USA > Virginia > The planters of colonial Virginia > Part 18
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Savidge Capt Tho
1600
Odear John
100
Scot Wm Senr
I53
P
Parramore Tho
Smith Geo
I33
Preson Tho
610
Stockley Jno Senr
370
Powell Frances Widdo
I225
Shepheard Widdo
830
Palmer Samll
1562
Seamore John
200
L
Lawrence John
120
Lailler Luke
100
Marshall Geo
250
Smith Jno 200
Savage Tho
450
Smith Richd minor
300
Scot Geo 100
Smith Richd
99
Scot Jno
100
N
Nicholson Wm 600
Nottingham Wm
150
Smaro John 800
Shepherd Tho
140
Sanders Eustick
100
O
200
Savidge Elkington
750
Straton Benja 745
400
R
Read Thomas 150
APPENDIX
247
T
Warren Robt.
I90
Tilney John
350
Water Lieut-Coll Wm
700
Tryfort Barth
147
Webb Charles 1331/4
Teague Simeon
100
Willett Wms
2650
Turner Richd
50
Waterson Richd
150
Teague Tho
200
Wilkins Argoll 150
Tankard Wm
450
Walter Elizb Widdo 100
Tanner Paul
1.48
Warren Joseph 50
W
99671
Webb Henry
100
Wills Thorn
300
White John
400
Wilson Tho
250
Westerhouse Adryan Senr.
200
Walker John
300
Hogbin not being in Virginia 100
Ward Tho
I20
Tho Smith 300
Walter John
400
Waterfield Wm
200
Warren John
525
Warren Argoll
350
2275
Widgeon Robt
100
The total on the other
Wilkins Jno
. .
150
side is 99671 acres
Webb Edwd
200
Added to it ye Glebe
Wilcock Jno
.
200
land
1500
Warren James
50
Waterson Wm
855
IOII7I acres
The preceding Sheets are true copys of the Rentrolls for the year 1704 given in and accounted for by the several Sherifs in April 1705 and sworne to before his Excellcy according to which they made up their accounts of the Quitrents with
Will Robertson Clerk.
-
.
Lands not paid for vizt Gleab formerly Capt Fox- crofts I500
John Majr at Occahannock 200
Tho Marshall orphan 75
Jno Rews not in Virginia .. 100
. .
...
...
. .
INDEX
INDEX
A CCOMAC,
farms and tithables of, 58; 79. Allen, Arthur, six tithables, 57. Allen, William,
Burgess in 1629, 73.
Allerton, Isaac, deals in servants, 48. Ambrose, Robert, deals in servants, 49. Anbury, Major, describes Virginia upper class, 158. Andros, Sir Edmund,
29; 35; 52; hesitates to deprive wealthy of land holdings, 143-144.
Archer, George
deals in servants, 49; extensive land- owner, 79. Armetrading, Henry, 79. Artisans,
became planters in Virginia, 27; called for in broadside of 1610, 28; on the plantations, 156-157.
Ashton, Peter, deals in servants, 48.
Austin, James, deals in servants, 48. Avery, Richard, his cattle, 101; inventory of, 106.
ACON, Nathaniel, Sr., 109; 110.
Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., describes poverty in Virginia, 91; re- bellion of and Navigation Acts, 92-93; says peoples hoped in Burgesses, 109; 113. Baker, John, buys Button's Ridge, 49.
Baldwin, William, landowner, 79. Ballard, Thomas, 109. Ball, William, has 22 slaves.
Baltic,
English trade of, 8; Denmark controls entrance to, 9; wars endanger trade to, 9; cheap labor of, 16; 17; tobacco trade to, 118-119; trade to injured by wars, 131, 148. Banister, John, has 88 slaves, 158.
Barbadoes, complain of Navigation Acts, 94.
Barnett, Thomas, servant, Burgess in 1629, 74.
Bassett, William, deals in servants, 48.
Beer, George Lewis,
defends Navigation Acts, 86-87; says trade restrictions did not cause Bacon's Rebellion, 92; statement of concerning county grievances, 93; denies that ser- ious opposition existed to Navigation Acts, 93-94. Bell, Richard, landowning freedman, 74.
Bennett, Richard, estate of described, 108.
Bennett, Samuel, landowning freedman, 74.
Berkeley, John, conducts iron works in Virginia, 18. Berkeley, Lord John, 90.
Berkeley, Sir William,
describes servants, 34; describes early mortality among servants, 39; estimates servants at 6,000 in 1671, 41; instructed to prohibit foreign trade, 69; permits foreign trade during Civil War, 69; calls Virginia land of opportunity, 75; proclaims Charles II, 84, 111; 89; de- scribes poverty of Virginia, 90, 91, 92, 93; controls Assembly, 94; goes to Eng- land to combat Navigation Acts, 94-95; plans to establish manufactures, 95; denounces Navigation Acts, 95-96; 98; secures body guard, 111; elected Gover- nor prior to Restoration, 112; fears King's resentment, 113; small planters turn against in Bacon's Rebellion, 113; estimates slaves at 2,000 in 1670, 124; 125; 160. Beverley, Robert, Sr.,
extensive dealer in servants, 48, 109; 113.
