USA > West Virginia > Preston County > History of Preston County (West Virginia) > Part 23
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which is of superior quality for almost every pupose for which lime is used, and some of it may possibly be pure enough for glass making; many of its layers are crowded with fossil shells, crinoids, corals, etc., and it is a layer of this rock in the bed of the river below the Falls, that has been mistaken by some observers for a bed of marble. This for- mation is finely seen at the Great Falls of Cheat where it makes the vertical cliffs 200 feet high on its left bank. At the mouth of Sandy, the top of this formation is 100 feet be- low river level, but it soon rises and forms a long line of cliffs on the right bank of Cheat 600 feet above the bed of the same at the Chestnut Ridge axis below the Beaver Hole.
"Subterranean streams and springs of water readily dis- solve and carry off vast quantities of this rock in solution, and thus have been formed the huge caves and underground chambers which are known to exist at many localities along Cheat River in Preston and Monongalia counties. (The great cavern in Fayette County, Pa., and the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, are also found in this same formation.) It makes the Lower Falls on Decker's Creek, near the Monon- galia County line, and is the same bed that is quarried along the mountain road, half-way between the river and Cranberry Summit. The thickness varies greatly, but is seldom less than 100 feet, nor more than 150 in Preston County.
"15. The Pocono or Vespertine Sandstone-a succession of grayish or yellowish white sandstone layers, very hard and difficult to dress ; the very smooth rounded boulders seen along the bed of the river throughout its course in Preston County, are mostly fragments of this formation, polished and worn by attrition.
"Fifty feet of this rock is seen just above the bed of Cheat at the Great Falls, and in the Chestnut Ridge axis, below the Beaver Hole, 500 feet of the formation is above river level, and this is the lowest peep that we get in the rocks anywhere along Cheat River between Kingwood and its mouth.
"The Morgantown Sandstone does not come into the Cheat River hills until we pass below Ice's Ferry in Monongalia
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HISTORY OF PRESTON COUNTY.
County, since it comes too high up in the rock series, being 400 feet above the Mahoning Sandstone."
The above article was written by Prof. White especially for this work.
The coal, iron ore and limestone will be noticed in detail in the district chapters of the work.
The Ligonier Valley and the Newburg trough are under- laid with several veins of bituminous coal of the best quality ; and this great coal-bed, comprising nearly all the county, is, as yet, known as the Preston County coal-basin. In the Lig .. onier Valley are all the Lower Coal and Lower Barren Meas- ures. In the Newburg Trough, the tops of the highest hills carry the first or Pittsburgh seam of the Upper Coal Meas- ures. M. F. Maury reckons five seams in this field, and be- lieves that a careful search will reveal more, supposing, how- ever, that they will be small, else they would have been dis- covered before this.
The first or lowest seam is visible in the bottom of Cheat River at a time of low water, a short distance west of King- wood. Just below this place the shales that overlie this seam contain four or five bands of iron ore.
The second seam varies from 2 to 4 feet. It is worked for local use, and while valuable as fuel, yet contains quite a quantity of sulphur.
Between seams number one and two appears a vein of limestone, from 4 to 5 feet thick, which is often used for building purposes.
The third seam, in places, is from 2 to 4 feet, while in others it has a thickness of from 7 to 8 feet, and makes a good article of fuel. Three miles south of the mouth of Big Buf- falo Creek it measures 4 feet, and but 2 miles south by southwest of the same place, it swells to 5 feet; and at the head of Deep Hollow Run it is but 20 inches. Opposite Kingwood, it again attains to from 7 to 8 feet in thickness including the partings, and gives about 5 feet of good coal, of which 3 feet is in one bed. It improves in quality witlı its increase in thickness. At Austen is another expansion
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PHYSICAL HISTORY.
of this stratum, varying from 8 to 9 feet, and yielding 4 feet of solid coal at the bottom, which is worked, making an excellent article for fuel.
Prof. J. P. Lesley says of this vein at Austen : "It makes a clear even silvery coke, sufficiently hard to bear the heaviest burden of the blast furnace." A seam of iron ore from 16 to 20 inches thick is seen 30 feet below it. This vein is called the Austen Coal, and is near the top of the Lower Coal Measures; and is the "Upper Freeport" as known elsewhere.
