USA > Wisconsin > Buffalo County > History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin > Part 5
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43
NATURAL HISTORY.
Beaver :
Common (Am.) Beaver. I have heard of only one pair, which was said to have lived in Bull's Valley, and doubt its pres- ent existence in this vicinity.
Squirrels .:
Fox Squirrel. Not numerous.
Gray Squirrel. More numerous; the black variety occurs some- times.
Red Squirrel. Abundant; small.
Chipmunk. The little fence-mouse, so-called.
Striped Gopher. Quite numerous.
Pouched Gopher. Perhaps a few.
Gray Gopher. Not numerous, but large and voracious.
Woodchuck. Mistaken for others.
Porcupines :
Canada Porcupine. Not numerous. Rabbits :
Northern Hare. Changeable fur; rare.
Gray Rabbit. Frequent in some years.
Number in Vol. I, G. R.
BIRDS.
A. Summer Residents :
1. Common Robin.
2. Wood Thrush.
6. Veery; Tawny Thrush; Wilson's Thrush.
8. Catbird.
9. Brown Thrush; Sandy Mocking Bird; Thrasher.
10. Eastern Bluebird.
20. House Wren.
22. Long-billed Marsh Wren.
24. Horned Lark; Shore Lark.
26. Black-and-White Creeping Warbler.
41. Chestnut-sided Warbles.
. 48. Golden-crowned Thrush.
49. Water Thrush; Water Wagtail.
52. Maryland Yellow Throat; Black-masked Ground Warbler.
59. Scarlet Tanager.
61. Barn Swallow.
62. White-bellied Swallow.
44
NATURAL HISTORY.
63. Cliff Swallow; Eave Swallow.
64. Bank Swallow.
66. Purple Martin.
68. Cedar Waxwing; Cherry Bird.
69. Red-eyed Vireo; Red-eyed Greenlet.
71. Warbling Vireo; Warbling Greenlet.
72. Yellow-throated Vireo.
76. White-rumped Shrike.
85. American Goldfinch; Thistle-Bird.
90. Bay-winged Bunting; Grass Finch.
95. Song Sparrow.
98. Chipping Sparrow; Hair-Bird.
100. Clay-colored Sparrow.
103. Lark Finch.
107. Rose-crested Grosbeak.
108. Indigo Bird.
110. Ground Robin; Chewink.
111. Bobolink; Reedbird; Ricebird.
112. Cowbird.
113. Redwinged Blackbird.
114. Yellow-headed Blackbird.
115. Meadow Lark; Field Lark.
118. Baltimore Oriole; Golden Robin; Hangnest.
121. Purple Grackle.
123. Common Crow.
125. Blue Jay.
127. King Bird; Bee Martin.
134. Traill's Flycatcher.
135. Least Flycatcher.
137. Whippoorwill; Night-Jar.
138. Night-Hawk; Bull-Bat.
139. Chimney Swift.
140: Ruby-throated Humming-bird.
141. Belted Kingfisher.
142. Black-billed Cuckoo.
143. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
151. Red-headed Woodpecker.
152. Golden-winged Woodpecker.
45
NATURAL HISTORY.
154. Great Horned Owl.
155. Red Owl; Mottled Owl; Screech Owl.
156. American Long-eared Owl.
159. Barred Owl.
164. Marsh Hawk; Harrier.
171. Sparrow Hawk.
175. Broad-winged Buzzard.
179. White-headed Eagle.
180. Turkey Buzzard.
181. Wild Pigeon; Passenger Pigeon.
182. Carolina Dove.
185. Pinnated Grouse; Prairie Hen.
186. Ruffed Grouse; Partridge.
188. Quail; Bob White.
191. Killdeer Plover.
200. American Woodcock.
201. American Snipe; Wilson's Snipe.
220. Bartramian Tattler; Upland Plover.
226. White Crane; Whooping Crane.
227. Northern Sandhill Crane.
228. Great Blue Heron.
230. Green Heron.
232. American Bittern.
233. Least Bittern ..
236. Carolina Rail; Carolina Crake.
238. Florida Gallinule.
240. American Coot.
257. Blue-winged Teal.
259. Wood Duck; Summer Duck.
288. Black Fern.
295. Red-billed Grebe; Dab-Chick.
Winter Residents :
14. Black-capped Chickadee; Titmouse.
16. White-bellied Nuthatch.
67. Bohemian Waxwing.
75. Butcher Bird; Northern Shrike.
77. Evening Grosbeak.
78. Pine Grosbeak.
46
NATURAL HISTORY.
