USA > Wisconsin > Outagamie County > Appleton > Annual catalogue of the corporation, faculty & students of the Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis > Part 3
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3. FRENCH. . Grammar and Reader, . Fasquelle.
THIRD TERM.
1. MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY. . Sound, Electricity, &c.
2. FRENCH. . Reading and Composition.
3. MENTAL PHILOSOPHY. . Intellectual Powers, . Wayland. ELOCUTION EACH TERM. . Vocal Culture, Themes and De- clamation.
Smuio CIAss.
FIRST TERM.
1. PHYSICAL SCIENCE. . Astronomy, ... Robinson.
2. ETHICS. . Theoretical and Practical Ethics,. . Way- land.
Analogy of Religion, . . . Butler.
ELECTIVE.
3. GERMAN. . Grammar and Reader. . . .... . Woodbury. 4. MATHEMATICS. . Engineering Studies of the Term. SECOND TERM.
1. CIVIL POLITY . . Political Economy, ... . Wayland.
2. PHYSICAL SCIENCE. . Physiology and Theolo-
gy, Agassiz.
Patronal
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ELEVENTH ANNUAL CATALOGTE.
ELECTIVE.
3. GERMAN. . Grammar and Reading, ..... . Woodbury.
4. MATHEMATICS. . Engineering Studies.
THIRD TERM.
1. CIVIL POLITY. . Constitution of the United States and of Wisconsin.
2. PHYSICAL SCIENCE. . Geology, . Hitchcock or Emmons.
3. DO DO Mineralogy.
ELECTIVE.
4. GERMAN. . Reading, Composition and Conversation.
5. MATHEMATICS. . Engineering Studies.
ORATIONS before the Students each Term.
Department of 'athematics,
ABSTRACT AND APPLIED.
HENRY POMEROY, M. A., CIVIL ENGINEER, PROFESSOR. JOHN E. DAVIES, PUBLIC REPEATER.
SUBJECTS. The subjects taught in this department, are conveniently classified thus :
ABSTRACT.
1. Geometry.
2. Arithmetic.
3. Analysis.
4. Phoronomy.
5. Mechanics, (Rational. )
APPLIED.
1. Industrial Arithmetic.
2. Industrial Drawing.
3. Surveying.
4. Mathematical Geography.
5. Geodesy, and Spherical As- tronomy.
6. Rudiments of Mechanism.
7. Rudiments of Industrial Me- chanics.
Geometry treats of position, direction and extension in space, and of the sizes and shapes of definite portions of space .- Arithmetic, in its extended sense, is the calculus of values. Analysis treats of the mathematical relations of abstract quan- 3
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LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY.
tity, considered solely as quantity, and is substantially the calculus of forms. Phoronomy is the mathematical science of motion, considered wholly independently of its causes. Abstract (or "rational") Mechanics, is the science of the math- ematical relations of forces to each other, and of forces to their effects.
The terms, Industrial Arithmetic, Industrial Drawing and MathematicalGeography are well understood. Surveying includes the essential outlines of the arts, respectively, of the land-sur- veyor, the engineer-surveyor, and the artificer-surveyor-called by the English "clerk-of-the-works."
Mechanism treats of the motions of the pieces in a machine, and of the necessary relations between these motions, and the sizes and shapes of the pieces. Industrial Mechanics treats of the relations between the forces in nature, and the effects produced or desired in the arts.
Such are the subjects at present assigned to this department. The reasons for giving prominence to applied science will be stated presently.
GENERAL OBJECTS. This department regards as the chief objects to be gained by its pupils, the following : knowledge, skill, discipline.
It wishes the pupil to get a tolerable store of knowledge of principles : those being selected which have a value, scientific, disciplinary and practical. It wishes, too, that he shall be able not merely to state and prove these principles as separate and disconnected truths, but that he shall also view them as a harmonious and systematic whole. This latter object is best gained by topical study and frequent topical repetitions.
It desires that the pupil shall acquire a considerable degree of skill in the uses and applications of his knowledge.
It places much value on precision, correctness and fluency in both the oral and written expression of the thoughts and pro- cesses involved in the studies.
Lastly, it tries to give a good discipline to the faculties of attention, understanding, memory and judgment, by constant and careful exercise in reasoning, both deductive and inductive.
These aims may be summed up thus :
Ist. Knowledge of science. 2nd. Skill in art. 3d. Power to use the known and to discover the unknown.
