USA > West Virginia > Myers' history of West Virginia (1915) Volume II > Part 2
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38
TAYLOR, formed in 1844, from parts of Harrison, Bar- bour and Marion, and named from General Zachary Taylor of the Indian Wars, the Mexican War, and afterward Presi-
12
History of West Virginia
dent of the United States, in 1849 ; area, 150 square miles ; seat of justice, Grafton ; magisterial districts, Fetterinan, Knotts- ville, Booths Creek, Court House and Flemington ; population. 16,554; miles of public roads, 363; average annual cost of maintenance of roads per mile, $22.30; principal products, coal. corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, garden vegetables, apples, dairy products, beef cattle, sheep, poultry and brick.
TUCKER, formed in 1856, from Randolph, and named from St. George Tucker, an eminent Virginia jurist ; area, 340 square miles; seat of justice, Parsons; magisterial districts, Licking, Clover, St. George, Black Fork, Fairfax, Davis and Dry Fork ; population, 18,675 ; miles of public roads, 915; aver- age annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $11.18; princi- pal products, coal, coke, lumber, corn, wheat, oats, buckwheat. hay, potatoes, garden vegetables, apples, dairy products, beef cattle, sheep, poultry and lime,
TYLER, formed in 1814, from Ohio County, and named from John Tyler, a Governor of Virginia in 1808, and father of the President of the United States of that name; area. 300 square miles; seat of justice, Middlebourne; magisterial dis- tricts, Centerville, Ellsworth, Lincoln, Meade, McElroy and Union ; population, 16,211 ; miles of public roads, 510; average annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $24.97 ; principal products, petroleum, natural gas, glass, corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, garden vegetables, apples, beef cattle, sheep and poultry.
UPSHUR, formed in 1851, from parts of Randolph, Bar- bour and Lewis, and named from Abel P. Upshur, killed on board United States steamer Princeton at Mt. Vernon in 1844, while serving as United States Secretary of State ; arca, 350 square miles ; seat of justice, Buckhannon ; magisterial dis- tricts, Union, Washington, Warren, Meade, Buckhannon and Banks; population, 16,629; miles of public roads, about 300; average annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $13.85; principal products, lumber, leather, corn, wheat, oats, buck- wheat, hay, garden vegetables, apples, peaches, dairy products, beef cattle, sheep, poultry and brick.
WAYNE, formed in 1842, from Cabell, named from Gen- eral Anthony Wayne of the Revolution; area, 440 square
13
History of West Virginia
miles; seat of justice, Wayne: magisterial districts, Ceredo, Union, Lincoln, Grant and Stonewall; population, 2-1,081 ; miles of public roads, about 800: average annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $19.20 : principal products, corn, wheat. oats, hay, potatoes, garden vegetables, apples, melons, beef cattle, sheep and poultry.
WEBSTER, formed in 1860, from Nicholas, Braxton and Randolph, and named from Daniel Webster, a distinguished American statesman : area. 450 square miles; seat of justice. Webster Springs; magisterial districts, Fordlick, Glade, Holly and Hacker Valley ; population, 9,680; miles of public roads: 338 : average annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $18.72; principal products, lumber, oats, rye, hay, potatoes, apples, beef cattle.
WETZEL, formed in 1846, from Tyler, and named from Lewis Wetzel. a distinguished frontiersman and Indian scout ; area, 440 square miles ; seat of justice, New Martinsville ; mag- isterial districts, Magnolia, Proctor, Green, Grant, Center, Clay and Church : population, 23,855 ; miles of public roads, 656 ; average annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $63.63 ; principal products, petroleum, natural gas, lumber, glass, corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, apples, peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, garden vegetables, sheep, poultry, tomatoes, melons, swine, beef cattle.
WIRT, formed in 1848. from parts of Wood and Jackson, and named from William Wirt, a distinguished Virginia ยท jurist ; area, 290 square miles ; seat of justice, Elizabeth ; mag- isterial districts, Burning Springs, Clay, Elizabeth, Newark, Reedy, Spring Creek and Tucker ; population, 9,047 ; miles of public roads, 413 ; average annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $6.57 ; principal products, petroleum, natural gas, lumber. corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, hay, potatoes, garden vege- tables, apples, peaches, melons, dairy products, beef cattle, sheep and poultry.