Beverley, Robert, Jr.,
61; imports slaves, 130; describes pride of poor whites, 155.
Bibbie, Edmund, deals in servants, 49.
Binns, Thomas, eight tithables, 57.
Bishop, John, Burgess and landowner, 78.
Blackstone, John, patents land, 74.
Bland, John, remonstrates against Navigation Acts, 88-89; 93.
251
252
INDEX
Blair, Rev. John, asks funds for college, 50, 136.
Blewit, Capt.,
sets up iron works in Virginia, dies, 181. Board of Trade,
arrears of quit rents reported to, 51; Nicholson writes to concerning rent roll, 52; says servants not slaves, 60; Berke- ley protests to, 95, 119; asks reasons for emigration of Virginia whites, 140; seeks to limit size of land grants, 143; again alarmed at emigration from Vir- ginia, 145, 147, 157.
Bolling, Mrs. Mary, has 51 slaves, 158.
Brent, Giles,
deals in servants, 48; 109; 113.
Bridger, Joseph,
deals in servants, 48; 109.
Briggs, Gray, has 43 slaves, 158.
British Empire,
beginnings of misunderstood, 14; begun, 19; important rôle of tobacco in, 27.
Broadnat, John, 128. Broadside, in 1610 calls for settlers for Virginia, 28.
Browne, Robert,
landowning freedman, 74.
Browne, William, nine tithables, 57.
Bruce, Philip Alexander, describes small planters, 54.
Brunswick, land patents in small, 145. Bullock, William, denies that servants are slaves, 60.
Burgesses,
54, petition King, 65; complain of high freight rates, 72; freedmen among, 73- 75; Navigation Acts and, 94-95; repre- sent interest of small planters, 109; defy the king, 110; petition of, 110; rule Vir- ginia, 1652-1660, 112; growing influence of, 109.
Burwell, Francis,
patents land in James City, 77.
Burwell, John,
has 42 slaves, 158.
Burwell, Lewis, deals in servants, 48; 109.
Burcher, William, patents land, 79.
Bushood, John, sells land, 49.
Butt, Thomas, deals in servants, 48.
Button, Robert,
receives estate, 49.
Button, Thomas, owner of Button's Ridge, 49.
Byrd, William I,
says rent rolls inaccurate, 52; 109; uses slaves, 130.
Byrd, William II, gives reasons for emigration to Carolina, 146.
CARTER, John, 109.
Carter, Robert, has 126 slaves, 153.
Carleill, Capt. Christopher, urges trade with America, 11.
Carolina, emigration to from Virginia, 99-100. 139-146.
Cattle, plentiful in Virginia, 101.
Chambers, William,
servants and slaves of, 59.
Chandler, John,
landowning freedman, 74.
Charles I,
considers smoking harmful, 26; tries to limit tobacco planting in Virginia, 27; tries to limit English tobacco crop, 63; limits price of tobacco, 65; regulates tobacco trade, 67-69; 70; defied by As- sembly, 110; 111.
Charles II,
33; proclaimed in Virginia, 84; 111; 93; 96; not restored in Virginia before Restoration in England, 112; tyranny of, 114.
Charles City,
plantations small, 53; 54; farms and tithables of, 58; 79; 81.
Chastellux,
describes poor whites of Virginia, 152; notes indolence of poor whites, 155.
Chew, Larkin, dealer in Spotsvylvania land, 154.
Claiborne, William,
deals in servants, 48.
Clayton, Thomas, 80.
Clergy, many plant tobacco, 28.
Clothing, want of felt in Virginia, 103.
Cloyse, Pettyplace, landowning freedman, 74.
Cole, Edward, patents land in James City, 77.
Colonial expansion,
sought as remedy for British economic dependence, 10; urged by economists, 11; 12; 13.
Colonial system,
68; imperfectly enforced prior to 1660, 67-69; 85-86; embodied in Navigation Acts, 85; colonies to supplement Eng- land, 86; workings of at end of 17th century, 120; British conception of, 136. Commerce,
of England with Baltic, 8; principles of long known, 11; of England with Eu- rope and East, 12; of England with France declines, 13; affords key to his- tory, 22; in reexported tobacco, 70; in
253
INDEX
tobacco revives after 1683, 114-115; in reëxported tobacco, 116-120; importance of in tobacco for England, 119, 122.
Commonwealth,
tobacco high under, 66; Virginians trade abroad under, 69; 98; attitude of Vir- ginia under, 110-11.
Constable, John, trades illegally, 69.
