USA > Wisconsin > An illustrated history of the state of Wisconsin : being a complete civil, political, and military history of the state, from its first exploration down to 1875 > Part 5
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' Rev. William Barry's Paper.
1
GROSSOUP & VEST-S
PHILA
Phitetus Janyper.
CHAPTER II.
CHRONOLOGY OF WISCONSIN FROM 1639 TO 1848.
1639. TITE country as far as the head of the Wisconsin River was explored by Nicolet.
1654. The territory now embraced within the limits of the State in the vicinity of Green Bay was occupied by fur-traders.
1660. René Menard explored the country to Chegoimegon Bay, Lake Superior, where a mission was afterwards estab- lished.
1661. The same traveller crossed the country from Lake Superior to Black River Falls.
1664. The French minister officially orders, or grants, the sale of brandy and other liquors to the Indians.
1665. Claude Allouez, an eminent pioneer missionary, estab- lished a mission at La Pointe, Lake Superior.
1667. Louis Nicholas joined Allouez at the mission at La Pointe.
1669. Father Allouez established a mission at Des Peres, or Green Bay. This mission was at the Rapids of Depere, a short distance above the present city of Green Bay.
1670. Father Allouez made a voyage of the Fox and Wis- consin Rivers to within a short distance of the Mississippi, - a near approach to the discovery of the Father of Waters.
1671. In this year the French took formal possession of the whole North-west.
1673. Father James Marquette discovered the Mississippi River.
1674. The same explorer coasted Lake Michigan, from Green Bay, by Milwaukee, to the site of the present city of Chicago.
1676. Father Allouez made a voyage to Chicago by Mil- waukee.
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63
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
1679. " The Griffin," a schooner built by La Salle, and the first to make a voyage of the lake above the Niagara, arrived at Green Bay.
1679. La Salle made a voyage on Lake Michigan, from Green Bay to the St. Joseph River.
1679. Capt. Du Lath held a council, and concluded a peace with the natives of Lake Superior.
1680. Tonti established a military port and garrison at Green Bay.
1681. Marquette's journal and map of his travels and explo- rations in the North-west were published in France.
1683. Le Sueur made a voyage of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers to the Mississippi.
1685. Durantaye erected a fort at Checagua.
1688. Fort St. Nicholas was built at the mouth of the Wisconsin.
1688. La Hontau made a voyage through the country, making valuable observations.
1688. Parret established a trading-station on Lake Pepin.
1688. Fort St. Antoine was erected at the mouth of the Chippewa River.
1688. A military port named Beauharnois was erected on the north side of Lake Pepin.
1695. Le Sueur built a fort on an island in the Mississippi, below the St. Croix.
1699. John Buisson de St. Comes made a voyage of Lake Michigan, stopping at Milwaukee.
1700. Le Sueur made a voyage up the Mississippi in search of copper ore.
1714. Le Louvigny's battle with the Fox Indians at Butte des Morts.
1719. Francis Renalt explored the Upper Mississippi with two hundred miners.
1721. P. de Charlevoix made a journey through Wisconsin.
1726. A French fort was established at Green Bay.
1727. The French established a fort on Lake Pepin, with Sieur de Lapperriere commandant.
1728. There was a great flood in the Mississippi ; and Fort Beauharnois was submerged.
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HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
1728. A French expedition, under De Lingnery, from Green Bay, punished the Foxes.
1734. A battle took place between the French, and the Sauks and Foxes.
1745. Green Bay was settled by Augustus and Charles De Langlade.
1747. Capt. De Vorcheres takes command at Green Bay.
1754. Sieur Martin, in command at Green Bay, makes a peace with the Indians.
1755. A French post, or fort, was established at Prairie du Chien.
1760. Capt. Balfour and Lieut. Gorrell, with English troops, took possession of Green Bay.
1762. A deputation of Indians went from Milwaukee to Green Bay to complain of dishonest traders.
1763. The English, under Lieut. Gorrell, abandon Green Bay in consequence of the approaching Indian war.
1763. The great Pontiac war.
1763. Treaty of Paris, by which all the territory of New France, including Wisconsin, was surrendered to the English.
1764. Green Bay re-occupied by the British under Capt. Howard.
1764. Louisiana ceded to Spain by the French.
1766. The laws of Canada were extended over the north- west.
1766-68. Jonathan Carver makes an extended tour through the country.