GENERAL METHODS. The pupil is expected to acquire his knowledge from the Professor's lectures, from the study of text books, and from his own observation and thought upon physi- cal phenomena.
The desired skill is to be gained from repetitions and drills, and from exercises oral, written and practical. Much impor-
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ELEVENTH ANNUAL CATALOGUE.
tance will be attached, throughout the course, to written prac- tice.
Discipline is obtained by thoroughness in those processes which have for their immediate and specific aim the gaining of knowledge and skill. The observation, the experience and the judgment of the head of this department, both as a practicing civil engineer and as an instructor, make him adopt the opinion of the eminent Dupin, expressed in a note, p. xv., in the Preliminary Considerations to his famous "Applications de Geometrie et de Mechanique." Speaking of the course of study then pursued at L'Ecole Polytechnique, and lamenting its de- parture from that laid down by its principal founder, the illus trious Monge, and its adoption of one looking solely at the at- tainment of mental discipline, and the gaining of a body of ab- stract science, he says : "The Polytechnic School has ceased to make great geometers since it abandoned those methods of training which are fittest for making great engineers."
PERIODS. A well arranged system of training divides a course of instruction into three distinct and strongly marked consecutive periods-the primary, the secondary, the su- perior. They differ from each other, somewhat in the subjects taught ; more in the specific objects sought ; and most, in the methods used
In the older States these separate periods are cared for by separate schools, e. g. the district school, the academy, and the college. But in the new States, the district schools are as yet, imperfect : and the academies are few in number. This condition of things has forced almost every western college to have a preparatory school, which gives instruction in the branches belonging to the primary and secondary periods. Without this, few could get any preparation for college. To this practice, our institution at present conforms ; and must conform until the State contains a sufficient number of good academies and high schools.
All the subjects, objects and methods in this department will, therefore, be carefully classified as, Introductory, Second- ary, Superior.
PROGRAMMES OF THE PERIODS. The following is a short statement of what at present seems to be the best attainable kind, amount, and order of the several subjects during the three periods.
INTRODUCTORY. I.
Geometry. To be confined, in this stage, to the developing
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LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY.
of our common observations of bodies into clear and correct notions concerning position, direction and extension in space ; concerning the four kinds of geometric magnitudes ; and con- cerning the shapes and sizes of the figures common in the sim- pler arts.
These notions serve as the necessary groundwork for free-hand and for instrumental drawing, for map-drawing and geography, and for arithmetic. Great importance is attached to these various sorts of drawing, and much time will be laid out upon them.
Arithmetic. Foundation ideas about numbers. The unit : whole numbers-or collections of units ; fractions, or parts of a unit. The ideas to be presented through the medium of vari- ous units used in common life and business-e. g. units of length, surface, volume, money, weight, time, "mechanical work." And these units are to be learned.
Decimal grouping of units, and the decimal nomenclature resting thereon. Division of a unit into parts, decimally, and the nomenclature of these parts. Division of a unit into parts, not decimally ; nomenclature of common fractions.
Decimal notation of whole numbers and decimal fractions. Notation of common fractions. (The above notations being, of course, in Arabic characters). Roman characters and no- tation.
Use of what precedes, in the mental calculation of small concrete numbers, and of fractions, decimal and common.
II.
Arithmetic [ Industrial. ] Those business papers, forms and processes which are constantly needed in the daily life of every one. [Art of Calculation. ] Good drill at calculating (in the head, on slate, and on the blackboard) decimal num- bers, both whole and fractional, as also common fractions. Simple artifices for shortening work.
[Abstract Principles. ] Such as are needed in matters above enumerated, and are possible at this stage of pupil's training.
Industrial Drawing Map-drawing continued and extended. Rudiments of use of water-colors and India ink.
This work to be mainly free-hand, on both paper and black- board.
Notes. The number of things assigned to this period is quite small, on purpose to make sure of thoroughness of knowl- edge, and skill in practice. Out of the great number of young men and young women entering the preparatory school here du- ring the past three years, hardly one could, with truth, have been said to be either accurate or ready in these matters.
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ELEVENTH ANNUAL CATALOGUE.
In this period, if at all, the pupil must lay the founda- tion for correctness, neatness and swiftness in calculation.
There can be no solid success in the subject-matter of any period after this one, unless the whole work of this period is well done.