Cooke, John, landowning freedman, 74. Cornell, Samuel, servants and slaves of, 59. Council,
65; complains of high freight rates, 72; 90; describes poverty in Virginia, 91; says Virginia ready to revolt to Dutch, 96; 109; 110; members of hold land il- legally, 143; gives reasons for immigra- tion out of Virginia, 145; describes misery in Virginia, 150; declining in- fluence of, 159.
Creighton, Henry,
sells 100 acres, 50.
Criminals,
few sent to Virginia, 32, 33; make no imprint on social fabric, 33.
Crocker, Wm.,
servants and slaves of, 59.
Cromwell, Oliver,
sends Irish servants to Virginia, 33. Crump, Thomas, servant, Burgess in 1632, 74; landowner, 75. Culpeper, Lord, fears ruin of Virginia, 91, 114.
Custis, John, 109.
D AINGERFIELD, William, has 61 slaves, 157. Dawson, William, landowning freedman, 74.
Day, John, 80.
Delaware, manufactures of lure poor Virginia whites, 141; migration to, 139-146.
Delk, Roger, landowning freedman, 74.
Dicks, John, purchases land, 49. Digges, Dudley, 109. Diggs, William, has 72 slaves, 158.
Dinwiddie county,
poor whites in, 151; small slave holders of, 153; large slave holders in, 158.
Dodman, John, landowner, 79.
Dorch, Walter, inventory of, 106.
Duties,
French put on English woolens, 13; on reexported tobacco partly refunded, 70; on reexported tobacco, 117; on tobacco yield grown large revenue, 120.
EDWARDS, John,
slaves of in plot, 128.
Edwards, William,
has six tithables, 57; slaves of in plot, 128.
Effingham, Lord, tyranny of in Virginia, 114.
Elizabeth City,
plantations of small, 53; farms and tithables of, 58; servants and slaves in, 59.
Emigration,
from Virginia in years from 1660 to 1725, 40, 62, 139-146; not caused by large land grants, 144-145; extent of, 146. England,
colonial expansion necessary for, 7; forests depleted, 7; industry declining, 8; Baltic trade of, 8; future depends on colonies, 13; 14; joy of at founding of Virginia, 15; disappointed in Virginia, 19; tobacco bill of, 26; supplies Virginia with labor, 31; poverty in, 31; cannot consume entire colonial tobacco crop, 86; tobacco planting in prohibited, 87; glut of tobacco in, 68-89; adheres to colonial policy, 95.
Epes, Francis, 79, 127.
Essex,
land transfers in, 46; plantations of small, 53; farms and tithables of, 558.
F ALLING Creek,
iron works at, 17; destroyed in 1622, 18.
Fane, Francis,
says slave labor cheapens tobacco, 132. Fish, plentiful in Virginia, 15.
Fithian, Philip,
describes poor whites of Virginia, 152, 155. Fitzhugh, William,
109; refers to slave imports, 130.
Flax, in Virginia, 15.
Fleet, tobacco,
brings servants, 35; size of in 1690 and 1706, 122.
Foster, Armstrong, 79, 80.
Foster, Robert, buys 200 acres, 50.
Fowl, wild, abundant in colonial Virginia, 102.
Fox, William, has 25 slaves, 153.
France,' exports wine and silk, 12; British trade with declines, 13; tobacco trade to, 119; trade to injured by war, 131.
Freedmen,
80 per cent of servants become, 40; prior to 1660 remained in Virginia, 40;
254
INDEX
form large part of population, 41; an- nual recruits of, 41; usually young, 42; might acquire property, 43; perform bulk of work, 43; what became of 43; become small planters, 60; outfit of, 61; not entitled to land, 61; prosperity of hinges on tobacco, 62; Virginia land of opportunity for, 71; profits of from to- bacco, 71-72; in Burgesses, 73-74; pros- perous, 74-80; little hope of advance- ment for after 1660, 97-100; few in rent roll of 1704, 122-123.
Freemen,
entitled to headrights, 35; many come to Virginia, 36; become small planters, 60-75; many pay own passage, 81-82.
Freight rates,
high from England, 71-72; excessive, 90.
Fruit, 12, abundant in Virginia, 102. Fuel, abundant in Virginia, 105.
GARDE
ARDENS, common in Virginia, 102, 105. Garnet, John,
buys 600 acres, 50.
George, The,
takes cargo of tobacco to England, 25; 64.
Gilbert, George, patents land in James City, 77, 79.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, voyage to America, 11.
Glass,
possibilities for in Virginia, 15; begin- ning made of in Virginia, 17; early his- tory of in Virginia, 18-19.
Gloucester,
average plantation in, 54; farms and tithables of, 58; 80; 113; poor whites of, 151; small slave holders in, 154; large slave holders in, 157; 159.
Good, John,
describes poverty in Virginia, 91.
Gooch, Governor,
says large holdings no impediment to settlement, 145; says poor whites make best tobacco, 147.
Governor,
plants tobacco, 28; appoints sheriffs, 51; makes efforts to collect quit rents, 51; 65; neglects servants, 73; 90; 109; elect- ed by burgesses, 1652-1660, 112.
