USA > Washington > Asotin County > Lyman's history of old Walla Walla County, embracing Walla Walla, Columbia, Garfield and Asotin counties, Volume I > Part 10
USA > Washington > Columbia County > Lyman's history of old Walla Walla County, embracing Walla Walla, Columbia, Garfield and Asotin counties, Volume I > Part 10
USA > Washington > Garfield County > Lyman's history of old Walla Walla County, embracing Walla Walla, Columbia, Garfield and Asotin counties, Volume I > Part 10
USA > Washington > Walla Walla County > Lyman's history of old Walla Walla County, embracing Walla Walla, Columbia, Garfield and Asotin counties, Volume I > Part 10
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
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OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
as rapidly as possible, but the doctor had not arrived. We had all become very anxious about him.
"Late in the afternoon he came in very much fatigued and desponding; said that he knew that God had bewildered him to punish him for traveling on the Sabbath. During the whole trip he was very regular in his morning and evening devotions, and that was the only time I ever knew him to travel on the Sabbath.
"The doctor remained all night at the fort, starting only on the following morning to join the St. Louis party. Here we parted. The doctor proceeded to Washington. I remained at Bent's Fort until spring, and joined the doctor the following July near Fort Laramie, on his way to Oregon, in company with a train of emigrants."
In the life of Whitman by Myron Eells, there is a summary of the events which immediately followed, so well adapted to our purpose that we quote it here as resting upon the authority of Mr. Eells, whom we regard as a writer of un- doubted candor and accuracy.
"When Doctor Whitman arrived at St. Louis he made his home at the house of Doctor Edward Hale, a dentist. In the same house was William Barrows, then a young school teacher, afterward a clergyman and author of Barrows' 'Oregon.'
"Reaching Cincinnati, he went to the house of Doctor Weed. Here, accord- ing to Professor Weed, he obtained a new suit of clothes, but whether he wore them all the time until he left the East or not is a question. Some writers speak of him as appearing in buckskins, or something akin to them, afterwards both at Washington and Boston. Some, as Dr. S. J. Parker, say he was not so dressed. It is just barely possible that both may be true-that he kept his buckskins and buffalo coat and occasionally wore them. It is quite certain that he did not throw them away, as according to accounts he wore his buckskins in returning to Oregon the next summer.
"The next visit on record was at Ithaca, New York, at the home of his old missionary friend and fellow traveler, Rev. Samuel Parker. Here, after the sur- prise of his arrival was over, he said to Mr. Parker: 'I have come on a very important errand. We must both go at once to Washington, or Oregon is lost, ceded to the English.' Mr. Parker, however, did not think the danger to be so great, and not for lack of interest in the subject, but because of other reasons, did not go. Doctor Whitman went alone, and reached Washington.
"The doctor, or his brother, had been a classmate of the Secretary of War, James M. Porter. Through him the doctor obtained an introduction to Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, with whom he talked about Oregon and the saving of it to the United States, but Mr. Webster received him very coolly, and told him it was too late, as far as he was concerned, for he had considered it, decided it, and turned it over to the President, who could sign Oregon away or refuse to do so. Accordingly Doctor Whitman went to President Tyler, and for some time they talked about Oregon. Even the Cabinet were called together, it is said, and an evening was spent on the subject. The objection was made that wagons could never be taken to Oregon and that consequently the country could never be peopled overland by emigrants, while the distance around Cape Horn was altogether too great to think of taking settlers to the country that way. In reply to this. Doctor Whitman told of the great value of the country and of his plans to lead an emigration through with their wagons the next summer. He
DR. WHITMAN LOST IN A SNOW STORM, 1842
69
OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
stated that he had taken a wagon into Oregon six years before to Fort Boise, that others had taken one from Fort Hall to Walla Walla, and that with his present knowledge, having been over the route twice, he was sure he could take the emigrant wagons through to the Columbia. The President then said that he would wait, before carrying the negotiations any further, until he could hear whether Doctor Whitman should succeed, and if he should there would be no more thought of trading off Oregon. This satisfied the doctor.