1774. Organization of the North-western Fur Company.
1774. A civil government was established in the North-west, by the celebrated " Quebec Act."
1777. Indians from Wisconsin joined the British against the Americans.
1780. Lieut .- Gov. Patrick St. Clair of Canada purchased Green Bay, Prairie du Chien, &c., from the Indians.
1785. There was a great flood in the Mississippi River.
1786. Julian Dubuque explored the lead region of the Upper Mississippi.
1787. The well-known Ordinance of 1787 was passed by Congress for the government of the North-west.
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HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
1788. There was an Indian council at Green Bay. Permis- sion to work the lead mines was given to Dubuque.
1796. Green Bay, Prairie du Chien, &c., were surrendered by the English to the United States.
1796. Laws of the Ordinance of 1787 extended over the North-west.
1800. Indian territory organized, including Wisconsin.
1800. Louisiana ceded to France by Spain.
1803. Antoine Barth settled at the portage of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers.
1803. Louisiana ceded to the United States by France.
1804. Indian treaty at St. Louis ; Southern Wisconsin pur- chased.
1805. Michigan Territory organized.
1805. Lieut. Pike ascended the Mississippi River.
1809. Thomas Nuttall, the botanist, explored Wisconsin.
1809. Illinois Territory was organized, including Wisconsin.
1809. First saw-mill built, near Green Bay.
1812. Indians assembled at Green Bay to join the English.
1814. Gov. Clark took possession of Prairie du Chien.
1814. Prairie du Chien surrendered to the British.
1815. The American Fur Company began to establish trad- ing-posts.
1815. United States trading-post established at Green Bay.
1816. Indian treaty confirming that of 1804.
1816. United States troops took possession of Prairie du Chien.
1816. Col. Miller commenced the erection of Fort Howard at Green Bay.
1816. Indian treaty ; lands relinquished to Indians.
1816. Jaques Vieux settled at Milwaukee.
1817. Indian treaty at St. Louis.
1817. Major S. H. Long ascended the Mississippi.
1818. State of Illinois was organized ; Wisconsin attached to Michigan.
1818. Solomon Juneau built his cabin.
1818. A saw-mill built four miles above Prairie du Chien.
1818. Brown and Crawford Counties organized, including the whole State.
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HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
1819. A saw-mill erected at Black River Falls, by C. A. Andrews.
1819. Fort Snelling built and occupied.
1820. United-States commissioners adjusted land-claims at Green Bay.
1821. Oneida and Stockbridge Indians settled near Green Bay.
1821. First post-office established at Green Bay.
1821. Fort Crawford built at Prairie du Chien.
1822. The New York Indians purchase lands east of Lake Winnebago.
1822. James Johnson obtained from the Indians the right to dig for lead by negro slaves from Kentucky.
1823, January. Wisconsin made a separate Judicial District by Congress.
1823. First government leases to lead-miners.
1823. Land-claims at Prairie du Chien adjusted by the gov- ernment.
1823. Major S. H. Long's expedition to the Upper Missis- sippi.
1823. First steamboat on the Upper Mississippi, with Major Taliafero and Count Beltrami.
1823. Lieut. Bayfield of the British navy made a survey of Lake Superior.
1823. An Episcopal mission established near Green Bay.
1824. James D. Doty appointed judge by Pres. Monroe ; held the office nine years.
1824, July 12. First court held in Brown County.
1824, Oct. 4. First term of United-States Circuit Court held at Green Bay.
1825, Aug. 1 and 19. Indian treaties at Prairie du Chien.
