USA > Virginia > City of Norfolk > City of Norfolk > History of Norfolk County, Virginia : and representative citizens, 1637-1900 > Part 60
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408
HISTORY OF NORFOLK COUNTY
at the same time and so he was leaving for the swamp. These times and scenes are now in the misty past, and with the coming of the new era, the manner and means of manufactur-
ing the Dismal Swamp timber have entirely changed, and the machinery of great mills make the shingles now, instead of the 'negro hand-made' of the old-time."
CHAPTER XXIV
BANKS, INDUSTRIES, COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS, HARBOR GOVERNMENT, AND MASTERS OF ARTS
BANKS OF NORFOLK COUNTY-INDUSTRIES-THE NORFOLK SILK COMPANY-LUMBER MILLS -THE NORFOLK COUNTY FISHERIES-CRAB FISHERIES-OYSTER INDUSTRY RATES OF WAGES FOR SKILLED LABOR AND CLERICAL WORK-THE BUSINESS MEN'S AS- SOCIATIONS-THE BOARD OF TRADE AND BUSINESS MEN'S ASSOCIATION OF NORFOLK -THE PORTSMOUTH BUSINESS MEN'S ASSOCIATION-GOVERNMENT OF NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH HARBOR-MASTERS OF ARTS
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.
THE BANKS OF NORFOLK COUNTY.
The banking power of the county of Nor- folk amounts to one-sixth of the total banking power of the whole State of Virginia. Thir- teen regularly chartered State and National banks located in Norfolk, Portsmouth and Berkley, afford banking facilities for a popula- tion of 100,000. Two of these are National banks, four Savings banks and seven State banks. The combined surplus and undivided profits of these institutions equal eight per cent. of their total capital stock-their de- posits aggregating nearly $9.500,000, with loans of over $7,750,000.
There have been no serious bank failures for over 15 years. and reports from which the | Capital accompanying statement is prepared show them all to be in a healthy and prosperous condition.
The following statement compiled from reports made to the State Auditor by State banks and to the Comptroller of the Currency by National banks shows the condition of the 24
banks of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Berkley cn or about July 1, 1901 :
RESOURCES.
Loans and discounts. ..
$ 7.735.930
Overdraft :
34.084
U. S. Bonds. .
102.800
U. S. Bonds to secure deposits. 950.000
U. S. Bonds to secure circulation.
600.000
Other stocks, bonds and securities.
1.480.724
Due from other banks and banker-
1.284.835
Real estate, furniture and fixtures. 520,086
Checks and other cash items
268,405
Specie. .
$208.942
Legal tenders.
500.258
Cash not classified.
6.299
775.499
All other resources.
03.291
Total resources
$13.888.314
LIABILITIES.
$ 1.613.038
Surplus fund.
709.000
Other undivided profit-
629.700
Circulating notes
000,000
Dividends unpaid. 7.820
Deposits subject to check.
8.559.493
U. S. deposit -.
903.492
Due to other banks and bankers ..
710.7 3
All other habilities.
Total liabilities $13 888 314
410
HISTORY OF NORFOLK COUNTY
The following table gives the number of, banks in each of the cities named, together with their capital, deposits and total resources :
No. Banks. Capital. Deposits. Resources.
Norfolk, 8 $1,370,600 $7,732,995
$11,679,414
Portsmouil: 1
212,438
1,580,445
2,024,982
Berkley
1
30,000
149,545
183,918
Total. 13
$1,613,038
$9,642,985
$13,888,314
The exchanges of the Clearing House of Norfolk City amounted to $57,042.416 on September 30, 1900.
The figures given below represent the prin- cipal items of resources and liabilities of the banks in the State, together with those in Norfolk . County, arranged by classes :
VIRGINIA.
Undivided
No,
Loans.
Capital. Deposits. Surplus. Profits.
Nat'l Banks. 47 $23.642,332 $5,331.430 $26.264.750 $1.913,197 $2.480.46'
State
111 25,583. 445 6.404,550 25,491,027
1.822,163 1,731.653
Private
1.083,00
321,600
1,298,000
46,173
52,500
Total,
185 $50,308,777 $12,060.580 $53,053,777 $3,781,833 $4,264,620
NORFOLK CO.
