USA > West Virginia > Myers' history of West Virginia (1915) Volume II > Part 4
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The next school was established at Charles City in 1621. but the following year the Indians killed the Superintendent and seventeen of his pupils. The University at Henrico was also destroyed by the savages about the same time.
The next schools of importance were Elizabeth City, 1643; Peasley Free School, 1673 ; William and Mary College. 1693.
In 1634 Benjamin Symms devised two hundred acres of land on the Pocoson River. "with the milk and increase of eight milch cows, for the maintenance of a learned. honest man to keep upon the said ground a free school for the educa- tion and instruction of the children of the parishes of Eliza- beth and Kiquoton from Mary's Mount downward to the Pocoson River." This grant was confirmed by the House of Burgesses in 1642, and the school opened up in the following
42
History of West Virginia
year; but, for some reason unknown at this time, the school was soon discontinued and the property neglected until 1805, when an act was passed providing for the appointment of trustees to take charge of the property.
The William and Mary College was the only one char- tered in the colonies by any of the English rulers. Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Chief Justice Marshall, John Tyler, Winfield Scott and other distinguished men were graduates of this school. "For over a century it continued to be th. training school of statesmen, and the intellectual head of the colony."
After the Revolution several charity schools were formed and later followed by private or select schools. Perhaps the first regular school that was organized within the present limits of West Virginia was at' Romney, in Hampshire County, in 1753.
One thing which some regard as remarkable concerning the Constitution of Virginia as it was first written and adopted was that it contained no provisions whatever for education, and it was not until twenty years later that a law was en- acted concerning this most important matter. To those, how- ever, who are familiar with the early social conditions that existed in the region of Virginia known as the Piedmont and Tide-water section, it is not strange that an educational pro- vision in Virginia's Constitution was not considered essential to the prosperity and happiness of her people. They were largely of the Cavalier element, who brought with them to the New World many of the aristocratic notions of England. The large landed estates were held by a few, and negro siavery prevailed over the entire region, and but comparatively few white families of the middle class were to be found. These planters, as a rule, were not "strong on" education. A pri- mary education was generally considered sufficient, and fo- this purpose private teachers were employed, and in a few cases the more ambitious parents gave their children a classic education in some college. For the poorer class who could not afford these educational advantages, the "higher ups" were not greatly concerned ; the latter were in political power, with reference to State and local affairs. Therefore, wher Vir-
13
History of West Virginia
ginia's Constitution was written and adopted, the majority party was careful to avoid any obligation that might, in their estimation, bring about needless taxation. Ilence, the omis- sion of a Constitutional provision for the raising of money for educational purposes. From our viewpoint this was self- Ishness, pure and simple.
After a time some of these more wealthy planters took up large sections of land west of the Alleghenies and located on their property, but the larger proportion of the population west of the mountains was composed of people from Dela- ware, New Jersey, Connecticut and eastern Pennsylvania. A large number of these were of Scotch-Irish descent, who formed the hardy set of people noted in American history. The ancestors of many of these pioneers had left England and Scotland on account of religious persecution. They were im- bued with the spirit of freedom, which was increased by the almost unlimited expanse of the wilderness surrounding their homes, far removed from the enforcement of unjust laws and the social restraints and petty aristocratic notions of a so- called civilized country.
Of course this voluntary isolation from the outer world brought with it many hardships and privations, and for many years there was not much advancement along educational lines in what is now West Virginia.
Returning to Virginia history, we find that twenty years after the adoption of the Constitution of that State a law was passed which gave the people the right to elect three alder- men for a district. These officials hired the teacher, and the latter was required to collect pro rata only on children or pupils sent to him for instruction. It was really a system of "subscription" schools.
The first real law on education, having for its purpose the affording of a common free school education, was passed in 1809, which provided that all forfeited or escheated lands were to be sold and the proceeds to be placed to the credit of a School Fund, the money so derived being loaned to the Na- tional Government and the interest applied to the fund.