Goring, John, servants and slaves of, 59.
Grain,
abundance of in Virginia, 102.
Graves, Ralph,
his servant valued at £10, 127.
Grey, James, buys 200 acres, 49.
Grey, John, his cattle, 101; inventory of, 106. Grey, Francis, Burgess and landowner, 78-79.
Grey, Thomas, 78.
H AKLUYT, Richard,
advises colonial expansion, 11; shows British dependence on Spain, 12; ex- pects surplus of population in England to emigrate to America, 16; 19.
Hammond, John,
advice to servants, 61; describes Vir- ginia residences, 104.
Harmar, Charles, imports slaves, 124.
Harris, John,
Burgess in 1629, 73.
Harrison, Benjamin 109.
Hart, Henry, his slave in plot, 128.
Hartwell, Henry, deals in servants, 48.
Harvey, Sir John,
complains of low prices for tobacco, 65; asks freedom of trade for Virginia, 68; testifies to illegal foreign trade, 68-69; complains of high freight rates, 72; ejected by people, 110.
Hatfield, James,
landowning freedman, 75.
Headrights,
described, 34; 35; averaged about 1750 a year, 41; determine size of land grants, 47; brought in by well known planters, 48; do not belong to servant, 61; appear in wills, 76; transfer of by sale, 76; become landowners, 77; not all servants, 77; compared. with rent roll, 97-99.
Hemp, in Virginia, 15.
Henrico,
false returns in, 55; farms and tithables of, 58; servants and slaves in, 59; 79.
'Hill, Edward,
109.
Hill, John,
landowning freedman, 75; book binder at Oxford, 75.
Hodge, John, servants and slaves of, 59.
Holding, John,
landowner, 79.
Holland,
exports fish, 12; trade of declines, 13; controls slave trade, 31; 125; tobacco exports to, 86-89; Navigation Acts cut exports to, 87; distributor of English colonial tobacco, 88; plants own tobacco, 88; wars with, 89; Virginians threaten to revolt to, 91, 96; 116; tobacco ex- ports to, 120; fights to preserve her monopoly of slave trade, 126; seeks to control tobacco trade on continent, 149- 150.
Honey,
produced in Virginia, 102.
255
INDEX
Hotten's Emigrants to America, gives lists of servants, 42; 73.
Houses, comfortable in Virginia, 103-104. Howlett, William, buy 200 acres, 50.
I MMIGRATION,
volume of in 17th century, 35-36; fixes character of eastern Virginia, 36; not restricted to servants, 36.
Indentures,
system of, 32; terms of, 61.
Indians, desire to convert, 14; revere to- bacco, 24; unsuited for laborers, 30.
Industry,
22; pictured in Virginia, 28; Virginia not suited for, 29.
Inventories,
throw light on distribution of servants and slaves, 59; 73; typical examples of, 106-107.
Iron,
smelting of exhausts forests, 8; could be smelted in Virginia, 15; early manu- facture of in Virginia, 17-18 ..
Isle of Wight county,
farms and tithables of, 58; 79.
J ACKSON, William, has 49 slaves, 158.
James I, forced to use tobacco, 25; considers smoking harmful, 26; regulates tobacco trade, 67.
James II, tyranny of, 114.
James City county,
plantations and tithables of, 58; land- owners listed as headrights in, 76-77; 79; slave plot in, 128.
James River,
iron works on, 17; 39; 70; 148. Jamestown,
14; glass furnace at, 18; streets of planted with tobacco, 25; 86; 111; 112. Jefferson, Thomas, says slavery made whites lazy, 155. Jeffreys, Jeffrey,
imports slaves, 131.
Jennings, Edmund,
109; describes slave plot, 128-129; says slaves injure credit of Virginia, 130; says few servants in 1708, 130-131; de- scribes slave trade, 130-131; describes migration of poor whites, 145-146.
Johnson, John, sells land, 49. Johnson, Joseph, transports servants, 78-79.
Jones, Anthony, servant, becomes landowner, 74.
Jones, Hugh,
says tenants small part of population, 45; 155; says negroes make poor arti- sans, 156.
Jordan, Lt. Col.,
pays taxes on seven tithables, 56.
K EMP, Richard, says immigrants mostly servants, 82. King William county, farms and tithables of, 58.
King and Queen county, farms and tithables of, 58.
Kinsman, Richard, makes perry, 108.
Knight, Sir John, says Virginia ready to revolt to Holland, 96.
LABOR,
lack of in Virginia, 16; foreign at Jamestown, 18; lack of handicaps indus- try, 19; 20; in Virginia determined by tobacco, 23; cheap needed in Virginia, 29; serious problem, 29; Indians un- suited for, 30; slave, 30; England sup- plies, 31; indenture system to supply, 32; influx of, 35.
Lancaster,
79; poor planters in, 151; small slave holders of, 153.