80. American Red Crossbill.
81. White-winged Crossbill .-
82. Red-poll Linnet. -
86. Snow Bunting; Snow-Flake.
87. Lapland Longspur.
125. Blue Jay.
145. Hairy Woodpecker.
146. Downy Woodpecker.
154. Great Horned Owl.
155. Red Owl; Mottled. Owl; Screech Owl.
160. Great White or Snowy Owl.
162. Richardson's Owl.
163. Acadian or Saw-whet Owl.
168. American Groshawk.
178. Golden Eagle.
179. White-headed Eagle,
185. Pinnated Grouse; Prairie Hen.
186. Ruffed Grouse; Partridge.
188. Quail; Bob White.
FISHES. Perches :
Yellow Perch. Abundant.
Wall-eyed Pike. Abundant.
Gray Pike Perch. May be the same fish.
White Bass. Numerous.
Large-mouthed Black Bass. Abundant.
Small-mouthed Black Bass. Common.
Six-spined Bass. Probably in lakes.
Rock Bass. Said to be caught.
Common Sunfish. Frequent in places. Common Spotted Sunfish. Frequent in places .. Trouts :
Brook Trout. Once abundant, but now decimated. Pikes : Muskallunge. True Pike; seldom caught. Pickerel. Abundant.
Minnows :
Blunt-jawed Minnow. Silvery Minnow. I am not aware that minnows are dis- tinguished by particular names.
. Blunt-nosed Minnow. Shiner. May be common.
47
NATURAL HISTORY.
Suckers :
Common Mud Sucker. Abundant. Red Horse. Common.
Buffalo Carp. Į Very common, but not distinguished from each
Buffalo Fish. J other.
Cat-Fishes : Blue Cat Fish. Abundant in Mississippi.
Yellow Cat Fish. Abundant in Mississippi.
Bull Head. Common in brooks.
Eels :
Western Eel. In Mississippi, but rare. Dog-Fishes :
Dog Fish. Abundant in places.
Gars :
Gar Pike. Numerous in Mississippi. Sturgeons : Shovel-nosed Sturgeon. Not very common. Lamphreys :
Small Black Lamphrey.
AMPHIBIANS. I. Reptiles.
Turtles :-. Common Snapping Turtle. Abundant.
Common Soft-shelled Turtle. Abundant.
Leathery Turtle. Common.
Western Painted Turtle. Common. Serpents :-
A. Non- Venomous Snakes.
Adders :-- 1
Hog-nosed Viper. Doubtful.
Blowing Adder. Doubtful. Water Snakes :-
Spotted Water Snake. Abundant; dangerous to fishes. Striped Water Snake. Probably common. Red-bellied Snake. Constrictors :- Fox Snake. Common on prairies. Green Snake. Common. Common Garter Snake. Common.
48
NATURAL HISTORY.
B. Poisonous Snakes.
Yellow Rattlesnake. Common. Massasauga. Rare.
II. Amphibians.
Frogs :--
Leopard Frog. Green Frog.
All common.
Wood Frog.
Bull Frog. ,
Common Tree Toad.
Pickering's Tree Toad. All found but not very abundant.
Striped Tree Frog. Toads :-
Common Toad. Common.
Tritons :-
Spotted Triton. Occasionally found. Salamanders :--
Red-lined Salamander. In heavy timber; doubtful here. Mud-Puppies :-
Mud Puppy. Probably abundant in streams, ponds and sloughs. Dangerous to the spawn of fishes.