In 1817 the Legislature enacted a law establishing a cor mon primary school, with the provision that children could
44
History of West Virginia
attend for three years without any charge whatever, and also appropriated $45,000 annually for the support of the schools. But this money was entirely inadequate to carry out the pur- pose for which it was intended, and a greater portion of the funds was raised by private donations and tuition fees. Of this class of schools three were established in what is now West Virginia before the beginning of the nineteenth century, namely, the Academy at Shepherdstown, Jefferson County. in 1784; the Randolph Academy, at Clarksburg, in 1787; the Charles Town Academy, at Charles Town, Jefferson County, in 1795. These institutions, scattered throughout the State in the centers of population, as they were, contributed much toward the advancement of education in these sections. Col- leges sprang up from some of these academies. Hampden and Sidney College grew out of Augusta Academy; Washington and Lee University out of Liberty Hall Academy. These- the real pioneer schools of Virginia-contributed largely to- ward the foundation of the succeeding educational institutions.
However much these institutions advanced the cause of education, there was still a great lack of schools throughout the country now comprising West Virginia. The opportuni- ties of the masses for elementary primary education were meager indeed. Schools of this class were "few and far be- tween," and these were generally supported by private sub- scription. In some sections teachers were employed in the wealthier families, and in some cases two or more families would unite in establishing private schools, where frequently the children of neighboring families were admitted. In many other cases large families of children grew up with no educa- tional advantages whatever.
The few schools in those pioneer days varied in their character and quality of instruction with their surrounding conditions.
Some of the larger towns were provided with fairly com- fortable quarters for the students, though of a rude character as compared with the most ordinary school house of today ; and in some cases very competent teachers were in charge of the schools. In the frontier settlements, however, conditions were quite different. The school house was invariably made
45
History of West Virginia
of unhewn logs, covered with clapboards held in place by heavy poles. The window on one side of the house consisted of greased paper fastened between two logs in the wall. The floor was made of hewn slabs or "punchcons." The chimney was usually constructed of common field rock piled up about five or six feet high and topped out with sticks and mud. The fireplace would accommodate a log five to eight feet in length. The furniture corresponded with the building in workmanship, the seats being made of rails or narrow slabs supported by four legs fitted in auger holes and without backs. The writing desk was made of a smoothly hewn slab about two feet wide placed in a slanting position near to or against the wall beneath the window.
The curriculum consisted of what has been designated the "3 R's," or "Rule of Three," meaning 'Readin', 'ritin', 'rith- metic." Except in rare instances, the teacher's qualifications were limited to the above mentioned studies and his power to wield the "gad" among the mischievous lads and lassies who were often prone to play pranks on the "master." The teacher generally "boarded around." dividing the time among the pupils.
The foregoing description of a country school comes with- in the memory of the writer, and this, too, as late as 1867. when he attended his first school, and he assures the reade- that the picture has not been overdrawn in the least. At that time, out of 702 school houses in the State. 332 of them were built of logs. In 1912 there were 6,791 school houses in the State, of which 6.468 were frame and 323 brick, no schools having been reported as being held in log houses since 1900, at which time there were 95 log school houses still in use.
So far as architectural style of rural school buildings is concerned those constructed in the carly sixties were prac- tically the same as those constructed much carlier. But there was quite a change in their number. We are not informed as to the number of school houses in West Virginia previous to 1865. but in that year there were 133 school houses and 43' schools in the State. One year later this number had in- creased to 412 school houses and 935 schools. Further along we shall give some very interesting statistics along this line
40
History of West Virginia
Following is a list of academies established in what is now West Virginia previous to the civil war :