Nat'l Banks,
$1,993,009
State
4,738,416
$600.000 841.500 171,538
$2,961,136 5.145,157 1.356,692
$250,000 444.000 15,000
$182,235 307.426
Savings
+
1,039,188
140,045
Total, 13 $7.770,613
$1,613,038
$9,462.985 $709,000
$629,706
A comparison of the figures for Norfolk County with those of the State in the fore- going table will indicate how large a proportion of the business transactions of the State of Virginia is handled by these 13 banks. Repre- senting only about seven per cent. of the total number of banks, they have almost 18 per cent. of the total deposits, more than 15 per cent. of the whole amount of loans and about 13 I-3 per cent. of the total capital. Their surplus and undivided profits is about 83 per cent. of their capital, while the ratio for the whole State is about 63 2-3 per cent.
Five National banks have been organized in the city of Norfolk, only two of which are
now (November 1, 1901) in existence,-two having been closed by the Comptroller of the Currency and one going into voluntary liquida- tion.
The first bank organized in the State under the National banking system was the First National Bank of Norfolk (No. 271), which was authorized to begin business February 23. 1864, with a capital stock of $100,000. The president was Calvin L. Cole; cashier, W. G. Taylor. It failed June 3, 1874, and its affairs were settled by a receiver appointed by the Comptroller of the Currency, its creditors real- izing 571/2 per cent.
The People's National Bank of Norfolk was organized August 31, 1870, with a capital stock of $100,000, its first officers being J. C. Deming, president, and William S. Wilkinson, cashier. After doing business over eight years, it was permitted by the Comptroller to liquidate its affairs, and it ceased to exist as a National bank on July 31, 1878.
The Exchange National Bank of Norfolk was organized May 13, 1865, with a capital stock of $100,000, and later increased it to $200,000, with a surplus of $150,000. It was one of the largest banking institutions in the State of Virginia and its failure April. 9, 1885, was for a time a severe blow to Norfolk, sev- eral smaller banking houses being directly or indirectly affected by the closing of its doors, and two of such banks, together with a number of business houses, were forced to suspend business.
The Comptroller of the Currency (at that time Hon. W. L. Trenholmn) selected William H. Peters as receiver, and upon him devolved the difficult and arduous duty of winding up the affairs of this bank, and so efficiently did he administer his trust that the depositors realized 72 per cent. upon the payment of the final dividend, a few years since, the claims proved against the bank aggregating nearly $3,000,000.
The following is a list of the banks in Nor- folk County, with their capital .. date of organ- ization and names of officers :
..
27
..
411
AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS.
NORFOLK.
NAME.
City National Bank (1892
RANK OFFICERS. A. E. Krise, President. John L. Roper. Vice-President, B. W. Leigh. Cashier.
CAPITAL. $200,000
Norfolk National Bank Caldwell Hardy. President. 400,000
(1855)
C. W. Grandv. Vice-President. A. B. Schwarzkop. Cashier. W. A. Godwin, Assistant Cashier.
200,000
Bank of Commerce (1857
Nathaniel Beaman. President. R. P. Voight. Vice-President. Hugh M. Kerr. Cashier. M. C. Ferebee. Assistant Cashier.
300,000
Citizens' Bank (1807)
Walter H. Doyle, President. Tench F. Tilghman. Cashier. J. W. Perry, Vice-President.
Walter 11. Taylor. President. 110.000
Marine Bank (1872)
R. C. Taylor, Jr .. Cashier. G. R. Atkinson, Jr., Assistant Cashier.
Merchants' & Mechan- W. H. Wales. Jr .. President. 25,000
ics' Savings Bank W. S. Spratley, Vice-President. (1851) John E. Wales, Cashier.
Norfolk Bank for Savings & Trust (1893
Caldwell Hardy, President. C. W. Grandy, Vice-President. W. W. Vicar, Cashier.