WOOD. formed in 1799. from Ifarrison, and named from James Wood, Governor of Virginia in 1796; area, 375 square miles ; seat of justice, Parkersburg ; magisterial districts, Park- ersburg. Lubeck, Steele, Slate, Tygart, Clay, Union. Walker, Williams and Harris: population, 38,001 ; miles of public
14
History of West Virginia
roads, about 1,140; average annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $21.03; principal products, petroleum, natural gas, glass, corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, apples, peaches, melons, poultry, brick, stoneware, steel, iron and roofing tile.
WYOMING, formed in 1850, from Logan, and named from an Indian term signifying a plain ; area, 660 square miles ; seat of justice, Pineville; magisterial districts, Baileysville, Barkers Ridge, Clear Fork, Center, Huffs Creek, Oceano and Slab Fork; population, 10,392; miles of public roads, about 500 ; average annual cost of road maintenance per mile, $27.80 ; principal products, lumber, corn, oats, rye, hay, potatoes, gar- den vegetables, apples, peaches, sheep and poultry.
CHAPTER XXIX.
FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY.
West Virginia ranks fortieth in land area and twenty- eighth in population among the States and Territories of con- tinental United States.
Within the eastern counties of the State are to be found several broad limestone valleys whose soils constitute the most fertile agricultural lands of the State.
From the northeast corner of the State, extending south and southwest to the Big Sandy River, is a belt of mountains, interspersed with narrow valleys. The mountain soils are better adapted to forestry than agriculture. Clay soil is found in limited areas in the higher portions of this region, while the "stream and upland alluviums" are found on the gentler slopes and in the valleys. The sandy soil which prevails in the extreme northeastern part is the least productive of the soils of this belt. West of the mountains is a large area of broad, flat hills, better fitted for grazing than for cultivation, but among the hills are many streams that enrich the naturally fertile soil. The remainder of the State has a gently rolling surface extending to the Ohio River. The soil is rich, con- sisting of clay and sand loams, mingled with humus and vege- table matter and enriched by disintegrated limestone.
Almost two-thirds of the State's entire area is in farms. and most of the counties in the northern half of the State have three-fifths or more of their land in farms. Much of the southern half of the State has less than three-fifths of its land in farms.
The average value per acre of farm land for the whole State is $20.65. Ohio and Jefferson County farms have a val- uation ranging from $50 to $75 per acre: Hancock. Brooke, Marshall. Monongalia. Marion, Harrison, Taylor, Lewis, Lo-
16
History of West Virginia
gan, Raleigh, Wyoming McDowell and Berkeley from $25 to $50; Wayne and Hampshire an average valuation of less than $10; the remaining thirty-eight counties, $10 to $25 per acre.
The foregoing valuations are taken from the federal cen- sus for 1910. The figures given are only averages. No doubt there are thousands of farms in West Virginia, covering a wide range of territory, whose values exceed the highest rate named.
The following summary of population and land area, the number, value and acreage of farms and the value of all other farm property in 1910 and 1900 may be of interest to many readers :
NUMBER, AREA AND VALUE OF FARMS
Increase
Population
Number of all farms.
1910 April 15 1,221,119 96,685
1900 June 1 958,800 92,874
Amt. 262,319 3,811
4.1
Approximate land area of the State, acres
15,374,080
15,374,080
Land in farms, acres ...
10,026,442
10,654,513
*628,071
*5.9
Improved land in farms, acres . .
5,521,757
5,498,981
22,776
0.4
Average acres in farms ..
103.7
114.7
*11.0
*9.6
* Decrease.
Value of Farm Property.
Land
$207,075,759
$134,269,110 34,026,560
$72,806,649 23,288,635
68 .- 1
Implements and nia- chinery
7,011,513
5,040,420
1,971,093
39.1
Domestic animals,
poultry and bees
43,336,073
30,571,259
12,764,81-1
41.8
Total.