1825. The Carver grant of land rejected by Congress.
1826. First steamboat on Lake Michigan.
1826. Indian treaty at St. Louis.
1826. Great flood in the Mississippi, twenty-six feet above low water at Prairie du Chien.
1827. A rush of speculators to the lead-mines.
1827. Difficulties with the Indians. Troops sent to settle them.
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CROSSCUP & WEST-SC.PHILA
Hon. WILLIAM R. TAYLOR, Governor of Wisconsin, 1874-5.
68
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
1827, Aug. 11. Treaty with the Menomonee Indians at Butte des Morts.
1828. Fort Winnebago built at " the portage."
1828. Indian treaty at Green Bay ; the lead-region pur- chased.
1828. Lead ore discovered at Mineral Point and Dodgeville.
1829, July 29. Winnebago treaty at Prairie du Chien.
1829. A Methodist mission established at Green Bay.
1830. A Methodist mission established at La Pointe.
1830, May. The Sioux killed seventeen Sauks and Foxes near Prairie du Chien.
1831, Feb. 8. Menomonee treaty at Washington.
1831. Public lands in the lead-region surveyed by Lucius Lyon and others.
1832, June 16. Battle with the Sauk Indians on the Peka- tonica.
1832, July 21. Battle on the Wisconsin River.
1832, Aug. 2. Battle at mouth of the Bad Axe ; Black Hawk defeated.
1832. First arrival of steamboat at Chicago.
1832. Schoolcraft discovered the true source of the Mis- sissippi.
1832, Sept. 15. Winnebago treaty at Fort Armstrong.
1832, Oct. 27. Treaty with the Menomonees.
1832. High water in the Mississippi.
1833. A Methodist mission established at Ottawa Lake (Chippewa River).
1833, Sept. 26. Indian treaty at Chicago ; lands south and west of Milwaukee ceded to the government.
1833, Dec. 11. First newspaper ("Green Bay Intelligencer ") published.
1834. Public lands near Green Bay surveyed by A. G. Ellis.
1834. Land offices established at Mineral Point and Green Bay.
1834. Population by census taken, 4,795.
1835. First settlement at Milwaukee, Samuel Brown and family.
1835. George W. Jones elected delegate to Congress.
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69
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
1835. J. N. Nicollett commenced scientific exploration.
1835. Public lands at Milwaukee surveyed by William A. Burt.
1836, Jan. 9. The legislative council of Michigan met at Green Bay.
1836, April 30. Henry Dodge appointed governor by Pres. Andrew Jackson.
1836, July 4. Territory of Wisconsin organized.
1836, July 14. " Milwaukee Advertiser" published at 371 Third Street.
1836, Sept. 3. Treaty with the Menomonees at Green Bay.
1836, Oct. 10. George W. Jones elected delegate to Con- gress.
1836, Oct. 25. First legislature of Wisconsin convened at Belmont, Wis.
1836, Dec. 3. Seat of government established at Madison.
1836. First school opened in Milwaukee (at No. 371 Third Street).
1836. United States land-office opened at Milwaukee.
1837, Jan. 26. Michigan admitted as a State.
1837, July 29. Chippewa treaty at Fort Snelling.
1837, Sept. 29. Sioux treaty ; lands east of the Mississippi ceded.
1837, Nov. 1. Winnebago treaty ; lands ceded.
1837, Nov. 6. Legislature met at Burlington, Io.
1838, June 11. Special session of the legislature at Burling- ton, Io.
1838, Sept. 10. James D. Doty elected delegate to Congress.
1838, Nov. 26. First session of the legislature at Madison.
1839, Jan. 21. Legislative session ; statutes enacted.
1839. Indian (Sioux and Chippewa) battle; two hundred killed.
1839, September. James D. Doty re-elected to Congress.
1839, Dec. 6. Legislative session commenced.
1840, Aug. 3. Extra session of the legislature.
1840, Dec. 7. Legislative session.
1841, Sept. 27. Henry Dodge elected delegate to Congress.
1841, Sept. 30. James Duane Doty appointed governor by Pres. John Tyler.
.
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HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
1841, Dec. 6. Legislature met.
1842, Oct. 4. Chippewa treaty at La Pointe ; lands ceded.
1842, Dec. 6. Legislative session commenced.