100.000
Savings Bank of Norfolk. {1886,
George W. Dey. President. Geo. Chamberlain. Cashier.
30,000
Atlantic Trust & Security Co. Private. (1895
PORTSMOUTH.
NAME.
BANK OFFICERS.
CAPITAL.
Merchants' & Farmers' John T. Griffin. President. $ 51.500
Bank (1885)
J. H. Toomer. Cashier. W. G. Maupin, Jr., Assistant Cashier.
Legh R. Watts, President. 100.000
Bank of Portsmonth (1867)
J. L. Bilisoly, Cashier.
S. D. Maupin, Assistant Cashier.
Peoples' Bank (1893)
Alexander B. Butt, Cashier.
Dime Savings Bank 11901
T. J. Wool, President. 25.000
John H. Downing, Cashier.
BERKLEY.
NAME. BANK OFFICERS. CAPITAL.
Merchants' & Planters' Alvah H. Martin. President. Bank. 1849
W. L. Berkley. Vice-President. George T. Tilley, Cashier.
Berkley Peoples. Bank" (1901 .
Foster Black. President, Joseph A. Wallace, Vice-President. William B. Dougherty, Cashier.
INDUSTRIES.
The development of the commercial and industrial institutions of the two cities and the town of Berkley has been phenomenal in the last decade.
There are two large and successful brew- eries, six bottling works, two grain mills, two creosoting plants, seven peanut-cleaning estab- lishments, three paper-box factories, three
book-binderies, nine factories for making bar- rels, boxes and crates for trucks and fruits, five ice factories, two cotton compresses, eight cotton-knitting mills, 10 fertilizer factories, one mannfactory of silver-plated ware, car- riage and harness factories, agricultural in- plement works, foundries, machine shops, ship- vards. marine railways, cigar and candy factories, grain elevators, 18 saw and planing mills, two furniture factories, one peanut oil and fibre works, one shirt and overall factory, the government shipyard, the largest coaling station in the world, several sash, door and blind factories, six brick plants, one fence fac- tory, one trunk factory, one hat factory, three electrical supply works, three steam laundries, one lightning rod factory, one silk factory, and the fisheries and oyster industry. Some idea of their inception and progress may be ob- tained from the following details :
THE NORFOLK SILK COMPANY.
According to late statistics, there are 865 silk manufacturing establishments in the Uni- ted States, and Norfolk County enjoys the dis- tinction of having one of them within her borders. It is a comparatively new enterprise for this section, and indeed is one of the pio- neer mills of the kind in the South. The Nor- folk Silk Company owns and operates the plant, which is located at Lambert's Point. The company was very unfortunate in the start, having had its building about half de- stroved by fire just before the looms were ready for installation, but the old saying that a poor beginning makes a good ending bids fair to be verified in this instance. The mill is now equipped with nearly 150 looms, and is capable of producing upwards of 20,000 yards of silk per week.
America is a silk manufacturing country, but not silk producing, and the raw materials have to be imported. When this material ar- rives here it is mostly soiled, matted and glu- tinous, and the preparation of it for the loom requires careful and laborious attention. First
This bank was organized in July. 1901: as the bank statements preceding this list of the banking institutions of the county were to date of July 1. 1901. the statement of the Berkley People's Bank was not included.
J. W. Perry, President.
Franklin D. Gill. President, 50.000
30,000
30.000
412
HISTORY OF NORFOLK COUNTY
of all the raw silk must be carefully assorted, and then soaked to remove the glutin and other impurities. After having been dried, it is spun, wound and doubled, if for tram or filling. If for organzine or warp, after winding it must be spun twice, first with 14 turns to the right and then with 16 turns to the left. Then this thread must be doubled and redoubled as many times as may be necessary to give the desired weight to the goods, after which each of these augmented threads is spun again to give it greater strength, and reeled to put back into skein form for dyeing. After the dyeing comes another winding, and then a stringing or pull- ing to soften and polish the threads that have become roughened by these various processes. When the organzine thus prepared has been made into warp on warping mills, it is deftly twisted into the loom harness for weaving. But before the weaving begins, every particle of this warp must be carefully inspected or picked (as it is called ). This process requires great skill and is accomplished by an extreme- ly delicate little instrument which is used by the operator of the loom. When the weaving is completed the goods are calendered by pass- ing over hot metal cylinders. and it is in this process that the moire or watered effects are produced.
