread over Virginia like a sweeping blaze in the dry forests of autumn. The royal government was dissolved and went down as a leaking ship in an ocean storm. Its laws were as silent as the Dead Sea, and the times which "tried men's souls" were begun.
While Dunmore was planning in bembas- tic sentences to recover his authority, the con- vention at Richmond organized an independent government. and ordered the enlistment ( f an army for the protection and defense of the state. The excitement in the colony ran high. and the sentiment of the people for resistance to Dunmore's infamous warfare made the ploughmen halt in the fresh furrows In shoulder their muskets for battle. The general Committee of Safety was formed and two regiments, to number 1,020 soldiers, each. were ordered to be forthwith organized by some person selected by the Committee of Safety.
COMMITTEE OF SAFETY.
NORFOLK COUNTY, JULY 20. 1775.
Edward Archer John Portlock
Arthur Boush David Porter
Thomas Creech
Edward Strong
Mathew Godfrey William Smith
Jame- Grymes
George Veale
Caleb Herbert James Webb
Bassett Moseley
John Willoughby. Sr.
Charle- Maye Stephen Wright
James Nicholson John Wilson
Thomas Nash, Jr.
Abraham Wormington
WESTERN BRANCH.
Goodrich Bouch Malachi Maund
John Brickel. Jr.
Paul Proby
William Bressie
Samuel Portlock
Henry Bressie Daniel Sanford
Cornelius Calvert
Alexander Skinner
Benjamin Croocker
Malachi Wilson. Jr.
George Kelly
Patrick Mackey
John Willoughby, Jr
NORFOLK SOROL GB. 175
John Boush Viel Jamison
Thomas Claiborne lohn Lawrence
John Hutchings 11: 0011- Newton, Jr
Joseph Hutchings Thomas Ritson
Jame- Holt Robert Taylor
Samuel Inglis John Taylor
William Davies ( Secretary) Mathew Phripp (Chairman)
The colony was divided into districts for the enrollment ci minute-men : Vansemond, Isle of Wight, Princess Anne and the borough of Norfolk were joined in one dis- trict. The committees of safety of the em- ties in this district were directed to appoint i ur members for each county and two for the borough of Norfolk as deputies to meet in general convention for the purpose of fix- ing the number of minute-men to be enrolled in each county and borough. The minute-men after being organized in companies were trained 20 days in the place selected by the deputies and after being assigned to battalions. they were required to drill four successive days in each month, except the three winter months. An ordinance to increase the military force was passed on Friday, the first day of Decem- ler. 1775. which recited in the preamble. that "Whereas the Earl of Dunmore, by his many hostile attacks upon the good people of this colony, and attempts to infringe their rights and liberties, by his proclamation declaring ircedem to our servants and slaves, and arm- ing them against us, by seizing our persons and properties and declaring those who op- pr sed his arbitrary measures in a state of re- bellion, hath made it necessary that an addi- tional number of forces be raised for our pro- tection and defense." This ordinance directed .ix additional regiments to be raised and the officers and soldiers were required to take an cath as follows:
I des swear, that I will be faithful and true to the Colony and dominion of Virginia ; that I will serve the same In the utmost of my power, in defence of the just right - of America against all enemies whatsoever : that I will to the utmost of my abilities, obey the law-
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HISTORY OF NORFOLK COUNTY
fut commands of my superior officers, agreeable to the ordinances of the Convention and the articles of war to which I have subscribed, and lay down my arms peace- fully, when required so to do. either by the General Convention or General Assembly of Virginia. So help me God.
It was not until May, 1776, that an ordi- nance was passed requiring magistrates, on taking an oath to be faithful and true to the Commonwealth of Virginia, to support, main- tain and defend to the utmost power the con- stitution and government thereof, faithfully execute the office and do equal right and jus- tice to all men, so as to continue the admin- istration of justice. The justices were re- quired to appoint officers to make a tour of their county to administer this oath of al- legiance to all freeborn males above the age of 16 years:
I do swear or affirm that I renounce and refuse all allegiance to George III, King of Great Britain, his heirs and successors and that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Commonwealth of Virginia as a free and independent state, and that I will not. at any time, do or canse to be done. any matter or thing that will be prejudicial or injurious to the free- dom or independence thereof as declared by Congress; and also, that I will discover and make known to some one justice of the peace for the said state. all treasons or traterous conspiracies which I now or hercafter shall know to be formed against this or any of the United States of America.
These officers had to make lists of all who subscribed to the oath and return them to the court. They were also required to report to the court all those who refused, and the lieutenant of the county was required forthwith to disarm them. They were incapacitated from holding office, serving on juries, suing for debts or purchasing property.
On the 18th of July, 1777, the Norfolk County Court ordered that Mathew Godfrey, Gent .. administer the oath or affirmation ap- pointed to be taken by the Act of Assembly to oblige the free male inhabitants of this state above a certain age to give assurance of al- legiance to the same within the precinct on the south side of Tanner's Creek and on the north side as far as Willis Cares : that James Arch-
deacon, Gent., administer it within the pre- cinct on the north side of the said creek as far as the said Cares; that Cornelius Calvert, Gent., administer it from Ferry Point as far as Portlock's Old Mill between the Southern Branch and Princess Anne; that James Webb, Gent., administer it from Portlock's Old Mill to the Great Bridge and between the Southern Branch and Princess Anne line; that John Wilson, Gent., administer it from the Great Bridge to the Carolina line on the west side of the road leading to the North West Land- ing and also to the line of Portsmouth Parish ; that Malachi Wilson administer it from the Great Bridge to the Carolina line on the east side of the aforesaid road so far as the Prin- cess Anne line : that William Smith. Gent .. ad- minister the same in Portsmouth and from thence to New Mill Creek; and that John Tatem, Gent., administer it from Ports- mouth to the Western Branch, including both sides thereof.