$314,738,540
$203,907,349
$110,831,191
54.4
Average . value
of
property per
farm.
$3,255
$2,196
$1,059
-18.2
Average
value of
land per acre ..
20.65
12.60
8.05
63.0
54.2
Buildings
57,315,195
Per Ct. 27.4
A very good indication of the prosperity of the West Vir- ginia farmers is the fact that during the period from 1890 to to 1910 the average debt of mortgaged farms increased but 6.9 per cent., while the average value of such farms increased 32.8 per cent., the owner's equity increasing 45.1 per cent. As a
17
History of West Virginia
result of the greater increase in farm value than in farm debt the mortgage indebtedness, which was 32.2 per cent. of the value of the mortgaged farms in 1890, has decreased to 26 per cent. of the value in 1910.
COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS IN 1910.
Of all West Virginia farmers, 98.4 per cent. are native whites, 0.9 per cent. foreign-born whites, and 0.7 per cent. negroes and other non-whites. Out of 708 non-white farmers, 707 are negroes and one is an Indian.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS, POULTRY AND BEES .- COMPARA- TIVE STATEMENT OF.
1910 April 15
1909 June 1 Value.
Increase.
Kind.
Value.
Cattle
$15,860,764
$14,058,427
Amount. $1,802,337
Per Cent. 12.8
Horses and colts ..
18,583,381
10,376,550
8,206,831
79.1
Mules
1,339,760
725,134
614,626
81.8
Asses and burros. .
25,556
15,234
10,322
67.3
Swine
2,087,392
1,389,808
697,584
50,2
Sheep and lambs ..
3,400,901
2,664,556
736,345
27.6
Goats and kids
20,682
2,123
18,559
874.6
Poultry
1,628,700
963,805
664,895
69.0
Bees
388,937
375,622
13,315
3.5
Total
$43,336,073
$30,571,259
$12,764,814
41.8
GRAINS AND SEEDS, HAY AND FORAGE AND SUNDRY CROPS, 1909.
Farms
Acres
Quantity. Bushels.
Value. $11,907,261
Corn
83,028
676,311
17,119,097
Oats
22,412
103,758
1,728,806
912,388
Wheat
22,347
209,315
2,575,996
2,697,1-11
Emmor and spelt
20
111
1,558
1,515
Barley
119
408
8,407
5,640
Buckwheat
9,028
33,323
533,670
351,171
Rye
2,774
15,679
148,676
122,258
Kaffir corn
and milo
16
26
467
326
Total
1,038,931
22,116,677
$15,997,700
Other Grains and Seeds.
Crop.
Farms Reporting.
Quantity. Bushels. 28
Value.
Flaxseed
7
$
55
Clover seed
65
602
5,149
Millet seed.
1
2
5
maize
Crop.
Reporting. Harvested.
18
History of West Virginia
Timothy
201
993
2,252
Other tame grass seed.
99
1,048
1,320
Ginseng seed.
1
225
Sunflower seed.
1
41
50
Dry edible beans
8,626
39,794
81,049
Dry peas
93
1,490
3,312
Peanuts
21
64
168
Total
Farms Acres Reporting. Harvested.
Quantity.
Crop.
Timothy alone.
29,682
308,814 281,794
278,074
Value. $3,404,456 3,001,535
Clover alone
1,217
6,661
6,514
75,863
Alfalfa
179
696
1,406
17,932
Millet
2,580
7,758
8,906
110,749
Other
tame or cultivated
grasses.
7,242
82,607
66,994
707,627
Wild, salt or prairie grass ..
538
5,495
4,051
36,690
Grains cut green
830
4,191
6,837
63,493
Coarse forage
1,864
10,876
16,269
73,671
Root forage
24
8
67
731
Total
61,864
703,900
639,104
$7,492,747
Potatoes
81,297
42,621
4,077,0661
2,278,638
Sweet potatoes and yams.