"He then went to New York to see Mr. Horace Greeley, who was known to be a friend of Oregon. He went there dressed in his rough clothes, much the same that he wore across the continent. When he knocked at the door a lady came, Mrs. Greeley or a daughter, who, on seeing such a rough-looking person, said to his inquiries for Mr. Greeley, 'Not at home.' Doctor Whitman started away. She went and told Mr. Greeley about him and Mr. Greeley, who was of much the same style and cared but little for appearances, looked out of the win- dow, and seeing him going away, said to call him in. It was done, and they had a long talk about this Northwest Coast and its political relations.
"From New York Doctor Whitman went to Boston, where the officers of the American Board at first received him coldly, because he had left his station for the East without permission from them, on business so foreign to that which he had been sent to Oregon to accomplish. Afterwards, however, they treated him more cordially.
"From Boston he went to New York State and visited relatives. Then taking with him his nephew, Perrin B. Whitman, he; bade them good-by and left for Missouri. While there he did all he could to induce people to join the emigration for Oregon, then went with the emigration, assisting the guide, Captain Gantt, until they reached Fort Hall, and aiding the emigrants, very materially. Fort Hall was as far as Captain Gantt had agreed to guide them, and from that place Doctor Whitman guided them or furnished an Indian guide, so that the emigrants reached the Columbia River safely with their wagons."
The incoming of the immigration of 1843 was a determining factor in the set- tlement of the Oregon question. There can be no question that Doctor Whitman performed a conspicuous service in organizing and leading that immigration. It is true, however, that many influences combined to draw that company of frontiersmen to the border of civilization and to give them the common purpose of the great march across the wilderness. The leading motives perhaps were the desire first to acquire land in what they thought would prove a paradise and second to carry the American flag across the continent and secure ownership of the Pacific Coast for their country. Perhaps no one ever so well expressed the mingled motives of that advance guard of American possession as did James W. Nesmith, father of Mrs. Levi Ankeny of Walla Walla, who was himself a mem- ber of the immigration and later became one of the conspicuous builders of Oregon and of the nation. Senator Nesmith's account is as follows, given in an address at a meeting of the Oregon Pioneer Association :
"Without orders from any quarter, and without preconcert, promptly as the grass began to start, the emigrants began to assemble near Independence, at a place called Fitzhugh's Mill. On the 17th day of May, 1843, notices were circu- lated through the different encampments that on the succeeding day, those who contemplated emigrating to Oregon would meet at a designated point to organize.
70
OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
Promptly at the appointed hour the motley groups assembled. They consisted of people from all the States and Territories, and nearly all nationalities; the most, however, from Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri and Iowa, and all strangers to one another, but impressed with some crude idea that there existed an imperative necessity for some kind of an organization for mutual protection against the hostile Indians inhabiting the great unknown wilderness stretching away to the shores of the Pacific, and which they were about to traverse with their wives and children, household goods, and all their earthly possessions.
"Many of the emigrants were from the western tier of counties of Missouri, known as the Platte Purchase, and among them was Peter H. Burnett, a former merchant. who had abandoned the yardstick and become a lawyer of some celebrity for his ability as a smooth-tongued advocate. He subsequently emi- grated to California, and was elected the first Governor of the Golden State, was afterward Chief Justice, and still an honored resident of that state. Mr. Burnett, or, as he was familiarly designated, 'Pete,' was called upon for a speech. Mount- ing a log, the glib-tongued orator delivered a glowing, florid address. He com- menced by showing his audience that the then western tier of states and terri- tories was overcrowded with a redundant population, who had not sufficient elbow room for the expansion of their enterprise and genius, and it was a duty they owed to themselves and posterity to strike out in search of a more expanded field and more genial climate, where the soil yielded the richest returns for the slightest amount of cultivation, where the trees were loaded with perennial fruit, and where a good substitute for bread, called 'La Camash,' grew in the ground, salmon and other fish crowded the streams, and where the principal labor of the settler would be confined to keeping their gardens free from the inroads of buf- falo, elk, deer and wild turkeys. He appealed to our patriotism by picturing forth the glorious empire we would establish on the shores of the Pacific. How, with our trusty rifles, we would drive out the British usurpers who claimed the soil, and defend the country from the avarice and pretensions of the British lion, and how posterity would honor us for placing the fairest portion of our land under the dominion of the Stars and Stripes. He concluded with a slight allusion to the trials and hardships incident to the trip, and dangers to be encountered from hostile Indians on the route, and those inhabiting the country whither we were bound. He furthermore intimated a desire to look upon the tribe of noble 'red men' that the valiant and well-armed crowd around him could not vanquish in a single encounter.