1843, Sept. 25. Henry Dodge re-elected delegate to Con- gress.
1843, Dec. 4. Legislative session commenced.
1844, June 21. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge appointed governor by Pres. John Tyler.
1845, Jan. 6. Legislative session commenced.
1845, April 8. Henry Dodge appointed governor by Pres. James K. Polk.
1845, Sept. 22. Morgan L. Martin elected delegate to Con- gress.
1846, Jan 5. The legislature met.
1846, April. A vote of the people in favor of a State government.
1846, Aug. 6. Act of Congress authorizing a State govern- ment.
1846, Dec. 16. A State constitution adopted in convention.
1847, Jan. 4. The legislature met.
1847, April. The proposed State constitution rejected by vote of the people.
1847, Sept. 27. John H. Tweedy elected delegate to Con- gress.
1847, Oct. 18. Special session of the legislature.
1848, Feb. 1. A new State constitution adopted in conven- tion.
1848, Feb. 7. Sixteenth (and last) session of the Territorial Legislature.
1848, March 13. The State constitution adopted by a vote of the people ; and Wisconsin became one of the States of the American Union, being the seventeenth admitted, and the thirtieth in the list of States.
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CHAPTER III.
INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN.
IT is not our intention, in this chapter, to write any extensive notice touching the manners and customs of the native tribes of Wisconsin : such would be foreign to the scope of this volume. Nevertheless, a list of the tribal names of the Indians who inhabited the Territory, together with a few hints as to, their location and successive removals, will be expedient. In. this, as in some of the succeeding chapters, our remarks will be statistical rather than descriptive.
We may, with good results, give a list of the different names by which the Indian tribes of Wisconsin have been known :-
Ainoves = Iowas. Assistaeronons = Mascontins.
Ayauways = Iowas.
Bay Indians == Winnebagoes. Brothertowns.
Bevau-acs = Sioux.
Bewauacs == Sioux.
Chippewas = Sauteurs = Ojibbeways.
Courterrielles = Ottawas.
Cynagos = Sinagoux.
Dacotahs = Sioux.
Folles Avoines = Menomonees.
Foxes = Reynard = Outagamies.
Gens de Feu = Mascontins.
Howahs == The Sioux name for Iowas.
Hotauke = Sioux name for Winnebagoes.
Hurons = Wyandotts. Illinois.
Iowas.
Isle aux Noix == Illinois.
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HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
Keinouches.
Kickapoos. Kiskakons.
Kitchigamick. Mascontins = Gens de Feu.
Makou. Makoueone.
Marameg. Menomonees.
Miamis.
Mikissoua.
Musquakies = Outagamies = Foxes.
Nadowessi = Sioux, their Chippewa name.
Noquets.
Ojibbeways = Chippewas.
Oneidas.
Ontehibouse = Chippewas.
Osaukies = Sauks == Sacs.
Othun-gu-rahs = Winnebagoes in their own language.
Ottawas.
Outagamies = Foxes.
Pottawattomies.
Puans or Puants = Winnebagoes of Green Bay.
Reynards == Foxes.
Sakis = Sauks.
Sauks.
Sauters = Chippewas.
Sinagoux. Sioux.
Stockbridges.
Tawas = Ottawas.
Winnebagoes. Wyandotts = Ilurons.
By reference to the above list, the reader will be enabled to trace the connection between some of the half meaningless Indian names used, and the nations or tribes to which they belong. We can only mention, however, the names of those tribes, or families, over again, giving the dates at which they occupied certain lands.
In the early part of the last century, says Dr. Lapham, the Chippewas numbered about one hundred and fifty warriors at Chegoimegon Point, Lake Superior ; the Menomonees, at the north of Lake Michigan, one hundred and sixty; the Sioux, at
GROSSCUP &Y
EST
Hon. Jas. T. Lewis, Governor of Wisconsin, 1804-5.