The fourth seam is 300 feet above the Austen or Upper Freeport, and is in the Lower Barren Measures. It con- tains 3 feet of an excellent quality of coal.
The fifth seem is 150 feet above the fourth, and is the lowest number of the Upper Coal Group, being the same as that worked near Piedmont. It occupies the center of the Preston County Coal Basin in the tops of the hills at New- burg, and yields an excellent article of gas coal, being from 10 to 12 feet in thickness, though but about 9 feet are worked, the remainder being left for a roof.
In the northern part of the county the hills are too low to catch this fifth seam, known as the Newburg vein or Pittsburgh seam, and in the southern part of the county we have no account of its being found, likely from the reason that the tops of the hills are too low to catch it.
Iron ore of splendid quality exists in abundant quantities, and limestone of different grades seems to be inexhaustible in different parts of the county. Fire-clay and potters' clay of good quality are found and worked. Good sandstone for building purposes abounds.
Salt wells have been sunk, and a good article of salt water obtained, but imperfect methods of manufacture have caused them to go down, and no attention is paid to the subject at the present time. When these wells were sunk, some 25 or 30 years ago, in one or two of them crude oil was undoub- tedly obtained from the description given of a greasy, soapy substance that came up in small quantities. When the
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HISTORY OF PRESTON COUNTY.
oil excitement affected Preston, in common with many ad- joining counties supposed to be located in the oil belt, wells were sunk, but it is still a matter of considerable doubt if they were properly put down or judicious locations selected for boring. At the present a well is being bored with repor- ted favorable indications of cil. Wells have been bored in the county according to different theories, but the question arises whether the right theory has ever been practiced here in the search for oil. The two latest, most plausible and generally accepted theories for the origin of cil are as follows: First, that it is elaborated from materials in the rock where it is now found ; and, second, that it is the product of a gas arising from deeper strata, the sandstones receiving it becom- ing condensing reservoirs in which it gathers. From actual observation of men who have made the subject a daily study, it appears that no flowing wells have ever been struck below tide level, and that the deepest paying oil-wells are not over 2000 feet deep. A great many facts reported by parties boring for oil are not to be relied upon, as the employed are often ignorant of the proper method and right means of making a fair and honest record of their borings, while others misstate them from selfish motives.
Oil is supposed to be a vegetable product, from the fact that it is always connected with accumulations of palaeozoic sea-weeds, whose marks are in the rocks in which it is found. It will require years of close observation and study by patient and pains-taking investigators before much can be determined with scientific accuracy of the great illuminating agent imprisoned in the rocks.
The surface of Preston County may be described as mountainous, hilly, rolling and glady. The soil varies, being classed as sand-loam, clay-loam and calcareous loam. The rugged surface in many places in the county renders the country roads bad and broken, but the turnpikes and those along the larger streams are in fair condition. and are good as to grade and bed.
Throughout Preston County the soil could be made to
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PHYSICAL HISTORY.
produce better, if farmers were but aware of the fact that the use of lime, would bring better crops, and would well repay the labor and money expended in procuring and ap plying it to the ground. Of course, it can have no effect on the weather; but with its use, crops would better stand sudden changes than without it.
The soil of Preston can all be made to contribute to the material wealth of its citizens: the glade can be ditched and reclaimed ; the general and common average of lands can be renewed to their original productiveness by the use of lime ; and the lands too rocky for tillage can be made a source of profit by clearing them off for dairy use, as they do with such lands in the State of New York.
Preston County in her botanical wealth compares favora- bly with other counties in the State. Her list of medicinal plants is large. Pure air and water give her flowers bright colors ; and, passing to her timber, we will notice its distri- bution and development. The county at an early day was well timbered, but large quantities of it have been wantonly destroyed. Still an abundance remains to supply all needs for home use and demand from abroad. Oak and chestnut seem to be most abundant, with ash, poplar, sugar, hickory, sycamore, beech, wild cherry and pine.
The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad is the only means of de- · velopment that amounts to anything. Cranberry Summit is a center of a considerable lumber business, consisting in its collection and preparation for shipment. Ship timber is hauled to this point and shipped, but the principal amount of business is in the manufacture of staves.
At Rowlesburg, where the railroad crosses Cheat River, is another lumber center ; and at Tunnelton a considerable amount of timber is worked into lumber and shipped.