Land,
cheap in Virginia, 29; 45; transfers of in Surry county, 46; in York, 46; in Rappahannock, 46; listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53; monopoly of said to cause migration from Virginia, 141-143; large tracts gratned, 142-144.
Land grants,
average extent of, 47; determined by method of transporting immigrants, 47; vary greatly in size, 47; not index to size of plantations, 49.
Landowners,
few large in 17th century, 43; glad to sell in small parcels, 45; chiefly small proprietors, 46; in census of 1626, 46; in York county, 46; in Essex, 46; often avoid quit rents, 51; listed in rent roll of 1704-5. 53; small proprietors neg- lected in history, 54; often poor men, 55; many work farms with own hands, 57; Government expects servants to be- come, 62; profits of from tobacco, 71-72. Larkin, George,
describes large land holdings, 144. Lawrence, Richard, landowner, 79. Leah and Rachel, 61.
Lee, Richard, imports 80 slaves, 125.
Leightenhouse, Thomas, 127.
Linton, John,
estimates colonial tobacco, 115; esti- mates amount of reexported tobacco, 118; declares Baltic tobacco trade ruined, 148; describes tobacco raising in Holland, 149.
256
INDEX
London Company,
national character of, 13; plans manu- factures for Virginia, 15; cannot se- cure laborers for Virginia, 16; sets up iron works at Falling Creek, 17-18; dis- pleased at tobacco culture in Virginia, 25; tobacco only hope of, 26; expects Virginia to duplicate England, 28; high price of tobacco pleases, 64; 73; 75.
Ludwell, Philip, 109; 113.
Ludwell, Thomas,
places average tobacco crop at 1200 pounds, 64; 90; says tobacco worth nothing, 90; 91; 96.
M. ANUFACTURES,
attempts to establish in Virginia, 15-19; cause of failure, 19; purchased from Dutch, 68-69; colonial system based on expectation of, 86; Berkeley tries to establish, 95; local in Virginia, 103; of tobacco in England, 119, 122; exports of to tobacco colonies, 120; in northern colonies lure Virginia whites, 140; 141; on plantations, 108; 156-157.
Market,
not free for tobacco, 66; tobacco sent to foreign, 67-70; Navigation Acts cut of foreign, 87; tobacco reëxported to con- tinental, 116-120; Virginia and Maryland furnish for England, 120.
Maryland,
emigration of whites from, 140; House of Delegates of explains migration, 191.
Mason, Francis, seven tithables, 57.
Mason, Winfield, has 40 slaves, 158.
Massacre, iron works destroyed during, 18.
Matthews, Samuel, his estate described, 108.
Merchant marine,
threatened in England by lack of ship- building materials, 9; part of sea de- fense, 10; depleted at end of 16th cen- tury, 10; tobacco exports aid British, 26, 119, 122.
Menefie, George,
his estate described, 108.
Middlesex,
plantations small, 53; farms and titha- bles of, 58.
Milner, Thomas, deals in servants, 48.
Moseley, Capt. William, buys part of Button's Ridge, 50, 109. Muir, Francis, has 47 slaves, 158.
Muscovy Company,
Baltic trade of, 8; not exempt from cus. toms, 9; urged to trade with America, 11.
N
ANSEMOND,
plantations of small, 53; plantations and tithables in, 58. Navigation Acts,
69; described, 84-86; resented in Holland, 88-89; Bland's remonstrance against, 88; cause of war with Holland, 89; cause extreme poverty in Virginia, 90-92; connected with Bacon's Rebel- lion, 92-93; why Virginia Assembly did not protest against, 94-95; Berkeley protests against, 94-95; 98; retard growth of population, 98-99; design of, 116.
New Albion,
describes abundance of food in Vir- ginia, 103; advises settlers in Virginia as to clothing, 104.
New Description of Virginia,
presents optimistic picture of Virginia, 63; puts price of tobacco at 3d a pound, 66; describes foreign tobacco trade, 69; describes Virginia houses, 104; cites cases of wealth in Virginia, 107.
New Kent,
farms and tithables of, 58.
Newport, Capt. Christopher,
returns to England in 1607, 15; brings iron ore to England in 1607, 17.
New Jersey,
manufactures of lure Virginia whites, 141.
Nicholson, Sir Francis,
29; 50; orders accurate rent roll in 1690, 51; again attempts rent roll in 1699, 52; completes rent roll, 52; 54; makes rent roll accurate, 55, 97; 114; gives reason for migration from Vir- ginia and Maryland, 140, 141; sues Col. Lawrence Smith for arrears of quit rents, 143; testifies to large land grants, 144.
Norfolk,
plantations of small, 53; farms and tith- ables of, 58; slave plot in, 129.
Northampton, farms and tithables of, 58; 79.
North Carolina, servants flee to, 83.
Northern Neck, omitted in rent roll, 50; 54; 55.
Norton, Capt. Wm., brings glass workers to Virginia, 19; dies, 19.
P AGE, Matthew, 109.