74
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
the head of lake Superior, three hundred ; the Pottawattomies, at the outlet of Green Bay, twenty ; the Sauks, at the head of Green Bay, one hundred and fifty ; the Foxes, on the river that still bears their name, one hundred; the Kickapoos, about eighty; and the Mascontins, about sixty men capable of bear- ing arms. The whole Indian population within the district under consideration was then estimated at about fifteen thou- sand souls.
Three tribes are known to have, at one time, resided at or near Milwaukee ; viz., the Menomonees, the Pottawattomies, and the Ottawas. The first-named occupied the lake-shore to the northward ; the second and last, the country to the southward. The Ottawas were residing near where Milwaukee now stands as early as 1762.
When Jonathan Carver made his journey through Wisconsin, he found the Menomonees occupying the western border of Green Bay; the Winnebagoes, on the Upper Fox River; the Sauks and Foxes, on the Wisconsin ; and the Mascontins were believed to have possession of the southern and interior portions of the State. "Were we able," says Dr. Lapham, " to trace accurately the history of the Indian nations, we should find, upon a small scale, a counterpart of the written history of the Caucasian race. One, by fortunate location, good government, and peaceful habits, becomes prosperous, and therefore ambi- tious : without international law, and with no respect for the rights of others, they crowd upon and soon displace their less fortunate neighbors. These are hence compelled to encroach upon the hunting-grounds of other tribes; and in this way the map of North America, like that of Europe, required adjust- ment from time to time. Thus the names of places, of rivers and lakes, handed down to us, may be those given by tribes long since driven from their vicinity ; and we may, perhaps, understand why, in all the modern Indian languages, we can find no explanation of the origin of the name of our State. They must be names applied by some tribe now extinct, or to be found in some far distant country."
The Indian tribes of Wisconsin may be classed under two great national names ; but it must be remembered that the tribes we have named as residing within the boundaries of the State
75
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
constituted but a small fraction of these nations. These nations are the Algonquins, or Algonkins, and the Dacotas.
In 1821, and even later, Wisconsin, and a portion of Illinois, were inhabited, for the most part, only by Indians. "On the occasion of a treaty held at Chicago in 1821, they assembled from all quarters to the number of three thousand souls. Straggling parties were seen everywhere, proceeding to the appointed place, usually on horseback, and decorated, according to the Indian taste, with medals, silver bands, and feathers." Schoolcraft tells us, that " the gaudy and showy dresses of these troops of Indians, with the jingling caused by the striking of their ornaments, and their spirited manner of riding, created a scene as novel as it was interesting. Proceeding from all parts of a very extensive circle of country, like rays converging to a focus, the nearer we approached, the more compact and con- centrated the body became; and we found our cavalcade rapid- ly augmented, and consequently the dust, confusion, and noise increased at every by-path which intercepted our way."
But we have no space for the long and interesting chapters that might be compiled on the manners and customs of the Wisconsin Indians, and must, therefore, confine ourselves to a brief mention of the important events in the history of the several tribes, their migrations, and their final disappearance. For our materials in this particular, we are indebted to a pam- phlet edited by I. A. Lapham, Levi Blossom, and George G. Dousman, now among the Collections of the Wisconsin His- torical Society. Indeed, we shall take the liberty of quoting from said pamphlet, as the following paragraphs cannot easily be improved upon, for the purposes which they will serve in this chapter.
"The Mascontins, as before remarked, early disappeared. Their record is fully made up ; their decline and fall is complete : but what has become of them - whether removed to some distant part of the country, amalgamated with some other tribe, or destroyed by poverty and disease- we are not per- mitted to know. Alas! the destiny of the Mascontin is the destiny of the red man.
" The Kickapoos were removed at an early date, west of the Mississippi River ; and their name does not appear among those tribes that disposed of their lands to our government.
" The Sauks and Foxes appear at one time to have joined the Sioux in
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HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
their effort to maintain a footing upon the east bank of the Mississippi, against the Chippewas. In 1703 they were upon the Upper Wisconsin, occupying the country from Green Bay to Lac de Flambeau, and even to Lake Superior and Upper Mississippi, giving their name (Sauk) to a river and rapids in Minnesota. From this position, which they occupied but a short time, they were driven back by the Chippewas, under the leadership of their famous chief, Wah-boo-jeog (White Fisher), who died at Chegoime- gon in 1793. The decisive battle was fought at the Falls of the St. Croix. They were thus forced to the Lower Rock River, beyond our border ; and they do not appear as claiming any share of Wisconsin in the general apportionment among the Indian tribes at Prairie du Chien, in 1825.