Fruit trees do well, apples especially. Small fruits and berries of all kinds are generally abundant. Crops raised are corn, wheat, oats, rye and buckwheat. The soil in the valleys is from 12 to 15 inches deep, and on the hills from 4 to 6 inches. The average yield of grain for 1880 for the
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HISTORY OF PRESTON COUNTY.
county was, corn 25 to 40 ; oats, 15 to 25 ; buckwheat, 20 to 25 ; rye 12 to 15; wheat, 12 to 16 bushels. Best agricul- tural lands, $25 to $40 per acre ; common, $10 to $20.
We pass from the botany of the county to its zoology; and pursuing the same order of arrangement in its discus- sion as in the former subjects of the chapter, we shall avoid as far as possible all technical terms.
The animals of Preston may be considered as of two classes-wild and domesticated. When the county was first settled, a few bison or buffalo were found along Cheat River and its tributaries, but they soon left with the ad- vancing footsteps of the white man. Also,the cruel panther, the fierce wolf, and the sluggish bear roamed the forests; the porcupine and fox were numerous; and wild-cats and cata- mounts were abundant. While the panther, the bear and the wolf have left, the porcupine, fox, wild-cat and catamount, though fewer in numbers, yet remain. The streams were alive with fish-the trout, salmon, perch, chub and cat ; and on Muddy Creek the beaver built his dam; but the beaver has left, and only a few otter remain of a goodly number one day thick in every stream of any size. Serpents were numerous. The venomous rattlesnake and the poisonous copperhead of the serpent tribe, lay in almost ever path, and still a few of them remain in secluded places.
The eagle, the owl, the hawk, threatened the fowls of the early settlers; and occasionally yet the broad wing of a wan- dering eagle beats the air far up in the sky; and from the gloom of some deep hidden depth comes up the dismal hoot of the owl. Birds of song and beauty are lessening every day in number with the clearing away of the forests.
In the place of the wild beasts of the forest, man has in- troduced domesticated animals-herds of cattle, flocks of sheep, and numbers of horses feed in the meadows where once dense forests shaded the earth. The tame turkey has taken the place of his wild brother, who yet ventures back at the risk of death from the hunter's rifle. The light-footed deer gamboled over the hills, and a few elk stalked through
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PHYSICAL HISTORY.
the woods a century ago ; but the last elk seen in the coun- ty is beyond the memory of the oldest man now living ; while the deer still lurks in the fastness of the mountain, and when roused by the hound and pursued by the hunter, its graceful form is lost amid the woods, and it often pays with its life for the privilege of remaining in the forest wilds of the mountains of Preston.
West Virginia has been designated the Switzerland of America, and Preston County the Vermont of West Virginia. The county is one half as large as the State of Delaware, and over nine times as large as the District of Columbia.
The climate of the county will be fully considered in the district chapters, and nothing further need be said of it here, except that it is very healthful. A morning drive in Pres- ton in summer when the air is rich with the scent of the- buckwheat bloom and the ripening fruit in the orchard, is worth a trip of many miles to enjoy, whether through the shadows of the cool woods or through the open country, where on every side smiling valleys and forest slopes of green mountains spread out like a fair picture to charm with its inviting beauty, there is delight for every weary traveler who drinks in the morning air, as if it were charged with a tonic. vigor.
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HISTORY OF PRESTON COUNTY.
CHAPTER XII. MILITARY HISTORY.
REVOLUTIONARY WAR- SOLDIERS OF THE WAR OF 1812 -MEXICAN WAR - THE GREAT REBELLION : SOLDIERS, SAILORS - MILITIA : 104TH, 148TH AND 176TH REGIMENTS, 10TH BRIGADE, 3RD DIVISION.
At the opening of the Revolutionary War there were but & few settlers on the soil of Preston County, and they were busily engaged protecting their families from the murderous attacks of the cruel Indians, and could not leave home to serve in the ranks of the American armies. When the Revo- lution was over Washington laid down his sword and devo- ted himself to the pursuits of peace. His noble soldiery, fol- lowing his example, retired to their homes, ready to engage in the trying conflicts of peace, for
"Peace hath her victories No less renowned than war."