Page, Mann, has 157 slaves, 157.
Pagett, Anthony, Burgess in 1629, 73.
Parke, Daniel, 109. Patent Rolls,
in Virginia Land Office, 34; average grants in, 47; show large dealers in
257
INDEX
servants, 48; 73; freedmen, 74-75.
reveal names of
Pattison, Thomas, landowner, 79. Pearson, Christopher, inventory of, 107. Pelton, George, 102.
Pennsylvania,
manufactures of lure Virginia whites, 191; migration to, 139-146. Perfect Discription, numbers cattle in Virginia, 101. Perry Micajah, reports on tobacco trade, 119. Plantations,
Virginia made up of, 29; cheap in Vir- ginia, 29; labor for, 29-37; unhealthful sites for, 39; few large, 43; small hold own with large, 44; small outnumber large, 45; 46; transfers of in Surry county, 46; patents not index to size of, 49; tendency to break up large into small, 49; listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53, largest in various counties, 53; average size of, 53; accurately listed in rent roll, 55; comparison of number of with workers, 55; number in each county, 58; settlers buy on frontier, 76; part only of each cultivated, 105. Popleton, William,
Burgess in 1629, 73.
Population,
28; 29; growth of from 1649 to 1675, 98; growth of slow, 99, 142.
Potash,
England's need for, 8; found in Vir- ginia, 15; first efforts to produce in Vir- ginia, 17.
Pott, Dr. John,
incites people against Sir John Harvey, 110.
Poultry, plentiful in Virginia, 102.
Poverty,
in England, 31; Navigation Acts cause in Virginia, 91; one cause of Bacon's Rebellion, 92-93.
Present State of Tobacco Plantations,
describes tobacco trade to France and Spain, 119; puts tobacco duties at £400,000, 121; describes ill effects of wars on tobacco trade, 148.
Prince George county, plantations and tithables of, 58.
Princess Anne county,
plantations of small, 53; 54; farms and tithables of, 58; slave plot in, 129; small slave holders in, 154.
Public Record Office, has copy of rent roll of 1704, 52.
QUARY, Colonel,
says wars ruin tobacco trade, 148; 157. Quit rents,
collected by Crown on land, 50; revenue from considerable, 50; 51; often in ar- rears, 51; roll of in 1704, 51-55.
R AMSHAW, William, landowning freedman, 75. Randall, Robert, seven tithables, 57. Randolph, Edward,
remarks on slow growth of Virginia population, 99; says holdings of large tracts of land causes migration from Virginia, 141-143; says quit rents avoid- ed, 142; suggests limiting size of grants, 143. Randolph, William, imports slaves, 130.
Rappahannock county,
land transfers in, 46; landowners of listed as headrights, 76; 79. Rent Roll,
Nickolson orders, 51; attempted in 1699, 52; completed in 1704-5, 52; shows small plantations, 53; accuracy of, 54-55; 5,500 farms listed in, 55; compared with tithables of 1702, 57-58; compared with headrights, 97-99; contains names of few freedmen, 122-123.
Restoration Period,
brings suffering to Virginia, 84; 97; 104; 115; 116.
Rich, Nathaniel, buys tobacco at 2s a pound, 64.
Roberts, Robert, buys land, 49.
Robertson, William, makes copy of rent roll of 1704, 52. Robins, Sampson, 79; patents land, 80.
Robinson, John, landowning freedman, 75.
Rolfe, Capt. John, first to cure Virginia tobacco, 24; 25.
Rooking, William, servants and slaves of, 59.
Rowlston, Lionell, servant, Burgess in 1629, 73; Burgess in 1632, 74; landowner, 74.
Russell, John, landowning freedman, 75.
Russia, tobacco trade to, 118-119; 148.
SAMUEL, Anthony, buys 300 acres, 50. Sandys, George,
selects site for iron works, 17; describes failure of glass works in Virginia, 19; writes for servants, 30; gives wages of laborers, 44.
Sandys, Eir Edwin
expects Virginia to duplicate England, 28. Savadge, Thomas, landowning freedman, 74.
Scotchmon, Robert, servant, Burgess in 1632, 74.
Scott, Thomas, has 57 slaves, 158.
Scruely, Richard, patents land, 79.