"Other speeches were made, full of glowing descriptions of the fair land of promise, the far-away Oregon, which no one in the assemblage had ever seen, and of which not more than half a dozen had ever read any account. After the election of Mr. Burnett as captain, and other necessary officers, the meeting, as motley and primitive a one as ever assembled, adjourned, with 'three cheers' for Captain Burnett and Oregon. On the 20th of May, 1843, after a pretty thorough military organization, we took up our line of march, with Captain John Gantt, an old army officer, who combined the character of trapper and mountaineer, as our guide. Gantt had in his wanderings been as far as Green River, and assured us of the practicability of a wagon road thus far. Green River, the extent of our guide's knowledge in that direction, was not half-way to the Willamette Valley, then the only inhabited portion of Oregon. Beyond that we had not the slightest
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OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
conjecture of the condition of the country. We went forth trusting to the future, and would doubtless have encountered more difficulties than we experienced had not Doctor Whitman overtaken us before we reached the terminus of our guide's knowledge. He was familiar with the whole route and was confident that wagons could pass through the cañons and gorges of Snake River and over the Blue Mountains, which the mountaineers in the vicinity of Fort Hall declared to be a physical impossibility.
"Captain Grant, then in charge of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Hall, endeavored to dissuade us from proceeding farther with our wagons, and showed us the wagons that the emigrants of the preceding year had abandoned, as an evidence of the impracticability of our determination. Doctor Whitman was per- sistent in his assertions that wagons could proceed as far as the Grand Dalles of the Columbia River, from which point he asserted they could be taken down by rafts or batteaux to the Willamette Valley, while our stock could be driven by an Indian trail over the Cascade Mountains, near Mount Hood. Happily Whitman's advice prevailed, and a large number of the wagons with a portion of the stock did reach Walla Walla and The Dalles, from which points they were taken to the Willamette the following year. Had we followed Grant's advice and aban- doned the cattle and wagons at Fort Hall, much suffering must have ensued, as a sufficient number of horses to carry the women and children of the party could not have been obtained, besides wagons and cattle were indispensable to men expecting to live by farming in a country destitute of such articles.
"At Fort Hall we fell in with some Cayuse and Nez Perce Indians returning from the buffalo country, and as it was necessary for Doctor Whitman to precede us to Walla Walla, he recommended to us a guide in the person of an old Cayuse Indian called 'Sticcus.' He was a faithful old fellow, perfectly familiar with all the trails and topography of the country from Fort Hall to The Dalles, and, although not speaking a word of English, and no one in our party a word of Cayuse, he succeeded by pantomime in taking us over the roughest wagon route I ever saw."
In that immigration were nearly a thousand persons, among them several families whose members and descendants have borne honorable parts in building the region of Old Walla Walla County and the part of Umatilla County adjoin- ing, in Oregon. In the belief that among the readers of this work may be many now living in the counties covered by this story, who can trace their ancestry to the blood royal of that great immigration and that a list of its names would have a permanent value in such a record as this, we incorporate here a list of the names of all the male members of the train over sixteen years of age, as secured by J. W. Nesmith at the time of the organization of the train. His list included some who turned back or went to California, or died on the way. We quote from the "History of the Willamette Valley," by H. B. Lang :
"The following list contains the names of every male member of that great train over the age of sixteen years. It was prepared by J. W. Nesmith when the train was organized, and was preserved among his papers for a third of a century before given for publication. All reached the Willamette Valley, except a few, the exceptions being designated by marks and foot-notes :
72
OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
Applegate, Jesse
Cronin, Daniel
Gantt, John *
Applegate, Charles
Cozine, Samuel
Gray, Chiley B.
Applegate, Lindsay
Costable, Benedict
Garrison, Enoch
Athey, James
Childs, Joseph *
Garrison, J. W.
Athey, William
Clark, Ransom
Garrison, W. J.
Atkinson, John *
Campbell, John G.
Gardner, Samuel
Arthur, Wm.
Chapman, -
Gardner, Wm.