These were exciting times in the county, and although the territory was exposed to the incursions of the enemy, every man was ex- pected to show his hand in the great contest for independence. Many Tories were arrested and tried for treason. It is said that one of those who remained loyal to the King con- cluded an argument with a patriot neighbor by saying that nature taught them to be loyal, for even bees had a King! The suffering among the poor people was extremely distress- ing about this time, and the court being un- able to relieve them appealed to Col. Charles Harrison, the commanding officer at Ports- mouth, for humanity's sake to render tempor- ary relief until it could help them out of the next county levy. Gov. Patrick Henry was officially informed of the deplorable condi- tion of many poor widows and orphans, and relief was authorized by the legislature through the courts. Cornelius Calvert was appointed to furnish the wives, children and aged parents of the poor soldiers the necessary provisions. Many poor men of the county flocked to the standard of Washington, thus
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exhibiting the highest patriotism and we may be well proud of these soldiers whose names should be enrolled on the scrolls of fame. But alas! how few can be listed now, nearly 125 years from those stirring. stormy days.
The General Assembly at Williamsburg on the 20th day of October, 1777, passed an act for recruiting Virginia regiments in the Continental line. Congress had made Vir- ginia's portion 8,160 rank and file. Some of the state troops were transferred to help make up the complement, and besides a certain number of single men were directed to be drafted from the militia and Norfolk Coun- ty's proportion was 35 men. They received a bounty of $15 on being enrolled.
The Quakers did not want to fight at all: but the Baptists and Methodists were willing to fight in defense of their country if not en- rolled in the same company or regiment; so the law provided that Quakers and Mennon- ites, who were drafted. could be exempt from personal service by furnishing substitutes to be paid by assessment on the whole society,. and the Governor was empowered by law to enlist Baptists and Methodists in separate companies with the right to elect their own company officers. When formed into a regi- ment, the Governor appointed the field offi- cers from the same religious denomination as the officers elected by the companies.
Another act for raising additional bat- talions for the Continental line required 15 to be furnished by Virginia and offered a bounty of 100 acres of land for every non-commis- sioned officer and private. 150 acres for an ensign. 200 for a lieutenant, 300 for a captain, 300 for a major. 400 for a lieutenant-colonel and 500 acres for a colonel. Norfolk County was allowed one captain, one Ist lieutenant. one 2nd lieutenant and one ensign. The act for recruiting 2,000 volunteers to join the army of Washington was passed on the 4th day of May, 1778. It offered as an inducement to enlist at that import- ant and critical period. a bounty of $30 and a complete suit of regimentals, to consist
of a coat, jacket, one pair of breeches, two pair of shoes, two pair of stockings, two shirts and a hat ; to be served with one gill of spirits per day until January 1, 1779: also they should be exempt from drafts and taxes for 12 months after discharge and should be fur- nished during their continuance in service stores at the following rates: "Wine at five dollars per gallon, green tea at four dollars per pound, bohea at two dollars per pound, coffee at two shillings and six pence per pound, chocolate at half dollar per pound, loaf sugar at two shillings and eight pence and brown sugar at one shilling per pound." Soldiers who served during the war were exempted from personal taxes and levies for life and those disabled received full pay for life.
Bounty lands were promised to officers and soldiers who served three years or during the war. There were in service during the Revo- lution 21 Virginia regiments, viz. : 16 on the Continental establishment, three regiments of the State line proper, two western regiments, and the State navy, which was composed of 20 or 25 vessels; from these figures it was estimated, by a legislative committee in 1835, that the number of persons entitled to land bounty was 11,000 and up to that time war- rants had been issued to about 6,136 persons.
Apprehending an invasion of the eastern part of the state, the legislature in May. 1780, authorized the Governor to direct the county lieutenants or commanding officers of Princess Anne. Norfolk. Nansemond, Isle of Wight, Southampton, Sussex. Surry and Prince George to order one-sixth of their militia to hold themselves ready to march at a moment's warning. It also ordered that the ships "Thetis." "Tempest," "Dragon" and brig "Jefferson" be repaired and manned.
An act for recruiting the State's quota for the Continental line passed in October, 1780. required Norfolk County to furnish 56 men, and at the same time an act for securing supplies for the army by seizure fixed allow- ance for "wheat at $66 2-3 per bushel, Indian corn $20, peas $30, oats $15, pickled beef $8
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HISTORY OF NORFOLK COUNTY
per pound. bacon $20. salt pork $12, brandy $60 per gallon, whiskey $40. taffia $50. West India rum $80, white biscuit $300 per 100 pounds, ship's bread $200, fine flour $200 and seconds or ship stuff $150 per 100 weight."
The scale of depreciation of paper money was fixed for specie :
In December. 1777, four for one.
In December. 1778, six for one ..
In December 1779, forty for one.
In December, 1780. seventy-five for one.
In December, 1781, one thousand for one.
REVOLUTIONARY TIMES.
The clouds of war were gathering in Vir- I ginia from April to October, 1775. The out- break came in the outrage at Norfolk on the liberty of the press. Under cover of the guns of the men-of-war in the harbor, a British officer with a squad of soldiers and sailors landed at the ferry wharf and marched to the printing office of the fearless' patriot editor. James Holt. on Main street, whence they car- ! ried off the type with appurtenances and two printers. When the corporation authorities re- monstrated. Dunmore replied that he had ren- dered great service in depriving them of means of having their minds poisoned and of exciting in them the spirit of rebellion and sedition.
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