258
INDEX
Servants,
London Company sends to Virginia, 16; Indian children as, 30; system of in- dentures for, 32; not criminals, 32; political prisoners among, 33; Irish among, 33; Oliverian soldiers among, 33; they plot against Government, 33; Scotchmen among, 33; Sedgemour pris- oners among, 33; chiefly Englishmen, 34, 36; list of preserved, 34; headrights from, 35; influx of, 35; four or five years of service for, 38; become part of Virginia social fabric, 39; hardship and perils encountered by, 39; 80 per cent. become freedmen, 40; prior to 1660 re- mained in Virginia, 40; length of ser- vice for, 40; usually young when freed, 41, 42; estimated at 6,000 in 1671, 41; "seasoned," 42; become small part of population, 43; merchants bring to com- plete cargoes, 47; individual orders for, 48; in immigrant ships, 48; dealers in, 48; numbers in 1704, 56; listed as tith- ables, 56; distribution of, 58-59; not slaves, 60; like English apprentices, 60; outfit of on expiration of term, 61; not entitled to land, 61; hope to become landowners, 61-62; Virginia land of op- portunity for, 71; freedmen often pur- chase, 72; of early period become pros- perous, 73-80; list of, 78; proportion of among immigrants, 81-82; little hope for advancement of after 1660, 96-100; importation of in Restoration period, 98-99; inventories which show none, 106-107; many freed to fight in Bacon's Rebellion, 113; few. become landowners at end of 17th century, 112-113; useful- ness of as compared with slaves, 126; price of, 127; not always docile, 128; slave labor curtails importation of, 134; England opposes migration of, 135; vast numbers imported, 142.
Seymour, Attorney-General,
tells Virginians to make tobacco, 136.
Sheep, scarce in Virginia, 102.
Sheriff,
collects quit rents, 51; draws up rent roll, 52; unearths false returns, 54-55.
Sherwood, William,
calls Bacon's men rabble, 93.
Shipbuilding,
materials for needed in England, 8; lack of injures merchant marine, 9; ma- terials for found in Virginia, 15; Capt. Smith explains why Virginia cannot pro- duce materials for, 17.
Shurley, Daniel, landowning freedman, 74.
Sickness, The Virginia,
Capt. Blewit dies of, 18; glass workers die of, 19; servants die of, 33; described, 39; terrible mortality from, 39, 80; abates before end of 17th centry, 40; not fatal to slaves, 128.
Silk,
from South Europe, 12; in Virginia, 15. Slaughter, John,
80.
Slave trade,
in hands of Dutch, 31; restrictions on, 45.
Slaves,
adequate for tobacco raising, 29; first cargo of in Virginia, 30; few in Vir- ginia prior to 1680, 31; influx of, 40; numbers in 1704, 56; listed as tithables, 56; distribution of, 58-59; inventories show that many planters had none, 106- 107; used by wealthy men in 17th cen- tury, 108; first cargo of, 124; few prior to 1680, 124; importations of, 124-125; Dutch control trade in, 125-126; fitness of for tobacco culture, 126; price of, 127; labor of crude, 127-128; health of good, 128; docile, 128; plots among, 128-129; no wrong seen in, 129; duty on importa- tion of, 129; large importations of, 1680- 1708, 130-131; 6,000 by 1700, 130; 12,000 in 1708, 130; 30,000 in 1730, 131; use of cheapens tobacco, 132; use of curtails importation of servants, 134; England favors use of in Virginia, 135- 136; pernicious effect of in ancient Rome, 137-139; effect of on Virginia yeomanry, 139-155; causes migration of whites, 139-146; at first produce only lower grades of tobacco, 147; become more efficient, 147; contempt of for poor whites, 152; small holders of, 152-159; cast stigma on labor, 155; large holders of increase in numbers, 155-159.
Smelting,
wood needed for, 8; in Virginia, 15; machinery for sent to Virginia, 17; be- gun at Falling Creek.
Smith, Capt. John,
describes Baltic trade, 8; explains diffi- culty of building up manufacturers in Virginia, 17.
Smither, William, buys 200 acres, 50.
Smyth,
describes poor whites of Virginia, 152, 155.
Spain,
commerce with, 12; growing domains of, 14; tobacco of used in England, 25, 26; tobacco of excluded from England, 67, 68, 86, 87; tobacco trade to, 119; trade to injured by war, 131.
Spanish Succession, War of,
103; 115; 119; cuts off tobacco trade to France and Spain, 131; 148.
Sparshott, Edward, landowning freedman, 74.
Smith, Lawrence, sued for arrears of quit rents, 143.
Sparkes, John, landowning freedman, 74.
Spencer, Capt. Robt., servants and slaves of, 59.
259
INDEX
Spencer, Secretary,
writes of reviving tobacco trade, 115; says slaves cheaper labor than whites, 132.
Splitimber, John,
his cattle, 101; inventory of, 106-107. Spotsylvania,
large grants in, 145; poor whites in, 151; small slave holders of, 153-154; land transfers in, 154; large slave hold- ers in, 157; 159.
Spotswood, Alexander,
says slaves cause over production of tobacco, 129; 151; has 60 slaves, 158. Storey, John, imports negroes, 130.
Stuarts, second despotism of, affects Virginia, 114.
Stublefield, George, has 42 slaves, 158.
Surry,
land transfers in, 46; tithables in, 56. 58; inventories and wills in, 59; negroes plot in, 128.
Sweden, tobacco trade to, 118-119. Symonds, Roger, granted 100 acres, 81.
TALIAFERRO, Richard, has 43 slaves, 158.