Arthur, Robert
Chase, James
Gilmore, Mat
Arthur, David
Dodd, Solomon
Goodman, Richard
Butler, Amon
Dement, Wm. C.
Gilpin, Major
Brooke, George
Dougherty, W. P.
Gray, -
Burnett, Peter H.
Day, William ;
Haggard, B.
Bird, David
Duncan, James
Hide, H. H.
Brown, Thomas A.
Dorin, Jacob
Holmes, Wm.
Blevins, Alexander
Davis, Thomas
Holmes, Riley A.
Brooks, John P.
Delany, Daniel
Hobson, John
Brown, Martin
Delany, Daniel, Jr.
Hobson, Wm.
Brown, Oris
Delany, William
Hembree, Andrew
Black, J. P.
Doke, William
Hembree, J. J.
Bane, Layton
Davis, J. H.
Hembree, James
Baker, Andrew
Davis, Burrell
Hembree, A. J.
Baker, John G.
Dailey, George
Hall, Samuel B.
Beagle, William
Doherty, John
Houk, James
Boyd, Levy
Dawson, -- >
Hughes, Wm. P.
Baker, William
Eaton, Charles
Hendrick, Abijah
Biddle, Nicholas #
Eaton, Nathan
Hays, James
Beale, George
Etchell, James
Hensley, Thomas J. *
Braidy, James
Emerick, Solomon
Holley, B.
Beadle, George
Eaker, John W.
Hunt, Henry
Boardman, - *
Edson, E. G.
Holderness, S. M.
Baldridge, Wm.
Eyres, Miles t
Hutchins, Isaac
Cason, F. C.
East, John W.
Husted, A.
Cason, James
Everman, Niniwon
Hess, Joseph
Chapman, Wm.
Ford, Nineveh
Haun, Jacob
Cox, John
Ford, Ephriam
Howell, John
Champ, Jacob
Ford, Nimrod
Howell, Wm.
Cooper, L. C.
Ford, John
Howell, Wesley
Cone, James
Francis, Alexander
Howell, G. W.
Childers, Moses
Frazier, Abner
Howell, Thomas E.
Carey, Miles
Frazier, Wm.
Hill, Henry
Cochran, Thomas
Fowler, Wm.
Hill, William
Clymour, L.
Fowler, Wm. J.
Hill, Almoran
Copenhaver, John
Fowler, Henry
Hewett, Henry
Caton, J. H.
Fairly. Stephen
Hargrove, Wm.
Chappel, Alfred
Fendall, Charles
Hoyt, A.
* Turned off at Fort Hall and went to California.
+ Died on the route.
# Turned back at the Platte.
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OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
Holman, John
McHaley, John
Richardson, Daniel +
Holman, Daniel
Myers, Jacob
Ruby, Philip
Harrigas, B.
Manning, John
Ricord, John
James, Calvin
Manning, James
Reid, Jacob
Jackson, John B.
McCarver, M. M.
Roe, John
Jones, John
McCorcle, George
Roberts, Solomon
Johnson, Overton
Mays, William
Roberts, Emseley
Keyser, Thomas
Millican, Elijah
Rossin, Joseph
Keyser, J. B.
McDaniel, William
Rivers, Thomas
Keyser, Plasant
Mckissic, D.
Smith, Thomas H.
Kelley, - -
Malone, Madison
Smith, Thomas
Kelsey,
McClane, John B.
Smith, Isaac W.
Lovejoy, A. L.
Mauzee, William
Smith, Anderson
Lenox, Edward
McIntire, John *
Smith, Ahi
Lenox, E.
Moore, Jackson #
Smith, Robert
Layson, Aaron
Matney, W. J.
Smith, Eli
Looney, Jesse
Nesmith, J. W.
Sheldon, William
Long, John E.
Newby, W. T.
Stewart, P. G.
Lee, H. A. G.
Newman, Noah
Sutton, Dr. Nathan'1
Lugur, F. ¿
Naylor, Thomas
Stimmerman, C.
Linebarger, Lew
Osborn, Neil
Sharp, C.
Linebarger, John
O'Brien, Hugh D.
Summers, W. C.
Laswell, Isaac
O'Brien, Humphrey
Sewell, Henry
Loughborough, J. ±
Owen, Thomas A.