And instead of the war of cannon along contending lines, was heard the crash of falling trees along the frontier clearings. Instead of the rattle of musketry, were heard the strokes of the woodsman's ax. Instead of blazing camp-fires, heaps of burning logs and brush marked the home of the settler. The smoke that darkened the green hills and solemn wood was no longer the smoke of battle: it was the curtain of peace. The soldier had become a settler. The same strong
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MILITARY HISTORY.
arms that had struck telling blows for liberty and independ -- ence, were now striking down the kings of the forest.
Preston's wilds enlisted their full quota of the disbanded patriots ; and the county opens up actively with the close of that ever memorable struggle. Into the county came some of these soldiers. Their names, as far as can be ascertained, will be given in the district chapters.
In the war of 1812, Captain Cupp's company was at Fort Meigs on the northern frontier, and one company was at Nor- folk on the sea coast; but beyond these facts, no farther in- formation can be secured, and after patient and continued research the following roll of soldiers in the war of 1812 from Preston has been obtained :
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HISTORY OF PRESTON COUNTY.
SOLDIERS OF THE WAR OF 1812.
Captain Leonard Cupp's Company, Virginia Militia. This company volunteered in Preston County, Va., rendezvoused at Morgantown, marched to Point Pleasant, where they were reorganized, and from there they marched to Fort Meigs, where they served a term of six months. This com- pany experienced great hardships on the march to Fort Meigs, often having to cut bushes to lie on at night to keep them out of the water ..
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Officers-Captain, Leonard Cupp; lieutenants, Jacob Paul ; ensign, Robert Gibson; sergeants, Wm. Brandon, Henry Synes, George Smith and Peter Reihart; corporals, Jacob, John and Jacob Wolff, Jr. and John Synes. Privates- John Bryte, Levi Bryte, Wm. Boyce, Jacob Cale, John Cupp, Peter Earley, Joseph Earley, Wm. Edenfield, John Feather, Michael Hartman, Jonathan Jenkins, Evan Jenkins, Usuel Johnson, John Kimmery, James Kelley, Edward Larew, Henry Miller, James Miller, Jacob Martin Abraham Penrose, George Kinger, W. Syner, Henry Syner, Samuel Smith, Adam. Teets, Christian Teets, Michael Teets, Jacob Teets, Wm. Waller, Samuel Waller, Joseph Waller, Samuel Wolff, Henry Woods, Solomon Wilhem and Eli Deberry:
Captain Matthias McCowan's Company in Lt .- Col. E. Boyd's Va. Militia, from April 30 to June 28, 1814. This. company volunteered in Preston County to serve three months, and marched to Norfolk, Va., where they served their term of service. A number who volunteered in this company, after their arrival at Norfolk, volunteered in Cap- tain Kennedy's artillery company, whose muster rolls appear below : Officers-Captain, Mathias McCowan ; lieutenants,. Thomas Montgomery and Hiram Hansford ; ensigns, James King and John Stephenson ; sergeants, John Hull, Amariah McGrigg, Levi Ross, Cunningham McColgon and Robert Johnson ; corporals, Eli Bently, Rice Miller, Jesse Cain,
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MILITARY HISTORY.
Henry Harris, John D. Maupin and Wm. Bohan. Musicians --- George Corbin (drummer) and James Hayman (fifer). Privates. - Altz Adams, Eli Anderson, Isaac Asher, Ezekiel Aldeman, Samuel Billups, Meredith Bird, Samuel Beach, Stephen Bice, Arnold Bohand, Isaac Callison, William Chilcot, David Chilcot, Robert Curry, John J. Carto, William Curny, John Duke. James Day, John Deatz, John Dewit, Henry Dewit, Adam Deatz, William Edwards, John Foster, James .Frame, Philip Fout, James Givens, William Gribble, John Goff, John Gilmore, James Goodman, John Greathouse, John Hicks, Abel Huddleson, Elliot Hawkins, Achilles Hicks, Abner Howel, John D. Hobright, John Hubbert, William Hendrick, Peter Hannick, Jiles Hally, Isaac Hugh, John Hill, Jilson Hannick, William Hatfield, Abraham Hays, Thomas Heb, John Harris, Charles Harrison, John Jenkins, Henry Johnson, Thomas Jopling, Edward Irwin, Joshua Lawson, Benjamin Jeffers, William Jones, Elisha Jones, Peter Kin- gory, William King, John Kilburn, Elisha Legg, Benjamin Lawson, David McColgin, Moses Moss, George McNeely, Robert McCoy, Jacob Newal John Newel, Richard Oly, Westly Payne, John Parson, Jacob Parsinger, Jonathan Pearson, Wm. Pearson, Wm. C. Philips, Benjamin Parsinger, Christopher Ringsburg, William Rich, William Roach, Aaron Rice, William Roberts, Noah Robinson, Alexander Ragsdale, William A. Saint, Jordon Smith, Solomon Sevier, Frederick Snider, Anderson Stephenson, Thomas Thomas, Nothan Vanzant, Benjamin Wells, John Williams, Thomas Wyat, James Walker, George Whitsell, John Wallace, William Winos, John Weaver, Samuel Wise, Francis Wilson, Andrew Wilson, Joseph Wright, Joseph Windon, James Wheeler. James Williams.