The experiment of manufacturing silk goods in Norfolk County has so far proven very successful, and the product has already won a high standing in the market. It will no doubt lead to the establishment of other factories of the same character, and then we have to look into the future only a few years to see this section as noted for its silks goods as it is today for its cotton fabrics.
LUMBER MILLS.
many more thousands of dollars worth of hay and feed for the great number of cattle em- ployed in hauling timber and logs out of the forest. This, together with a large amount paid out for chains, axes, ropes and other sup- plies needed in this work, places the lumber interests, in this immediate locality. very far- ahead in the line of home profit and production of any other branch of business enterprise in our midst ; and it is growing larger and larger every year in order to supply the increasing de- mand from all parts of this great country for Southern pine lumber.
THE NORFOLK COUNTY FISHERIES
Have for years been of great importance, as the ocean each year sends in its finny wealth in an unfailing supply, and the varieties differ' according to the season.
The fish run mainly in nine months. In March, April, May and June the prevailing. fish are shad, croaker, trout and gray trout. In July and August the schools of Spanish mackerel, bluefish and spots are abundant and in prime condition. In September, October. and November the fish that are abundant are salmon trout, gray trout, spots and rockfish.
The local fisheries are mainly at Virginia Beach, Ocean View and in the James River. There are six fisheries (deep sea) at Virginia Beach, -- these employ about 100 to 120 men and about 15 boats. Ocean View has about 10 fisheries, employing about 200 men and 30 boats. The Ocean View fish are mainly sold in Norfolk, Portsmouth and Berkley for local consumption. The James River has hundreds of small fisheries on either shore, and this noted stream has a great wealth of fish, oysters and crabs. Buckroe Beach is the site of many fisheries that make a large annual catch.
These, and other fisheries, contribute heav-, ily to swell Norfolk County's annual volume . of trade, and packers ship them to all the im -: portant points east of the Mississippi River.
There are handled here about 1.000,000,000 feet of lumber a year. The lumber mills em- ploy about 5,000 men ; their pay-rolls aggre- gate $150,000 per month, or nearly $2,000,000 annually. These mills require thousands of The waters of the Norfolk County section . dollars worth of provisions for their men, and , produce not only the species of fish above
413
AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS.
noted, but to a more limited extent, pompano. that dredging is permitted when the special sheepshead, black bass, white and sun perch. consent of the State Board of Fisheries is ob- tained. Southern white and horned chub, mullet, carp, pike, suckers, flat-back gar, hogfish. whitesides and eels. Eels are caught in abun- dance from the wharves of the cities by small boys, but they are not much esteemed locally, on account of the abundance of other more prized food fishes.
CRAB FISHERIES.
The crab is "one of the oldest inhabitants" of the Norfolk County section, and is abun- 'dant. The hard-shells furnish a large portion of the food supply of many families along Tidewater and also support a number of "crab factories," where the meats are removed from the shells and packed for shipment to Northern markets. In many instances the shells are shipped also, and the meats and shells unite again as "deviled crabs" in the high-class res- taurants, cafes and hotels of the North and West.
The soft crabs, or "peelers" (crabs about to cast off their shells), are packed in boxes and sent to Northern markets, where they bring fair prices.
The hard crabs sell for a few cents. Deviled crabs are hawked about the streets of the cities of the county at a nickel each.
OYSTER INDUSTRY.
For many years Norfolk County has been one of the principal seats of the great oyster industry of the Atlantic Coast and her bi- valves have acquired a well-deserved fame in the great markets of the country.