Stout, Henry
Little, Milton *
Owen, Thomas
Sterling, George
Luther,
Otie, E. W.
Stout, -
Lauderdale, John
Otie, M. B.
Stevenson,
McGee, -
O'Neil, Bennett
Story, James Swift, -
Martin, Wm. J .*
Olinger, A.
Martin, James
Parker, Jesse
Shively, John M.
Martin, Julius +
Parker, William
Shirly, Samuel
McClelland,
Pennington, J. B.
Stoughton, Alex
McClelland, F .*
Poe, R. H.
Spencer, Chancey Strait, Hiram Summers, George
Mills, Isaac
Patterson, J. R.
Mills, Wm. A.
Pickett, Charles E.
Stringer, Cornelius
Mills, Owen
Prigg, Frederick
Stringer, C. W.t
McGarey, G. W.
Paine, Clayborn ;
Tharp, Lindsey
Mondon, Gilbert
Reading, P. B .*
Thompson, John Trainor, D.
Matheny, Daniel
Rodgers, S. P.
Matheny, Adam
Rodgers, G. W.
Teller, Jeremiah
Matheny, Josiah
Russell, William
Tarbox, Stephen
Matheny, Henry
Roberts, James Umnicker, John
Matheny, J. N.
Rice, G. W.
Vance, Samuel
Mastire, A. J.
Richardson, John
Vaughn, William
* Turned off at Fort Hall and went to California.
+ Died on the route.
# Turned back at the Platte.
Mills, John B.
Paynter, Samuel
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OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
Vernon, George Williams, Benjamin
White, James
Wilmont, James
Williams, David
Watson, John ( Betty)
Wilson, Wm. H.
Wilson, Wm.
Waters, James
Wair, J. W.
Williams, John *
Winter, William
Winkle, Archibald
Williams, James *
Waldo, Daniel
Williams, Edward
Williams, Squire *
Waldo, David
Wheeler, H.
Williams, Isaac *
Zachary, Alexander
Wagoner, John
Ward, T. B.
Zachary, John
"There were in Oregon at the time the train arrived the following in- dividuals, a few names, possibly, having been omitted from the list, and the list . not including the various missionaries named elsewhere :
Armstrong, Pleasant
Girtmann, -
O'Neil, James A.
Burns, Hugh
Hathaway, Felix
Pettygrove, F. W.
Brown,
Hatch, Peter H.
Pomeroy, Dwight
Brown, William
Hubbard, Thomas J
Pomeroy, Walter
Brown, -
Hewitt, Adam
Perry, -
Black, J. M.
Horegon, Jeremiah
Rimmick,
Baldro, -
Holman, Joseph
Russell, Osborn
Balis, James
Hall, David
Robb, J. R.
Bailey, Dr.
Hoxhurst, Weberly
Shortess, Robert
Brainard, -
Hutchinson,
Smith, Sidney
Crawford, Medorem
Johnson, William
Smith,
Carter, David
Kelsey, -
Smith, Andrew
Campbell, Samuel
King,-
Smith, Andrew, Jr.
Campbell, Jack
Lewis, Reuben
Smith, Darling
Craig, Wm.
Le Breton, G. W.
Spence, Sailor, Jack
Cook, Amos
Larrison, Jack
Cook, Aaron
Meek. Joseph L.
Turnham, Joel
Connor, -
Matthieu, F. X.
Turner, John
Cannon, William
McClure, John
Taylor, Hiram
Davy, Allen
Moss, S. W.
Tibbetts, Calvin
Doty, William
Moore, Robert
Trask, -
Eakin, Richard
McFadden,
Walker, C. M.
Ebbetts, Squire
McCarty, William
Warner, Jack
Edwards, John
McKay, Charles
Wilson, A. E.
Foster, Philip
McKay, Thomas
Winslow, David
Force, John
McKay, William C.
Wilkins, Caleb
Force, James
Morrison, -
Wood, Henry
Fletcher, Francis
Mack. J. W.
Williams, B.
Gay, George
Newbanks,
Gale, Joseph
Newell, Robert
The men in these lists, with their families, constituted the population of Oregon in 1843, aside from the Hudson's Bay Company people.