CRUSTACEANS.
Of this family of animals only very few members are of in- terest or importance, or generally known to those who have not made the study of natural history their special object.
The Crawfishes are the most obvious representatives of the Crustaceans and the varieties living in Wisconsin may be distin- guished as such that live in running waters, and such as live in sluggish waters and burrow in the adjacent soft or swampy land.
Of the first kind we have:
Cambarus Virilis: Greenish Crawfish.
Cambarus Propinquus: Crowding Crawfish.
These two varieties are quite abundant, but not much used for any purpose that I know of.
Of the second kind we have only one variety, Cambarus Obe- sus, the Thick or Flat Crawfish, but whether it is used for food or other purposes by any body but the cranes, I can not attest. Fresh-" water crawfishes are sometimes used for bait to catch larger sorts of fish.
49
NATURAL HISTORY.
. The list of Crustaceans in Vol. I of Geological Survey con- tains many more names but all in Latin, and from this we might conclude that the species enumerated are known only to scientists of that stripe, that they have no current, popular or vulgar names, and do not want to make the acquaintance of any but the most distinguished zoologists. To all of which we have no objections. to offer.
INSECTS. ,
Insects, in a restricted sense, are six-footed articulates. (Now we know it!) Wisconsin is rich in insect life, among which are many southern forms. The presence of these southern insects may be satisfactorily accounted for, in part, by the wariner sum- mers. that occur west of the Great Lakes, than are experienced in the same latitude east of these great bodies of water -- a curving north of the summer isotherm. (P. R. Hoy.) Owing to the fact that the names of insects occurring in Wisconsin, which are enumer- ated in Vol. I of the Geological Survey are all in Latin, and there are only names for the most obvious forms in use among the people at large, I had concluded to arrange this matter differently, and follow in the main the plan of a little treatise on "Our Con- mon Insects " by A. S. Packard, Jr., which seemed much better adapted to the purposes of a book like this. But there is neither system nor consistency in its arrangements, and except for philo- sophically inclined entomologists the book is of but little use. I then procured " Insects at Home," which styles itself a "popu- lar account of all those insects which are useful or destructive." It is a ponderous book, and certainly a very useful book for those who can devote three-fourths of a long life to the subject; but for me it had the one great fault, that only English specimens were treated of. I marked out a long list, but the longer it became, the more I was bewildered, and then I gave it up. Of course, there are numerous insects common to all latitudes of the temperate. zone, but which of them, besides the most familiar ones, were to be found in our region was so much more difficult to find out, as almost every naturalist seems to have a peculiar system of nomen- clature, with the one aggravation, that common or popular names seemed to be equally abhorred by all of them. It occurred to me that I could make a system of my own for my own purpose and that this would be rather more comprehensible than those I had
50
NATURAL HISTORY.
taken so much time and trouble to adopt. There was once a botanist of renown who proposed to divide all plants into two classes, viz: Those which smell sweet, and those who do not. Similarly I propose to divide the immense swarm of insects into two classes, Useful and Noxious. I am well aware of the difficul- ties of arranging the different species into the two classes and may state two objections to the system.
The first is that genera must be divided, since one species of a certain genus may be useful, while others are decidedly noxious. The second is, that the first class will be infinitely small compared with the second in every respect, not only in the number of species, but still much more in the number of individuals. The recom- mendation of the system is, however, this, that most people natur- ally make the same distinction, and prefer not to recognize others.
BENEFICIAL INSECTS.
They may be divided into two divisions:
A. Such as are beneficial by the productions of their labor;
B. Such as are useful by destroying noxious insects.
A. Insects beneficial by their labor.
The only one of this class is the Bee. Bees are divided into domesticated and wild. To the domesticated kind belong also those swarms, which desert at swarming time and build their dwellings in hollow trees. The wild ones number many species among which the Bumble Bee is perhaps the most extensively known. All of them to enumerate would take too much time and space.