The reason for insisting on the map-drawing practice thus early, will be at once seen by every one who is familiar with the experience of the best schools therein.
SECONDARY.
I. LOWER SECONDARY.
The main objects in this sub-period are these two :
1st. Knowledge and skill in the whole extent of applied (or industrial) arithmetic needed in the shop, the counting-room or the office ;-- excepting those rare technical or professional specialties which do not fitly come in a course of general ed- ucation. 2nd. The discipline which arises from the rigorous, logical, formal, deductive reasoning used in the rudiments of ab- stract analysis.
Arithmetic [Industrial]. Book-keeping ; the usual busi- ness forms, papers and processes; copious applications to cal- culations involving all the units of extension, weight, time, money and "mechanical work" occurring in transactions in the United States.
[Art of Calculation]. Numerical polynomicals ; reduction to unity ; simple methods of approximative computation, so far as needed in the industrial arithmetic of this sub-period ; artifices of computation, based upon the rudiments of analysis for this sub-period; use of logarithms, empirically.
[Abstract Principles ]. Such as are needed in the above.
Industrial Drawing. Instrumental solution of simple prob- lems on angles, straight lines, circumferences, and polygons. Re- presentation of simple solids by help of isometric axes. Easy industrial applications.
Geometry. Such few principles as are needed in the work of the sub-period.
Analysis. [Abstract Principles ]. Axioms. Principles of equalities and inequalities. Simple forms and properties of sums and differences, products and quotients, powers and roots. [Abstract Art]. Transformations of equations and inequa- tions. Addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, involution and evolution. Solution of easy equations of 1st and 2nd degrees, (with one unknown). Solution of inequa- tions.
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LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY.
II. MIDDLE SECONDARY.
The main objects in this sub-period are these two :
1st. Knowledge and skill in the whole extent of applied (or industrial) geometry, arithmetic and analysis needed for cer- tificate in "land-surveying," or in "artificer-surveying," describ- ed farther along. 2nd. The discipline obtained by continuing the training in deductive reasoning, and by a systematic appli- cation of principles to industrial uses.
Geometry. The usual body of abstract special geometry given in such manuals as the one of Davies or of Peirce, to- gether with some ad litional matter on loci, transversals, pro jections and the rudiments of descriptive geometry, centre of mean distances, theorems ("centrobaryc") of Pappus, theo- rem of Varignon, symmetry.
Analysis. General principles of commensurates and of in- commensurates, rudimentary properties of finites, infinites and infinitesimals ; rudimentary properties of limits. All the above to be confined to real quantities ; imaginaries being left for after treatment.
Arithmetic. Calculus of minute finite numbers, of surds and of such other forms of numbers as are needed in what follows. Approximative computation, so far as needed.
Mensuration. This includes those applications of the princi- ples of geometry and arithmetic by which we get the numerical values of the four different geometric magnitudes, and by means of which, also, we calculate-instead of "constructing"-the position of a point. Hereunder we bring the lengths of lines, the areas of surfaces, the contents of volumes, and the solution of plane triangles by the most elementary methods.
Industrial Drawing-Surveying .- So much as is required for gaining certificate in land-surveying, or in artificer-survey- ing.
III. UPPER SECONDARY.
The specific objects in this sub-period are these :
1st. Either one of the systematized courses of application requisite for certificate in engineering-surveying, in architectur- al-construction, or in machine-construction, hereinafter describ- ed. This implies, necessarily, both knowledge and skill .- 2nd. In geometry, arithmetic, analysis, phoronomy and me- chanics, so much as is needed in (1st.) or for symmetric com- pleteness in itself, in this sub-period. 3d. Such industrial drawing as the above subjects need. 4th. Here, for the first time, the pupil enters on a course of training in a matter of the highest importance to every one, viz : inductive reasoning, as distinguished from deductive. Through all previous work the
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ELEVENTH ANNUAL CATALOGUE.
reasoning has been deductive. But now the pupil begins to observe facts and phenomena in the physical world ; to exam- ine them and draw probable conclusions ; to test these by ex- periment, and to modify them as found necessary ; and so by patient and persevering induction, to get at last at a knowl- edge of the three great laws of mechanics. These being estab- lished thus, (and not accepted on testimony of author or teacher), some elementary and useful deductive consequences are established as a basis of industrial application.