Doctor Whitman himself wrote several valuable letters referring to the
* Turned off at Fort Hall and went to California.
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OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
immigration of 1843. The most important of these was one to the Secretary of War, inclosing a proposed bill for a line of forts across the plains to defend immigrations. This letter has such an important bearing on the whole story of Whitman and his connection with the immigration and the acquisition of Oregon that it is incorporated here. And we would submit to the reader the difficulty which any candid critic would experience in examining this letter and then deny- ing Whitman's part in "saving Oregon to the United States." Whitman's letter was found among the files of the War Department, with the following endorse- ment :
"Marcus Whitman inclosing synopsis of a bill, with his views in reference to importance of the Oregon Territory, War. 383-rec. June 22, 1844."
Portions of the letter follow :
"To the Hon. James M. Porter,
Secretary of War.
"Sir: In compliance with the request you did me the honor to make last winter, while in Washington, I herewith transmit to you the synopsis of a bill which, if it could be adopted, would, according to my experience and observation, prove highly conducive to the best interests of the United States generally, to Oregon, where I have resided for more than seven years as a missionary, and to the Indian tribes that inhabit the immediate country. The Government will now, doubtless for the first time, be apprised through you, or by means of this communication, of the immense immigration of families to Oregon which has taken place this year. I have, since our interview, been instrumental in piloting across the route described in the accompanying bill, and which is the only eligible wagon road, no less than three hundred families, consisting of one thousand per- sons of both sexes, with their wagons, amounting to 120, 694 oxen, and 773 loose cattle.
"The emigrants are from different states, but principally from Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois and New York. The majority of them are farmers, lured by the prospect of bounty in lands, by the reported fertility of the soil, and by the desire to be first among those who are planting our institutions on the Pacific Coast. Among them are artisans of every trade, comprising, with farmers, the very best material for a new colony. As pioneers, these people have undergone incredible hardships, and having now safely passed the Blue Mountain Range with their wagons and effects, have established a durable road from Missouri to Oregon, which will serve to mark permanently the route of larger numbers each succeeding year, while they have practically demonstrated that wagons drawn by horses or oxen can cross the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River, contrary to all the sinister assertions of all those who pretended it to be impossible.
"In their slow progress, these persons have encountered, as in all former in- stances, and as all succeeding emigrants must, if this or some similar bill be not passed by Congress, the continual fear of Indian aggression, the actual loss through them of horses, cattle and other property, and the great labor of trans- porting an adequate amount of provisions for so long a journey. The bill here- with proposed would, in a great measure, lessen these inconveniences by the establishment of posts, which, while having the possessed power to keep the Indians in check, thus doing away with the necessity of military vigilance on the
76
OLD WALLA WALLA COUNTY
part of the traveler by day and night, would be able to furnish them in transit with fresh supplies of provisions, diminishing the original burdens of the emi- grants, and finding thus a ready and profitable market for their produce-a market that would, in my opinion, more than suffice to defray all the current expenses of such posts. The present party is supposed to have expended no less than $2,000 at Laramie's and Bridger's Forts, and as much more at Fort Hall and Fort Boise, two of the Hudson's Bay Company's stations. These are at present the only stop- ping places in a journey of 2,200 miles, and the only place where additional sup- plies can be obtained, even at the enormous rate of charge, called mountain prices, i. e., $50 the hundred for flour and $50 the hundred for coffee; the same for sugar, powder, etc.
"Many cases of sickness and some deaths took place among those who accom- plished the journey this season, owing, in a great measure, to the uninterrupted use of meat, salt and fresh, with flour, which constitute the chief articles of food they are able to convey on their wagons, and this could be obviated by the vegetable productions which the posts in contemplation could very profitably afford them. Those who rely on hunting as an auxiliary support, are at present unable to have their arms repaired when out of order; horses and oxen become tender-footed and require to be shod on this long journey, sometimes repeatedly, and the wagons repaired in a variety of ways. I mention these as valuable in- cidents to the proposed measure, as it will also be found to tend in many other incidental ways to benefit the migratory population of the United States choosing to take this direction, and on these accounts, as well as for the immediate use of the posts themselves, they ought to be provided with the necessary shops and mechanics, which would at the same time exhibit the several branches of civilized art to the Indians.
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