B. Insects useful by destroying noxious insects.
This is done either by catching and destroying these insects for food, as is done by the Spiders, or it is done by depositing eggs into the bodies of other insects, on which the larva from the egg will feed and destroy them. Such insects may be called useful parasites in distinction to other parasites, which are noxious, either by annoyance or destructiveness.
>>:Everybody knows the Spiders, but to distinguish the different species which are indigenous with us, may be left to future nat- uralists.
Among the Useful Parasites there are some wasps and some bees of lower order, and in some cases the ants may be considered as belonging to this class,
51
NATURAL HISTORY ..
NOXIOUS INSECTS.
Insects are noxious by reason of the annoyance which they cause, as for instance flies, mosquitoes and such, or by reason of their destructiveness, inflicting actual loss or damage to crops or other things. It is not very easy to say of some insects whether they are more annoying or more destructive, and not a few are both. Hence I think it will be best to enumerate the different kinds with short remarks.
Wasps and Hornets.
These are noxious by eating up grapes and probably other sweet berries and fruits. They are also very annoying by their sharp and poisonous stings. Although some of the numerous species are rather beneficial by the destruction of noxious insects, I think most of them must be considered as belonging to this class.
Mosquitoes.
Everybody is much more intimately acquainted with this singing and stinging little pest, than can be considered pleasant, and it is somewhat comforting to think that there is but one species of it in this part of the country.
Flies and Gnats.
By this combination I do not mean to indicate any scientific relationship between the two annoyances named, though probably everybody will admit a superficial similarity. Of both kinds we have not only a superabundant multitude, but also quite a num- ber of species.
Of flies we may enumerate the Housefly, the Meatfly or Blue Bottle, the Brown June fly or Deer fly, the Gadfly, etc.
Bugs and Beetles.
These two are here named together because they are very often mistaken or miscalled for each other. So, for instance, is the potato-bug unmistakably a beetle.
Of beetles we have a very great number of species some of which live in the water, others in the ground, others on trees and under their bark. Many of these kinds are probably neutral, that is neither beneficial nor noxious ; others like the ten-dotted Colorado beetle, alias potato-bug are very destructive on the leaves of plants in the larva state; others are destructive by their larva, boring in the wood and bark of trees, The larva of the May
52
NATURAL HISTORY.
Beetle or June Bug is very destructive to the roots of vegetation in fields and gardens, but the insect is not so very numerous here. Of bugs we may mention the Chinch bug so enormously numer- ous and destructive to all kinds of grain, and many grasses; the Bed-Bug, a nauseous annoyance, of which there is also a super- fluity.
Butterflies.
The unsophisticated may resent it as a slander if they see these most beautiful creatures arranged among the noxious in- sects; but it is none the less true that they all lay eggs, and cater- pillars are hatched from these eggs, and these creatures are fear- fully destructive to everything of vegetable origin, especially in its green state. . After they have done the mischief they become "good," like some people, who are never so good as when they sleep. This transition state is called pupa. After it follows the "imago,", the " true picture," in which most butterflies do nothing but lay their eggs, preparations for a new series of the same old mischief. To begin enumeration of all kinds of butterflies is im- possible in this book.
Grasshoppers and Crickets.
Grasshoppers must live on something and hence, as they are not known to be of any visible use, we must put them down among destructive insects, though in our neighborhood the da- mage done by them is insignificant. The same is to be said of crickets. The field cricket has proved an annoyance to farmers by destroying the bands on the sheaves bound by harvester twine, thus causing much trouble and probably also loss.
Lice, Ticks, and Fleas.
They are here named together because they are parasites upon the body of living animals. Disgusting as the subject may be, we: must remark that these parasites change in their form and nature according to their habitation, and as lice, for instance, are found upon men. quadrupeds and birds, there is a vast variety of them. This is analogous with ticks and fleas, but in our climate the tick is neither so numerous nor so large and strong a . in warmer regions. The flea, though found upon dogs and perhaps other animals, has not yet infested the human species in this region.
53
NATURAL HISTORY.
Mites and Weevils.