Tenants, few in Virginia, 44, 45, 62. Thoroughgood, Adam,
servant, Burgess in 1629, 73; Burgess in 1632, 74; landowner, 75; brother of Sir John Thorouhggood, 75.
Tithables, those listed as, 56; in Surry, 56-57; number of in various counties, 58. Tobacco,
history of Virginia built on, 20, 23; Indians revere, 24; first cured in Vir- ginia by Rolfe, 24; Virginia suited for, 24; ready market for, 24; extensively used in England, 24; used by James I, 25; Virginians turn eagerly to culture of, 25; send first cargo of to England, 25; London Company displeased at cul- ture of, 25; England reconciled to, 26; Virginia's only hope, 26; Crown tries to divert Virginia from, 27; cultivation in Virginia universal, 27; shapes immigra- tion, 29; requires unskilled labor, 29; prosperity of freedmen hinges on, 62; amount of one man could produce, 63- 64; over production of in 1640, 63; price of prior to 1660, 64-67; account for migration of 1618-1623, 64; rich re- turns from, 64; restrictions on trade of, 67-69; growing of in England pro- hibited, 67; tax on, 67; illegal foreign trade in, 68-69; reëxported from Eng- land, 70; Virginia underbids world in, 70; returns from, 71-72; freight on high, 72; effect of Navigation Acts on, 85-96; foreign trade in prohibited, 85; requires
world market, 86; planting in England prohibited, 87; exports of to Spain, 87; reexported, 87; planted in Holland, 88; glut in England causes price of to drop, 89-91; exhausts soil, 105; Charles I makes offer for, 110; trade of revives, 115-116; production of increases, 115- 116; returns from, 116; reëxports of, 116-120; production of abroad, 117; duty on yields crown large revenue, 121; price of still low at end of 17th century, 123; slaves adequate to its cultivation, 127-128; wars interfere with trade in, 131; slaves cheapen pro- duction of, 132; poor whites produce the best, 146-147; foreign trade in ruined by war, 148-150; advantages of large plan. tations for, 156-157.
Towns, few in Virginia, 29.
Townsend, Richard, Burgess in 1629, 73.
Trussell, John, landowning freedman, 74.
Turnbull, Robert, has 81 slaves, 158.
U NDERWOOD, John, patents land in James City, 77.
Upton, John, landowning freedman, 75.
VEGETABLES, abundant in Virginia, 102.
Virginia's Cure,
says Burgesses mostly freedmen, 74. Virginia Unmasked, describes Virginia houses, 104.
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, shows that many freedmen migrated to Virginia, 81. Virginia Richly Valued, advises emigrants as to outfit, 104.
W AGES, high in Virginia, 16; 29; 30; low in England, 31.
Wage earners, few in Virginia, 44; mostly recently freed servants, 44.
Walker, Robert, has 52 slaves, 158.
Warburton, Thomas, patents land in James City, 77.
Warden, Thomas, landowner, 79.
Warwick, average plantation of, 53; farms and tithables of, 58; 81.
Washington, Richard, deals in servants, 48.
Watson, John, landowning freedman, 75.
Weaver, Samuel, landowning freedman, 75.
260
INDEX
Webster, Roger, servant, Burgess in 1632, 74.
Whitlock, Thomas,
will of, 105-106.
Williamsburg, 35; 54. Williams, William, buys 200 acres, 50.
Wills,
throw light on distribution of servants and slaves, 59; 73; headrights mentioned in, 76.
Wine,
prospect for in Virginia, 15.
Woolens,
need of potash for, 8; French duty on, 13.
Woolritch, William, landowning freedman, 74.
Wormsley, Ralph, 109; letter to from Fitshugh, 130.
Wray, Thomas, granted 50 acres, 81.
Y ATES, William, has 55 slaves, 158.
Yeomanry, largest class in Virginia, 59, 62; freedmen in, 72-82; 85; desperately poor, 90-91; driven to revolt by poverty,
92-93; no advancement for after 1660, 97-100; enjoy plentiful food, 101-103; often suffer for proper clothing, 103- 105; Burgesses represented interests of, 109; aid in ejecting Harvey, 110; many favor Parliament in Civil War, 110-111; in control from 1652 to 1660, 112; chief sufferers from Navigation Acts, 113; support Bacon in rebellion, 113; struggle for political rights, 114; few recruits to at end of 17th century, 122; condition of at end of 17th century, 123; effect of slavery on in ancient Rome, 137-139; migration of from Virginia, 139-146; produce higher grades of tobacco, 146- 147; misery of in 1713, 150; many sink into poverty, 151-154; many become slave holders, 152-159; slaves make less industrious, 155; 160.
Yeardley, Sir George,
29; instructed to enforce free exchange of goods, 65.
York,
land transfers in, 46; plantations of small, 53; farms and tithables of, 58; servants and slaves in, 59; landowners of who had been headrights, 76; 79; 107; 130.
Young, Richard,
granted 100 acres, 81.
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