15,632
2,079
215,5821
170,086
Tobacco
9,299
17,928 14,356,400*
1,923,180
Cotton
2
75*
14
Hops
`27
257
52
Broom corn
397
45
30,456*
3,229
Gingseng
5
87*
460
Total
$4,375,659
*Bushels. * Pounds.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVESTOCK FOR 1910.
Kind.
Number. 239,539
$ 7,563,400
Other cows.
63,740
1,544,213
Heifers
75,503
1,123,158
Calves
59,518
422,136
Steers
181,988
5,207,857
Total
620,288
$15,860,764
Horses
159,557
$17,419,881
Colts
20,434
1,163,500
Total
179,991
$18,583,381
Mules and colts
11,717
$ 1,339,760
Asses and burros
160
25,556
Tons.
Timothy and clover mixed. 24,327
249,986
1 $93,592
Value.
Dairy cows.
19
History of West Virginia
Hogs
211,463
1,779,050
Pigs
116,725
308,342
Total
328,188
$ 2,087,392
Sheep
566,952
$ 2,724,651
Lambs
343,408
676,250
Total
910,360
$ 3,400,901
Goats and kids
5,748
20,682
Referring to table of domestic animals, poultry, etc., we find that the total valuation of all fowls reported for 1910 was $1,628,700. This does not include the fowls in towns, villages and cities, which were not enumerated.
Following is classification of fowls making up the above valuation :
Kind.
Number of Fowls. 3,106,907
Valuc. $1,435,969
Turkeys
72,752
124,550
Ducks
35,576
16,854
Geese
72,972
43,802
Guinea fowls.
14,148
5,325
Pigeons
7,698
1,965
Peafowls
102
23
Total
3,310,155
$1,628,700
One would scarcely expect to get much poetry out of an egg, but the following, entitled "More Eggs," by Arthur De- Vrees Burke, '12, in High School Record, is worth repeating :
More Eggs.
"So many people ask me The same question every day, Namely, how I raise my chickens And how I make them pay.
"That I've come to this conclusion. The best thing now to do Is to write a little story In every detail true.
Chickens
20
History of West Virginia
"So I'll just commence my story, Make it simple as I can, Then all will understand it, Each and every poultry man.
"To these facts may you hearken, For they're plain as they can be ; To the art of raising poultry They're just common A, B, C.
"Another thing I tell you ; Every fact contains good sense, Not taken from a book at all, But from experience.
"So now, kind folks, please listen, For I'm sure that you will say That you now know more of poultry Than you did on yesterday.
"Well, first you get some lumber, And then you build the coop, But seal up every crevice So the fowls won't get the roup.
"For this disease arises From the slightest draughts of air,
So have your houses draughtless, And roup won't enter there.
"My hearers, pay attention ; Do the right thing from the start ; Build a house that's warm and cheery, And your fowls will do their part.
"The house must be substantial, Not one you'll have to mend ; Just fix things right when starting, And you'll save time to the end.
21
History of West Virginia
"Make large and roomy runways, Where the hens can go and stay. If you follow these instructions, I am sure your hens will pay.
"I've planned the house sufficient, And I've told you what to do, But where to get your chickens, Why, folks, that's up to you.
"One thing about your poultry : Spend some money, get some good, For you cannot raise winners From a common hen and brood.
"But when you get your chickens, I suppose you'll come and say The same old statement over, That you cannot make them lay.
"In this you are mistaken. If your hens are good at all, You can make them lay in winter, Summer, spring and fall.
"So, I'll just repeat the answer To the question that you speak ; If you follow these instructions, They will lay in just a week.
"If they are not too aged ; If they've moulted and are well, I repeat again, my hearers. That you'll soon have eggs to sell.
"Just go and get some charcoal. Get some oyster shell and grit. Feed green bone, wheat and barley : Make everything seem fit.
22
History of West Virginia
"Have water cool in summer, Have it warm in weather raw, And make them scratch for middlin's In a litter made of straw.
"Feed warm mash in the morning, But at evening give them grain,
Keep the nests all clean and cosy, And keep everything the same.
"You say of these directions, Though they seem to be quite fine,
To put them into practice Would consume a lot of time.
"In all things you must labor ; Some, of course, more than the rest.