The very small insects which are destructive to many things, cause irritation of the skin, actual itch and mange are caused by mites. Weevils are destructive to seeds of all kinds. They are not always, but in some cases, so small as to be microscopic, like the mites.
Ants.
Naturalists distinguish a great many species and varieties of this very remarkable insect. It is my opinion that the most highly developed species are not indigenous here, there being in fact but few species present. Ants, may be, and are undoubtedly, useful in many ways, but they are an annoyance wherever they have taken up their residence in gardens or houses, and for that reason I have classed them among the noxious insects.
Parasites
of all kinds belong mostly to insects, but do not form a particular class of them. They belong to a great many classes or species and are only mentioned here to indicate that though they might form the objects of a separate study, they could not be made much of in this place.
CONCLUSION.
I am aware of the many objections to the mode in which in- sects have been treated here, and most of these objections I have already met in the introduction. Those, who wish for a more satisfactory instruction in this branch of Zoology are referred to the book " Insects at Home," and others. I would be glad to refer especially the young people to some expert in this branch, but I know not where to find one in this vicinity. Indeed there is pre- cious little of actual knowledge afloat among us on this and many another similar subject; there is no lack of hearsay evidence and some are adroit in arranging what they are not even superficially acquainted with, and think they understand arrangements or classi- fications made by others. We must leave them to their notions, but we will have a chance to discuss the matter under the head of "Education."
BOTANY.
In the following enumeration of indigenous plants I have en- deavored to accept only such as I have observed in this neighbor- hood or else thought very probable of occurring. I have given
54
NATURAL HISTORY.
the popular or vulgar name, as near as I was able to do so, but whether I was always correct in this, or whether the name given will be accepted in every locality, I cannot now assert. The names as well as any evidences of a probable occurrence of the plants in our vicinity I have taken from Wood's Class-Book of Botany, edition of 1856, and Gray's School and Field Book of Botany, edition of 1868, the arrangement being the same as in Vol. I, Geological Survey of Wisconsin, from page 377 to 395 incl. The names of families and genera of plants are given in Latin, for the purpose of assisting those who may have a desire for consult- ing the books mentioned, or some equivalent treatise. It was how- ever not deemed advisable to put in the names of species and varieties, as these could not be of any interest to the general reader, and could easily be found in books devoted to the subject by the curious and those especially interested.
In the appendix I have tried to give the best enumeration of cultivated plants separately. It is much to be regretted that bot- any is not a branch of instruction in the common schools, since it would not be so very difficult to make pupils acquainted with the general appearance of numerous plants, and afterwards to instruct the higher classes in the scientific arrangements of the same.
PHÆNOGAMOUS PLANTS.
Indigenous.
Ranunculacea.
Crowfoot Family.
Clematis.
Virgin's Bower.
Anemone.
Wind Flower.
Hepatica.
Easter Flower.
Caltha.
Marsh Marigold.
Coptis.
Goldthread.
Aquilegia.
Wild Columbine.
Cimicifuga.
Black Snakeroot.
Delphinium.
Lark Spur.
Actea.
Baneberry.
Menispemaceæ.
Moonseed Family.
Menispermum.
Moonseed.
Berberidaceæ.
Barberry Family.
Podophyllum.
May Apple.
Caulophyllum.
Papoose Root.
55
NATURAL HISTORY.
Nymphacec.
Brasenia. Nymphea.
Nuphar.
Sarraceniacea.
Sarracenia.
Papaveracea.
Papaver. Argemone.
Sanguinaria.
Fumariaceæ.
Adlumia.
Dicentra.
Corydalis.
Fumaria.
Cruciferæ.
Nasturtium.
Dentaria.
Cardamine.
Arabis.
Erysimum. .
Sisymbrium. Capsella.
Lepidium.
Violacea.
Viola.
Citaceæ.
Lechia. .
Droseraceæ.
Drosera.
Caryophyllacea.
Saponaria. Silene.
Arenaria.
Stellaria.
Cerastium.
Portulaccacea.