As for the new quantity of geometry necessary, it consists chiefly of clementary properties of such curves as are of fre- quent use either in investigating or in applying the principles of phoronomy and mechanics, viz : the three conic sections -- the cycloid, the epicycloid and hypocycloid, the involute of the cir- cle. The methods employed will be those of "special" (or synthetic) geometry, and the extent to which the matter is pursued will be a minimum.
Phoronomy. Motion, swiftness, velocity. Uniform motion, motion uniformly varied. Translation, rotation, angular ve- locity, angular acceleration. Motion continuous, alternate. Relative motion. Transformations of motion.
For further detail on this, as well as on other sub-periods, see detailed programme of this department, now preparing for publication.
SUPERIOR.
Analysis. Completion of such an amount as is demanded in a college course, special attention being now given to the con- sideration of the subject matter as constituting a connected and systematic body of abstract science.
Geometry. Study of higher curves and surfaces, by meth- ods purely analytic.
Arithmetic. Numerical summation of various series, solu- tion of numerical equations, etc.
Abstract Mechanics. Study of the fundamental outlines of analytic mechanics, with systematic simultaneous study of the great terrestrial and celestial fundamental problems.
For particulars, see detailed programme referred to above.
PROMOTION. Promotion is the regular, authorized passing from a lower to a higher stage, sub-period or period ; it shows, merely, that the person can go, with profit to himself, and without hindrance to others, into those studies to which he is promoted. The general principles regulating promotion will be the following :
1st. No one is to be promoted till found fit therefor. 2nd.
.
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LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY.
This fitness is to be determined, not at all by the length"of time spent upon the subject of study, but by an examination held at the regular times before the regular examiners. 3d. In all stages, (and very especially in the earlier ones), much more regard will be paid to the quality than to the quantity of attainment. 4th. Promotion will be no more than presumptive evidence of fitness for the hereinafter described certificates.
EXAMINATIONS. The examinations governing promotions are : 1st The current examinations during each session. 2nd. Those at ends of stages, sub-periods or periods.
If examinations are held only at considerable intervals, there is danger that the pupil will neglect steady and regular daily work, and will depend on "cramming" just before the pe- riodic examination. Therefore, a record is kept of his daily work, and this has due weight in the estimation.
On the other hand, it is quite common for one to study for the current day merely-with no intent and no effort to make the daily acquisition permanent. But the periodic examina- tion, (which is complete in itself, and wholly independent of preceding ones), is a stimulus for the scholar to keep and to systematize into a connected whole, the subject matter studied. The promotion-examinations will be both oral and written.
CERTIFICATES OF PROGRESS. Many pupils stop short of fin- ishing a course for any degree. For such, certificates of pro- gress are instituted, showing to what extent and with what success they have followed the studies of this department. The following will be the governing principles : 1st. No "certifi- cate of progress" will be given to one who has not carried his studies in this department through the subjects of, at least, the middle secondary sub-period. 2nd. Fitness for the certificate will be determined by an examination both oral and written. 3rd. The examiners will not ask how long the candidate has been engaged on the prescribed studies, nor whether he has been regularly promoted, but simply, "Is he, at this specific time, able to come up to the prescribed standard ?" 4th. In- asmuch as one who has arrived at the end of the middle sec- ondary period ought to have correctness and skill in the ordi- nary written use of the mother tongue, this department will grant no certificate of any kind to one who is not at least "good" in the English language requirements of the introductory and the lower secondary.
CERTIFICATES IN INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE. Besides "certifi- cates of progress," this department will, hereafter, give certi- ficates in business-arithmetic, in land-surveying, in engineering- surveying, in artificer-surveying, in architectural-construction,
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ELEVENTH ANNUAL CATALOGUE.
and in machine-construction Rules 2, 3, 4 of the preceding paragraph apply equally here. For particulars, see detailed programme of this department soon to be issued.
It is enough to state here, that all "promotions" and all cer- tificates will be graded as Fair, Good, Excellent, Extraordina- ry, and that in settling the grade, account is made of both ex- tent and thoroughness of attainment.
REPEATERSHIPS. A repeater in mathematics is one who has been duly licensed to give training, either privately or pub- licly, in one or more of the studies of this department The general rules observed will be these : 1st. The person must have finished the sixteenth year of his age, and must be of un- exceptionable moral character. 2nd. Must pass such examina- tion as would rank him in the grade "excellent" In the subjects in which he seeks a license. 3d. If he wishes to be licensed as public repeater, he must, in addition to the knowledge called for in rule 3, give evidence of skill in teaching.