1. The Academy of Shepherdstown, at Shepherdstown, 11! Jefferson County, incorporated in 1784.
2. The Randolph Academy, at Clarksburg, in Harrison County, incorporated December 11, 1797.
3. The Charles Town Academy, at Charles Town, in Jeffer- son County, incorporated December 25, 1797.
4. The Brooke Academy, at Wellsburg, in Brooke County, incorporated January 10, 1797.
5. The Mount Carmel School, at West Union, in Preston County (then Monongalia); established in 1801.
6. The Lewisburg Academy, at Lewisburg, in Greenbrier County, incorporated in 1812.
7. The Shepherdstown Academy, at Shepherdstown, in Jef- ferson County, incorporated January 3, 1814.
8. The Romney Academy, at Romney, in Hampshire County, incorporated February 11, 1814.
9. The Lancastrian Academy, at Wheeling, in Ohio Count . incorporated October 10. 1814.
10 The Monongalia Academy, at Morgantown, in Mononga- lia County, incorporated November 29, 1814.
11. The Mercer Academy, in Charleston, Kanawha County. incorporated November 29, 1818.
12. The Union Academy, at Union, in Monroe County, in- corporated January 27, 1820.
13. The Martinsburg Academy, at Martinsburg, in Berkele" County, incorporated January 28, 1822.
14 The Romney Classical Institute, at Romney, in Hamp- shire County, established in 1824.
15. The Tyler Academy, at Middlebourne, in Tyler County, incorporated January 20, 1827.
16. The Wheeling Academy, at Wheeling, in Ohio County, incorporated February 21, 1827.
17. The Romney Academy, at Romney, in Hampshire Coun- ty, incorporated March 25, 1829.
18. The Morgantown Female Seminary, at Morgantown, in Monongalia County, incorporated March 23, 1831.
+7
History of West Virginia
19. The Seymour Academy, at Moorefield, in Hardy County, incorporated February 16, 1832.
20 The Bolivar Academy, at Bolivar, in Jefferson County, incorporated February 16, 1832.
21. The Red Sulphur Seminary, at Red Sulphur Springs, in Monroe County, opened April 15, 1832.
22. The Charles Town Female Academy, at Charles Town, in Jefferson County, incorporated March 15, 1830.
23. The Brickhead and Wells Academy, at Sistersville, in ly- ler County, incorporated January 18. 1837.
24. The West Liberty Academy, at West Liberty, in Ohio County, incorporated March 20. 1837.
25. The Marshall AAcademy, at Guyandotte (now Hunting- ton), Cabell County, incorporated March 13, 1838.
20. The Western Virginia Education Society, at Pruntytown. in Taylor county (then Harrison), incorporated March 28. 1838.