Captain Samuel Kennedy's Company, Virginia Militia, was mot raised in Preston County, but was composed of a num- ber who volunteered for the artillery service from Captain McCowan's company after their arrival at Norfolk. Officers --- Captain, Samuel Kennedy; lieutenants, Michael Shively
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HISTORY OF PRESTON COUNTY.
and Robert Courtney ; sergeants, John Shively, George Bell, Josiah Little and Noah Ridgway ; corporals, Philip Shively, James Hamilton, Levi Jones and Abraham Huffman. Musi- cian-Fielding Ramsey (drummer). Privates -- John Amos, Amariah Augustine, William Ayers, John Butler, Benjamin Butler, William Burris, Harvey Burnes, John Brumasin, Mathew Campbell, John Clayton, Ananias Davis, John Davis, William Davis, Eli Fanner, Thomas Glisson, Robert Guthrie, Edmund Guthrie, Jacob Gilmore, Jesse Hanway, John Haught, Jacob Haughtman, Isaac Hunce, David Jackson, Samuel Jewell, John King, Gabriel Leap, William Lollis, Job Lee, Samuel Lazzell, John Laidly, William Lemmor, George Laugh, David Mathiney, David Michael, John Myers, James Mooreland, James Montgomery, Robert Meins, John Martin, Henry Pride, Jacob Rodeheaver, Jacob Ringer, Morgan Scott, Thomas Scott, George Steel, Ephraim Sayers, John Samuels, Philip Short, Jesse Tucker, Joel Tatler, William Tennant, Caleb Tribbett, Henry Wolfe, Daniel Wolfe, William Woods, John Watts, John Wheeler, John Young.
Lieutenant Christian Con's Company, Virginia Militia, from February 20, to March 4, 1815, of Colonel Wood's reg .. iment. This company was drafted or volunteered at the Webster farm, two miles south of Bruceton, afterward owned. by Bowen G. Trowbridge, rendezvoused at Morgantown, marched through Kingwood to the Dunkard Bottom on Cheat River, where they received orders to be discharged, as peace was declared. Officers-Lieutenant, Christian Con ; ensigns, Burget Minor and Robert McGuire ; sergeants, Richard Conner and James Gibson ; corporal, Peter Mason. Musician-Samuel Crane. Privates-Isaac Armstrong, George Benson, Simon Brandon, John Conner, Jacob Frank- houser, Thomas Gibson, Levi Gibson, George Hartman .. William Limmin, Thomas . McCollum, Nathaniel Metheny, Stephen Osburne, John Starling, David Smith, Daniel Smith, John Sevrance, Philip Sterling, Stephen Zichimal, William
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MILITARY HISTORY.
Tervie, Charles Walls, Moses Woods, Jacob Cress, Solomon Herndon, John King, James Paugh, Jonathan Johnson, John Stinebuck, John Ashby, William Mitchell, James Metheny, Jacob Metheny, James Benson.
Preston had no organization to represent it in the Mexican war; but Levi L. Bryte, of Grant, and Alexander Jenkins of Reno District, entered the army from this county, and a few others whose names can not be obtained.
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HISTORY OF PRESTON COUNTY.
SOLDIERS IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.
When the crisis of Rebellion came, Preston responded promptly to the call of the President of the United States for troops. Her hardy sons, inured to hard labor, endured the fatigues of the march and the privations of camp-life, and were soldiers as noble as their forefathers who followed the fortunes of Washington in the Revolutionary struggle.