It is meant that the holding a private repeatership shall be proof of high excellence in scholarship to the extent named in the license ; and the holding a public one, evidence of decided ability as a mathematical instructor.
SUMMARY. The pupil in this department has always before him definite and valuable objects to work for, and these are separated by very moderate intervals. 1st. He has a graded promotion to earn. 2nd. He has a graded certificate of pro- gress within reach. 3d. There are also several certificates in industrial science within his reach. 4th. By a combination of talent and work, he may win the distinction of a repeatership. And, since labor is always most productive when directed to- wards a definite end, it is earnestly advised that each pupil in the department should all the while be working for some one of the certificates, or else for a repeatership.
FALL TERM.
On Astronomy before the Senior Class.
" Chemistry " Junior
WINTER TERM.
On Chemistry before the Junior Class.
" Optics 66 66
SPRING TERM.
On Geology and Mineralogy before the Senior Class.
" Mechanical Philosophy 66 Junior
" Anatomy and Physiology. 4
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LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY.
Department of Normal Instruction.
This Department-just now under the temporary charge of the Professor of Mathematics-is meant to be a teachers' train- ing-school for young men and young women. For the present, there is joined with it the usual course of instruction in the English language.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Particulars relating to general objects and methods, as also to the special objects, methods and studies of each period, sub-period and stage, will be found in the detailed programme now preparing for publication. In this place it is enough to set forth the following general matters.
PROMOTIONS in this Department, have the same meaning, and are valid by the same essential principles, as are to be found enumerated for the Mathematical Department.
It will be noticed that in the Mathematical Department no certificate whatever is to be given unless the candidate has such attainment in the practical use of the written English as would entitle him to the grade "Good," at the end of the English language studies of the lower-secondary. The reason for this is, that one is entitled to no recognition whatever, as an instructed person, unless he has at least that amount of culti- vation in the mother tongue.
CERTIFICATES OF PROGRESS will be given for the English language studies, subject to the same essential rules as are enumerated for similar certificates in the Mathematical Depart- ment.
REPEATERSHIPS .
This Department will license Repeaters, (both public and private) in the English language, under the same general rules as prevail in the Department of Mathematics. The inquisition into the candidates' knowedge and practical skill, will be very close, and the standard will be very exacting, so far as relates to the fundamental rudiments.
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ELEVENTH ANNUAL CATALOGUE.
TEACHERS' TRAINING SCHOOL.
GENERAL OBJECT. - Other departments have, as their lead- ing object, the imparting to a pupil a suitable amount of knowledge, skill and discipline, in matters of scholarship.
This department confines itself to the giving a training in the art of teaching, to the large number of young men and young women among its pupils, who are fitting themselves for teachers.
GENERAL METHODS. - It is enough to state here that the methods used are very like those adopted in the best conducted Teachers' Institutes -- modified, in detail, by the circumstance that instead of being limited to one or two weeks, the exercises extend over many weeks.
TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES .- Hereafter, this Department will give graded certificates to those who, on careful examination, shall be found qualified therefor. The certificates will be of three distinct sorts, meant to show, respectively, that the holder is qualified to teach a primary school, an intermediate school, and a grammar school, these names being used as now applied to the graded schools of our large towns. Moreover, each sort of certificate will be classed into " fair," " good," "excel- lent," and "extraordinary," in conformity with the hereinbe- fore described nomenclature of certificates.
And here, most especially, the examiner will insist upon rudimentary accuracy in those things which make the great staple of common school instruction.
REMARKS
CONCERNING SECONDARY DEGREES.
By reference to another page, it will be seen (under the title " Degrees," in " General Information ") that two years ago the Board of Trustees decided to grant degrees, on completion of the secondary period, to such as should come up to the pre- scribed standard in an examination on the studies of that period. This is closely analogous to the lately adopted custom at the English Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, with reference to those who successfully pass the so-called " middle class examinations." These degrees will be called, respectively, Associate in Letters, Associate in Science, Associate in Secondary Instruction. The latter is meant to be evidence, not merely of scholarship, but also of decided skill and power as an instructor. It will be the aim of the spirited "repeat- ers," and will be the highest distinction for the "secondary," in the course of training for teachers.
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