If you want to be successful. You must strive to do your best.
"Get out, my friends, be lively, Don't be lazy like a jay ; If your poultry house needs cleaning, Clean it now ; don't wait a day.
"Now, I've told this little story, Which I hope you'll all attend. If you shirk things when beginning, You'll regret it in the end.
"And now I must be going. Of success I wish you lots ; So here's to my good chickens, The Proud Partridge Wyandottes."
The following graphic description by George Byrne, in Manufacturers Record, October, 1912, concerning West Vir- ginia's resources is well worth repeating here:
23
History of West Virginia
WEST VIRGINIA'S RICH RESOURCES.
(Special Correspondence Manufacturers Record.)
Pittsburgh, Pa., October 16.
"The big land show that opened in Duquesne Garden in this city on last Thursday night to a crowd said to number 10,000 people is an impressive affair and is stirring up a lot of interest in the "back-to-the-farm" movement. From ocean to ocean the sections are represented, though not all the states have shows. California, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, Texas, North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio-these and others have exhibits that attract the eye and appeal to the fancy. Northwest Canada, the Alberta country, has represen- tatives on hand telling of the cheap lands and illustrating their productiveness by samples of grains and fruits grown there and striking pictures of the great horse and cattle ranches. Nebraska has sent the stuffed and mounted skins of two mon- ster steers that weighed 3,740 and 3,776 pounds, respectively. and a hog that at three years weighed 1,337 pounds. Som of these exhibits are highly trimmed and decorated, and it can be easily told from their crating and the manner in which they are unpacked and put in place that they are the accumulations of time, money and continued effort, and that they are han- dled and exhibited by experts who have made a trade of the exhibition business. Yet with all these against it, and lacking in all professional touches they show -- probably strengthened by the lack-the most striking and impressive. exhibit at the show is that from West Virginia.
"From the live black bear at one end of the 85-foot space allotted to this State to the highly ornamental glass at the other, the whole thing is illustrative of the present conditions in West Virginia-from wildness almost primitive in one sec- tion to the last word in one of the most advanced arts in an- other. And lying between the time of the wilderness, with its wild beasts, and that of the great plant that from the sands on the earth's face works out the glass of simple but mar- velous beauty, a story is told of richness and variety of soil products that strikes deep into the mind of every beholder who knows how to interpret the sign language. This exhibit,
24
History of West Virginia
which thus stands naked to the eye, with nothing of ornamen- tation to distract the attention of the visitor from its utilitarian appeal, was gathered and installed by the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Morgantown, under the direction of Prof. James H. Stewart, resident director and actual manager, and while it is the first attempt of the kind the institution has made, it shows a full understanding of the effect which a direct presentation of the State's resources of soil will have.
"In high glass jars are shown the various soils from dif- ferent sections of West Virginia-that adapted to the culture of wheat and corn; others that produce the best celery, cab- bage and onions; still others that bring great crops of alfalfa ; those in which timothy best flourishes-soils adapted to ap- ples and tomatoes, and those where peaches and apples both do well. But most interesting, perhaps, because of the strik- ing illustrations of their products presented with them, are those soils that are marked 'Apple' and 'Peach,' respectively, uncoupled with any other product. It must not be thought because nothing else is mentioned as growing in them that these soils will produce nothing but apples or peaches, as the case may be, for even the 'chert' of the Hampshire Mountain sides, though it looks like nothing but broken shale, brings excellent wheat and good corn, but they are so distinctively adapted to apple and peach culture that their other uses are not much dwelt upon.
"Illustrating the productiveness of these soils are sam- ples of corn-great ears a foot in length, big, deep-grained and sound from rim to pith-wheat, rye, oats, German millet, buckwheat, in grain and flour ; potatoes, unrivaled in size and perfection of quality ; stock beets, great fellows weighing 8 or 10 pounds each, and growing 30 tons to the acre; pears, quinces, grapes-yes, and cranberries ; also the finest, filmiest, laciest looking wool that ever came from back of sheep, and then the 'big show,' so far as this exhibit is concerned, the peaches and apples, and more especially the latter, for the former do not lend themselves so readily and so adaptably to the exhibition business. Nevertheless, the exhibit of peaches is sufficient to give an idea of what the State can do in the matter of quality, while the question of quantity must be left
25
History of West Virginia
to the telling of those in charge, and of the literature with which they are armed.