Portulacca.
Talinum.
Water-Lily Family. Watertarget. Water Lily. Yellow Pond Lily. Pitcher-Plant Family.
Sidesaddle Flower. Poppy Family.
Poppy. Horn Poppy. Blood Root. Fumitory Family.
Mountain Fringe. Dutchman's Breeches. Golden Corydalis. Fumitory. Mustard Family.
Cress (5 var.)
Pepper Root.
Bitter Cress ..
Sickle Pod.
Wall Flower.
Hedge Mustard.
Shepherd's Purse.
Wild Peppergrass. Violet Family.
Violet (6 var.)
Rock Rose Family.
Pinweed. Sundew Family.
Sundew.
Chickweed Family.
Soapwort.
Flytrap. Sandwort. Chickweed. Mouse-ear. Purslane Family.
Purslane.
Wire-leaved Talinum.
56
NATURAL HISTORY.
Malvacea.
Mallow Family.
Malva.
Filiacea. Filia (Americana.)
Mallow. Linden Family. Linden or Lime Tree. (Basswood.) Cranesbill Family.
Geraniaceæ.
Geranium. Erodium.
Impatiens. Oxalis.
Heronsbill. Touch-me-not. Sorel. .
Rutacec.
Zanthoxilum. Ptelia.
Anacardiacec.
Rhus.
Vitacec.
Vitis.
Amphelopsis.
Rhamnacec.
Rhamnus.
Ceanothus.
Ilicinec.
Ilex.
Nemopanthes.
Celastracec.
Celastrus.
Euonymous. Sapindacec.
Staphy lea. Acer.
Negunda. :
Polygalacec.
Polygala.
Leguminosæ.
Lupinus. Trifolium. Melilotus. Medicago. Psoralea. :
Cranesbill.
Rue Family ..
Prickly Ash.
Shrubby Trefoil. 1
Sumach Family.
Sumach. Vine or Grape Family.
Grapevine. (3 var.) Woodbine. Buckthorn Family.
Buckthorn.
Jersey Tea. (Red Root.) Holly Family.
Holm Oak.
Holly. Staff-tree Family.
Staff-tree. Spindle-tree. Soap-berry Family.
Bladderwort.
Maple. (4 var.)
Box Elder. Milkwort Family.
Milkwort. Pulse Family.
Lupine. Clover or Trefoil. (4 var.) Sweet Clover. None-such.
Indian Potato.
57
NATURAL HISTORY.
Amorpha. Robinia. Tephrosia. Astragalus. Desmodium. Lespedeza. Vicia.
Rosacea.
Prunus Am.
Cerasus. ,
Spirea.
Agrimonia.
Geum.
Waldsteinia.
Potentilla.
Fragaria.
Rubus.
Rosa.
Cratægus.
Amelanchier.
Saxifraga.
Ribes.
Grossulariam. Saxifrage.
Heuchera.
Mitella.
Tiarella.
Chrysoplenium.
Crassulacec.
Sedum. Pentorum.
Lead Plant.
Locust tree. Hoary Pea.
Milk Vetch.
Tick Trefoil.
Bush Clover.
Lathyrus. Apios.
Ground Nut.
Phaseolus.
Bean. (Sand Bean.)
Amphicarpœa.
Baptisia.
False Indigo.
Cassia.
Am. Senna.
Gleditchia.
Honey Locust.
Rose Family.
Wild Plum.
Wild Cherry.
Meadow Sweet.
Agrimony.
Avens.
Dry Strawberry.
Cinquefoil or Five Fingers. Strawberry.
Raspberry (6 var.)
Wild Rose (3 var.)
Crimson Fruit Thorn.
June Berry.
Sarifrage Family.
Currant.
Gooseberry.
Saxifrage. Alumroot.
Bishop's Cap.
False Mitrewort.
Water Carpet.
House-leek Family. Stone Crop (Live-for-ever.) Ditch Stone Crop.
Vetch. Sweet Pea.
Pea Vine.
58
NATURAL HISTORY.