" The Winnebagoes are supposed to be an offshoot of the great Sioux nation : they have figured largely in the Indian history of Wisconsin. They were but a small tribe when first encountered by the French on the shores of Green Bay, and named by them Puans (Stinks), on account of their filthy habits. They afterwards became a very bold and warlike tribe. They joined Pontiac in his effort to eradicate British rule in the North-west, in 1763, and afterwards fought with the British against us (the Americans) in 1812. In 1837 they sold their lands in Wisconsin to the government, and were removed, in the spring of 1819, to their ' reservation ' at the West, where it is supposed they are to remain permanently.
" The Sioux struggled manfully for their ancient hunting-grounds on the St. Croix River, and only relinquished them in 1837 to the United States Government by treaty. The Chippewas on the north, and the Winnebagoes on the south, had already crowded them into a very narrow space along the east bank of the Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake St. Croix. It is supposed that they extended much farther eastward, along the southern borders of Lake Superior, whence they were driven by the Chippewas, who were themselves crowded by other still more eastern tribes. Their very name, in the language of the Chippewas (Nada wessy), signifies an enemy; and these two tribes, like British and French, were always at war.
" The Chippewas have persistently maintained their position on the south shore of Lake Superior, stretching, in 1832, to the head waters of Chippewa and Wisconsin Rivers. At this time they numbered 2,826.
" Among them were thirty-five trading-posts, visited annually by traders licensed under the Act of Congress of May 26, 1824. The Chippewas sold their land to the government in 1837 and 1842, except a small reservation near the mouth of Bad River, on Lake Superior, which is still occupied by them, though the great body of the tribe have been removed to Minnesota.
"From the Report of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs from 1856, we learn that the Chippewas of Lake Superior, including the band on Bad River, in the northern part of Wisconsin, have been furnished with a liberal supply of farming-implements, carpenter's tools, household furniture, and cooking-utensils; and every Indian having a house, and residing in it, has been supplied with a good cooking-stove and the usual cooking utensils, a table, a bureau, chairs, bedstead, looking-glass, and many small articles for
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HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
household use. The effect of this policy is quite perceptible and salutary, and has stimulated many to erect, and provide for erecting, new houses at Bad River and several other places. This is evidently a move in the right direction, and one that might have been adopted with advantage at an earlier date.
" The Menomonees, or Wild Rice Eaters, appear to have been a quiet, peace-loving people, usually ranked above the average of Indian tribes in personal appearance and intellectual qualities. For a long time the Milwau- kee River was the boundary separating them from the Pottawattomies at the south. Tomah appears to have been, in former times, a good and great chief among them, advising always against war and all other kinds of wick- edness. He has been very properly remembered in the name of one of our flourishing towns.
"In 1848 the Menomonees ceded their entire country in this State to the General Government, and were to be removed to Minnesota; but, the district assigned them not being found suitable to their wants, they were, with the consent of the Wisconsin legislature, allowed to remain upon a small reservation (276,480 acres) on the Wolf River. In 1852 they were removed to this reservation, which it is expected will remain their permanent home so long as they shall maintain their organization as a distinct tribe.
" In August, 1853, Oshkosh, the renowned chief of this tribe, whose name is very properly perpetuated in the beautiful city on the shores of Lake Winnebago, represented to the government that his tribe had never been so poor and destitute of provisions, having fallen almost to a condition of starvation. About half of the tribe were devoted to agriculture : the remainder still adhered to the roving life of the hunter. The government aid extended to this tribe as a compensation for their lands appears to have been administered with very little care and judgment. Mrs. Dousman and her daughter resided upon the reserve; the latter as a teacher, occupying temporary buildings, entirely unfit for the purposes for which they were used.
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