Most of the oysters handled at this port are "tonged." that is, picked up from the rocky bottoms by means of tongs that resemble gar- den rakes fastened together like the two arms of a pair of fire tongs. They have handles about 12 to 30 feet long, enabling the "tonger" to work in water of that depth. The last leg- islature, however, so amended the oyster laws
All Norfolk County oysters enjoy a good reputation, but the greatest prestige attaches to the celebrated "Lynnhaven" oysters. These come from Lynnhaven Bay, just inside of Cape Henry, in Princess Anne County, formerly in- cluded in Lower Norfolk County. The supply of "Lynnhaven" is limited and the price is always high. They are shipped away in the shell for high-class restaurant and hotel trade, and figure on the bill of fare at Delmonico's and other places of a similarly high character.
The great bulk of oysters brought to Nor- folk and Portsmouth are "shucked" here and shipped in barrels or pails (iced) to all the principal cities east of the Mississippi and some even go to parts farther west.
As one goes out in Norfolk and Ports- mouth harbor, he sees many small boats from which colored men are poking long tongs down into the water, then drawing them up to dump their muddy load on the boat's bottom. When a load is obtained, they are culled to meet the requirements of the law. The law as amended at the last session of the State Legislature and applying to all public rocks, with certain limited exceptions, prescribes that all oysters less than three inches in length from hinge to mouth must be thrown back on the oyster rocks to grow to greater size.
When the small boat is loaded. the men pull up to their sloop near-by and there deposit their oysters until the sloop is loaded and sails to Norfolk or Portsmouth, where its cargo is disposed of to one of the many packers ready to buy for cash. In some cases the packers have sloops out on the oyster grounds and buy the oysters from the "tongers." The "tong- ers" are, as a rule, colored men, and they make on an average $2 to $4 a day during the oyster season, that lasts from September Ist to April 25th.
When the oysters reach the packing house, they go to the "shuckers." who deftly open the shells and drop the oysters into receptacles
-414
HISTORY OF NORFOLK COUNTY
provided for them. An expert "shucker" wil" open about 30 bushels per day. He receives for his work 20 cents per gallon of meats.
As the oysters are shucked, the meats are put up in barrels, tubs, pails and cans, for ship- ment. The oyster industry probably supports many thousand people in Norfolk County.
The oyster packers are also, as a rule, oyster farmers and they control a large acreage under water, that is leased from the State of Virginia, at an annual rental of $1 per acre. These lands so leased are submerged lands with a good firm surface, suitable for the cul- tivation of oysters and do not (in theory) em- brace natural oyster rocks.
The planter secures his seed oysters from the James River which, since other seed beds have nearly all been destroyed, has become the seed bed to which planters all along the At- lantic Coast resort for young oysters.
Previously to planting his seed, the oyster man has prepared his planting ground (if it is not all ready in condition) by scattering ยท over it many boat-loads of rocks or old oyster shells. These are essential, for the "spat" of the oysters needs these as bases on which to cling. The oysters then grow rapidly and are ready for the market at the age of three years. At the age of one year the oyster is about one inch in size, two inches at two years, and three inches or over at three years. These are shell measurements.
To guard its interests in the natural oyster rocks, which are the property of the Common- wealth, the State maintains an "oyster navy," consisting of two small gunboats and one sloop. The gunboat "Chesapeake" is manned by 10 to 12 men and is equipped with a large stand of Winchesters and other guns. The gunboat "Accomack" has about as many men and is similarly equipped. The sloop is also an important part of the fleet.
These vessels are constantly on the oyster beds on the lookout for oyster thieves who, some years ago, were a great pest. Within the past few years, however, the vigilance and activity of the fleet have tended to make the
stealing of oysters from the public grounds both dangerous and unprofitable.
When a poacher is discovered, there fol- lows a lively chase and he is usually over- hauled, but sometimes the poachers reach the shore, abandon their boats and escape. When they are captured, summary justice is meted out to them, usually a fine and sometimes a fine and imprisonment and confiscation of their boats and outfits.
RATES OF WAGES FOR SKILLED LABOR AND CLER- ICAL WORK.
The wages paid in Norfolk County for the different kinds of skilled labor and clerical work, according to figures prepared for the years 1900, are fair and proportionate to the expenses for board, clothing, house rents, fuel, etc. The following are some of the customary rates classified :
Bakers-$8.12 per week of 60 hours.