"West Virginia has for many years and in all sections produced peaches of superb quality and in quantity sufficient to supply the local markets, but it is only of recent years that their culture for the big markets has been taken up as a trade, and then in what elsewhere in the State would have seemed the most unlikely places, the eastern slope of the mountains that sentinel the counties of the 'Eastern Panhandle,' and in the 'chert' lands thereof, the soil of which was yesterwhile thought to be so unproductive that you couldn't 'raise a dis- turbance' on it, as the local vernacular hath it. Under the veneer of 'chert,' however, lics a bed of humus, accumulated from the debris of the centuries, and this furnishes the crop potentiality, while the harder surface prevents at once, the too ready evaporation of the moisture and the washing of the soil.
"The valleys overlooked by these hills were settled before the birth of the republic, and have richly repaid proper culti- vation for a century and a half. There, as elsewhere, cach farm had its orchard of peach and apple trees, the former of which usually bore with uncertainty for a few seasons, and then died away. The housewives dried, canned and preserved what they wanted of the fruit, and the remainder was given to those who came and asked or fell to the hogs. None, in the old days, ever thought of it as a commercial quantity.
"I do not know the accurate genesis of the commercial peach business of Eastern West Virginia, or through what accidental circumstance it was discovered that the neglected mountain tops of Hampshire. Hardy, Grant and Mineral coun- ties were ideal for the culture of this most luscious fruit, but the discovery was made some 15 or 20 years ago, since which thousands of formerly unproductive acres have been set with millions of trees and a great industry built up that brings hundreds of thousand of dollars annually into each of these counties. Hampshire County stands at the head of the list in peach production, and Romney, its county-seat. is the point of chief concentration in the shipping season. Here the fruit is gathered and sent out by the train load, that delivered at car-side one day being in the markets of Washington. Balti-
26
History of West Virginia
more, Philadelphia and New York the next. The advantage which market propinquity gives these orchards is readily ap- parent to those who consider the matter. The peach, to be at its best, must ripen on the tree, and after it becomes full ripe it rapidly deteriorates from either time or shipment and hand- ling. This advantage finds expression in a few cents per basket advance in price over rivals that arrive over the long haul, and a few cents extra per basket make a fine profit in the peach business.
"The profits from these orchards arc immense, running from 20 to 40 per cent. as a usual thing, and as high as 120 per cent. in one well authenticated case, while in another in- stance a dividend of 110 per cent. was declared in one year. Think of an investment that yields back purchase price, main- tenance and marketing all in one year, and leaves the property in good condition for future years. One thing about these orchards is that there are seldom any crop failures. They lie above the frost line, and properly cared for will yield a profit each year. The peach trees are of quick growth and short life, and in many instances the orchardists alternate them with apple trees, which reach maturity about the time the peach trees give out.
"But to return to the land show. The biggest part of the West Virginia exhibit, and, indeed, the biggest thing in the whole affair, is the exhibit of apples made by that Statc. The different varieties of apples, with their rich colorings, make a very showy exhibit, with very little handling, and those from West Virginia could easily be worked into a mosaic of great beauty. Think what artist fingers could do with 'Grimes Goldens,' shading from almost white to a rich yellow ; 'North- western Greenings' in all the tints of green; 'Black Twigs,' with palest greens and reds that go almost to black : 'Arkan- sas Blacks,' that are in reality not black, but deep red and reddish purple ; 'York Imperials,' running from scarlet through pink to green ; 'Baldwins,' pink and green; 'Stayman Winc- saps,' red and green ; 'Paradise,' pink and green : 'Jonathans,' rich red, and so on through the various tints to be found in the 'Northern Spy,' 'Willow Twig,' 'Twenty-Ounce,' 'Aiken Red.' 'Black Ben Davis,' 'Ben Davis' and 'Wolfe River,' these
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.