It is no easy task to give a full roster of Preston's soldiers, as numbers enlisted in companies raised in other States and counties. We have secured a list of the names of some of those who served in Maryland companies. Company K, 3d Regt. Md. Vol. Infantry. Second lieutenant M. S. Bryte; Sergeant David Graham; corporals John Watson, William Metheny, William Cale and N. P. Smith ; Musician Daniel H. Martin; and Privates William Chidester, Amos Wolfe, Lewis Wolfe, Silas Metheny, Samuel B. Sisler, William T. Gooding, John Gray, A. J. Sanders, E. Albright, Jonathan Walls, William Rigg, N. G. Martin and Lewis Recard. Cheif Musician Henry Smith died of small-pox.
The Sixth West Virginia Infantry was organized in August, 1861, General Rosecranz commanding. It was recruited to fifteen companies by special authority. It was mustered into the service for the special duty of guarding the B. & O. R. R. Companies F and O were Preston men, as follows:
Company F. Officers -Captain, William Hall ; lieuten- ants, John H. Carrico and Valentine Gallion ; sergeants, Henry H. Wheeler, James A. Bowermaster, Horace M. Call, Peyton Carson, James A. Carrico, Eli F. Nine, Edward A. Bennett, (promoted to Ser. Maj.) and Reiten W. Hall (promoted to Q. M. Ser.); corporals, Joshua M. Grimes, Joseph Biggs, Henry Bishoff, George W. Chidester, John C. Plum, Samuel M. Funk, Joseph T. Rhodes, George W. Hartman, Samuel Knotts, James Hooton, Henry Felton, L. M. Trowbridge and David Grim. Privates -Joseph A. Aunan (promoted
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MILITARY HISTORY.
to Com. Ser.), Eli L. Adams, Philip Ayresman, H. S. O. Bowden, Peter Bohon, Paul Bohon, William H. Baugh, Moses C. Beavers, John F. Beaver, John G. Beain, William W. Beatty, John A. Bishoff, Michael Burke, Landon Bell, Hiram F. Carson, Alfred B. Call, James Collins, Jacob Cale, James A. Carson, Anthony Carr, Moses Cassidy, Leonard M. Deakins, Robert S. Davis, John L. Davis, Benjamin Davis, John H. Deets, James A. Emerson, Abraham Elsey, Jacob Elliott, Stephen Evans, Samuel W. Ervin, Dabney K. Ford, John E. Fries, Nathaniel C. Graham, John C. Griffith, Al- pheus Goff, Elisha Goff, Henry Grim, Gustavus B. Giles, David Harsh, Daniel F. Harsh, John C. Hebb, Thornton F. Hebb, Robert H. Hebb, Charles S. M. Hooton, William H. Hall, John W. Heckart, Henry Hey, Andrew Jackson, Elisha H. Jackson, Samuel J. Jackson, John M. Jones, George Jackson, Absolom Knotts, William C. Knotts, Timothy King, Roger Kerrigan, Isaiah C. Liston, Henry M. Lantz, Daniel Lipscomb, Sylvester Lipscomb, David H. Lipscomb, Philip Lynch, Stewart S. Lambert, John G. Mason, Elisha Mason, Lewis May, William D. Martin, Edward Messenger, S. W. Messenger, Luke McGovern, James McFord, James S. Myers, S. H. Parsons, Granison S. Price, John K. Peaslee, Thomas L. Purinton, Samuel W. Pierce, Jacob Plum, Hyson C. Poynter, Eugenus Plum, Patrick Quinn, John W. Rinehart, Andrew C. Robinson, Laban J. Rogers, Ebenezer Ray, John H. Ridenour, George N. Santmyer, John R. Shaffer, Joseph Stall, Daniel H. Sell, John A. Spangler, Alexander Sinclair, John S. Saunders, James S. Swisher, James Stewart, George W. Sypolt, Jacob A. Steringer, Abraham Trickett, James C. Taylor, Henry G. Wotring, Israel Wolf. Died-Musician, John W. Sypolt ; privates, James E. Jackson, James W. Perkins, Aaron C. Ridenour, Joseph Stuckey, William I. Sidwell, Alexander Taylor, Isaac C. Whetsell and William H. Wotring.
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