Hamamelacec.
Hamamelis.
Hallorage.
Water Milfoil Family.
Water Milfoil.
Mermaid.
Mare's Tail.
Onagraceæ.
Circaa.
Epilobium.
Oenothera.
Ludwigia. Melastomacec.
Rhexia.
Lythraceæ.
Lythrum.
Ficoide@.
Mollugo.
Cucurbitacec.
Sicyos.
Echinocistus. Umbellifera.
Hydrocotyle.
Sanicula.
Eryngium.
Daucus.
Carrot. (Run wild.)
Parsnip. (Run wild.)
Heracleum.
Cow Parsnip.
Water Drop.
Angelica.
Thorough wax.
Water Hemlock.
Water Parsnip.
Honewort. Sweet Cicely. (Wild.)
Cryptotæmia. Onorrhiza. Conium.
Araliacec.
Aralia.
Cornus.
Evening Primrose Family.
Enchanter's Nightshade. Willow Herb.
Evening Primrose. Bastard Loosestrife. Melastoma Family.
Meadow Beauty. Loosestrife Family.
Loosestrife or Grass-poly. Carpetweed Family. Carpetweed. Cucumber Family.
Star Cucumber.
Prickly Bladder Cucumber. Parsley Family.
Penny-wort. Sanicle.
Button Snakeroot.
Pastinaca.
Archemora.
Archangelica.
Bupleurum.
Cicuta. Sium.
Witch Hazel Family. Witch Hazel.
Myriaphyllum. Proserpina. Hippuris.
Cornacec.
Poison Hemlock. Ginseng Family. Spikenard and Wild Sarsaparilla. Dogwood Family. Dogwood.
59
NATURAL HISTORY.
Caprifoliacea.
Linnea. Symphoricarpus. Lonicera. Diervilla.
Triosteum. Sambucus.
Viburnum.
Rubiacecs.
Galium. Cephalantus. Houstonia. Mitchella.
Valerianacea.
Valeriana. (Paucifl.) Fedia.
Dipsacec.
Dipsacus.
Composita.
Vernonia.
Liațus. Eupatonium. Aster.
Erigeron. Solidago. Silphium. Inula.
Polymnia. Iva. Ambrosia.
Hantium.
Rudbeckia.
Helianthus.
Helianthus Tuberosus. Coreopsis. Bidens. Helenium. Anthemis.
Honeysuckle Family. Twin-Flower.
Snowberry.
True Honeysuckle. Bush Honeysuckle. Feverwort.
Elder. Arrow-wood. (Snowball.) Madder Family.
Bedstraw or Cleavers.
Button Bush.
Bluet or Dwarf Pink.
Partridge Berry. Valerian Family.
Wild Valerian. Cornsalad or Lamb's Lettuce. Teasel Family.
Teasel. Aster Family.
Ironweed. Blazing Star.
Thoroughwort or Boneset.
Aster. (28 var. of which many grow wild.)
Fleabane.
Goldenrod. (24 var.)
Rosin Weed. Elecampane.
Leafcup. Marsh Elder.
Hayweed. Clotweed.
Cone Flower.
Sunflower.
Jerusalem Artichoke. Tick-seed.
Beggar Ticks. Sneezeweed. Camomile,
60
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NATURAL HISTORY.
Achillea. Leucanthemum.
Millfoil or Yarrow. Ox-eye Daisy.
Tanacetum. Artemisia. Gnaphalium. Cacalia.
Tansy.
Wormwood.
Everlasting. Immortelle.
Wild Caraway.
Senecio.
Groundsel.
Lappa.
Burdock.
Cnicus.
Thistles.
Chicorium.
Chicory. (Wild.)
Hieracium.
Hawkweed.
Nabalus.
Rattlesnake Root.
Taraxacum.
Dandelion.
Lettuce. (Wild and cult.)
Sow Thistle.
Lobeliacec.
Lobelia
Campanulacec.
Campanula.
Specularia.
Ericacec.
Vaccinium.
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