Binders-$9.15 per week.
Bricklayers-$4 per day of 8 hours.
Blacksmiths-$2.50 to $3.00 per day.
Carpenters-$2 to $2.70 per day of 9 hours.
Cooks, hotel-$25 to $150 per month.
Cooks, private-$7 to $10 per month. Bookkeepers-$40 to $100 per month.
Factory hands-$3 to $9 per week. Freestone cutters-$3.50 per day of 8 hours.
Granite cutters-$3 per day of 8 hours.
Hod carriers-$1.50 per day of 8 hours.
Hotel waiters-$12 to $25 per month.
House servants-$6 to $ro per month.
Hostlers-$16 to $35 per month.
Laborers-$1 to $1.50 per day of 8 hours.
Lathers-$2 per thousand.
'Longshoremen-$1.50 to $2 per day of 8 hours.
Motormen-15 cents per hour.
Masons-$24 to $30 per week. Molders-$10 to $15 per week.
Nurses-$7 to $12 per month. Printers :
Machine-$17 per week of 8 hours. Book and job-$15 per week of 9 hours.
Pressmen-$12 to $18 per week. Painters-$10 to $15 per week. Plumbers -- $12 to $15 per week.
Stationary engineers-$9 to $15 per week.
Sewing women-$2.50 to $4 per week. Salesmen-$35 to $100 per month.
Saleswomen-$12 to $50 per month.
Street car conductors-15 cents per hour.
Stonemasons-$3.50 per day of 8 hours. Tailors-$12 to $18 per week.
415
AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS.
Tinners-$12 to $18 per week. Truck drivers-$5 10 $8 per week.
THE BUSINESS MEN'S ASSOCIATIONS
Were organized to promote the business in- terests of the cities by drawing capital to them and encouraging the location of mercantile and manufacturing concerns in them, to direct at- tention to their advantages, and particularly to engender a more general and social inter- course amongst gentlemen of all branches of legitimate business residing in the cities and vicinity.
The Chamber of Commerce of Norfolk was organized in 1801, reorganized in 1888. and is, therefore, one of the oldest commercial bodies of the country. Those two dates, those of its institution and reinstitution, are engraved on its seal. It is a coincidence that each marks an era of prosperity in the history of Nor- folk.
It is not, however, for its age only that this body is distinguished. It is useful and influen- tial as well. The Chamber has representatives of all industries and interests, financial, me- chanical, and professional, of the city.
It is, therefore, the special guardian of the city's commercial interests, and the forum, so to speak, for its merchants of all sorts. It is still serviceable in that particular, although with the organization of other public bodies it confines itself to its own special field. At the same time it is concerned, in the broadest sense. with the development of the industrial and manufacturing interests of the South.
On April 29, 1890, the Business Men's As- sociation of Norfolk was incorporated with th January 10, 1899, January 13, 1898, following gentlemen as incorporators: E. M. | January 9, 1900, Henry, Barton Myers, Samuel Hodges, Walter Sharp, W. Thompson Barron, N. Burruss, S. April 9, 1890, L. Foster. N. P. Gatling, C. A. Nash, Michael Glennan, W. S. Franklin, V. D. Groner, Ken- March 25, 1899, ton C. Murray, H. Hodges, James W. Mc- Carrick, William N. Portlock, H. G. Williams. William Pannill, Alfred P. Thom and R. B. Cooke. The officers for the first year were: President, E. M. Henry; Ist vice-president,
Barton Myers; 2nd vice-president Samuel Hodges; secretary, Walter Sharp; treasurer, W. Thompson Barron.
THE BOARD OF TRADE AND BUSINESS MEN'S ASSOCIATION OF NORFOLK.
The Association, under the able manage- ment of its officers, continued to flourish until February 10, 1898, when the Chamber of Commerce, Merchants' and Manufacturers' Exchange and Wholesale Grocers' Associa- tion amalgamated with it under the title of "The Board of Trade and Business Men's As- ciation of Norfolk, Virginia."
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