27. The Parkersburg Academy Association, at Parkersburg. in Wood County, incorporated April 5, 1838.
28. The Morgantown Female Academy, at Morgantown, in Monongalia County, incorporated January 30, 1839.
29. The Cove Academy, at Ilolliday's Cove, in Hancock County (then Brooke), incorporated April 6, 1839.
30. The Bethany College, at Bethany, in Brooke County, in- corporated in the autumn of 1840.
31. The Preston Academy, at Kingwood, in Preston County. incorporated January 2, 1841.
32 The Huntersville Academy, at Huntersville, in Pocahon- tas County, incorporated January 18, 1842.
33. The Asbury Academy, at Parkersburg, in Wood County, incorporated February 8, 1842.
34. The Little Levels Academy, at Hillsboro, in Pocahontas County, incorporated February 14, 1842.
35. The Rector College, at Pruntytown, in Taylor Count .. incorporated February 14. 1842.
36. The Greenbank Academy, at Greenbank, in Pocahontas County, incorporated March 26, 1842.
37. The Northwestern Academy, at Clarksburg. in Harriso. County, incorporated March 26, 1842.
48
History of West Virginia
38. The Brandon Academy, at Brandonville, in Preston County, incorporated March 27, 1843.
39. The Weston Academy, at Weston, in Lewis County, in- corporated January 18, 1844.
40. The Potomac Seminary, at Romney, in Hampshire Coun- ty, incorporated December 12, 1846.
41. The Male and Female Academy, at Buckhannon, in Up- shur County (then Lewis), incorporated February 1, 1847.
42. The Lewis County Seminary, at Weston, in Lewis County, incorporated March 20, 1847.
43. The Marshall Academy, at Moundsville, in Marshall County, incorporated March 19, 1847.
44. The Wheeling Female Seminary, at Wheeling, in Ohio County, incorporated January 24, 1848.
45. The Buffalo Academy, at Buffalo, in Putnam County, in - corporated March 16, 1849.
46. The Academy of the Visitation, at Wheeling, in Ohio County, incorporated March 14, 1850.
47. The Jane Lew Academy, at Jane Lew, in Lewis County, incorporated March 16, 1850.
48. The Wellsburg Female Academy, at Wellsburg, in Brooke County, incorporated March 17, 1851.
49. The Meade Collegiate Institute, at or near Parkersburg. incorporated March 21, 1851.
50. The South Branch Academical Institute, at Moorefield, in Hardy County, incorporated March 31, 1851.
51. The Fairmont Academy, at Fairmont, in Marion County, incorporated February 17, 1852.
52. The Wheeling Female Seminary, at Wheeling, in Ohio County, incorporated January 10, 1853.
53. The West Union Academy, at West Union, in Doddridge County, incorporated April 16, 1852.
54. The Morgan Academy, at Berkeley Springs, in Morgan County, incorporated January 10, 1853.
55. The Logan Institute, at Logan Court House, in Logan County, incorporated February 21, 1853.
56. The Ashton Academy, at Mercer's Bottom, in Mason County, incorporated January 7, 1856.
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History of West Virginia
57. The Point Pleasant Academy, at Point Pleasant, in Ma- son County, incorporated February 26, 1856.
58. The Polytechnic College, at Aracoma, in Logan County, incorporated February 28, 1856.
59. The Fairmont Male and Female Seminary, at Fairmont, in Marion County, incorporated March 12, 1856.
60. The Harpers Ferry Female Institute, at Harpers Ferry, in Jefferson County, incorporated March 18, 1856.
61. The Woodburn Female Seminary, at Morgantown, in Monongalia County, incorporated January 4, 1858.
62. The Lewisburg Female Institute, at Lewisburg, in Green- brier County, incorporated April 7, 1858.
63. The Levelton Male and Female College, at Hillsboro, in Pocahontas County, incorporated February 27, 1860.
64. The Union College, at Union, in Monroe County, incor- porated March 28, 1860.
65. The Parkersburg Classical and Scientific Institute, at Parkersburg, in Wood County, incorporated March 18. 1861.
The initial step to the inauguration of the free school system within the present limits of West Virginia was taken November 27th, 1861, when Hon. John Hall, of Mason County, president of the first State Constitutional Convention, sitting at Wheeling, named a committee on education consisting of Gordon Battelle, of Ohio County; William E. Stevenson, of Wood County : Robert Hager, of Boone County; Thomas Trainer, of Marshall County ; James W. Parsons, of Tucker County : William Walker, of Wyoming County, and George Sheetz, of Hampshire County. The first named was made chairman of the committee. He was a Methodist minister and had been principal of the old Northwestern Academy at Carksburg for twelve years. William E. Stevenson, another of the committee, was afterward Governor of West Virginia.
On January 22, 1862, the committee made its report. An amended report followed the 4th of the ensuing month. These reports were incorporated in the first constitution of the State.
West Virginia was admitted into the Union June 20. 1863. and the Legislature convened on that date. Four days later the president of the Senate, John M. Phelps, of Mason County,
-
50
History of West Virginia
appointed the following named gentlemen a committee on education : John E. Atkinson, of Hancock County; Thomas K. McCann, of Greenbrier County ; John B. Bowen, of Wayne County ; Chester D. Hubbard, of Ohio County, and William E. Stevenson, of Wood County. A similar committee was ap- pointed by Spicer Patrick, of Kanawha County, speaker of the House of Delegates, composed of .\. F. Ross, of Ohio County ; S. R. Dawson, of Ritchie County : George C. Bowyer, of Put- nam County : Daniel Sweeny, of Tyler County, and Thomas Copley, of Wayne County. This joint committee formulated the first West Virginia school law, which was passed Decem- ber 10, 1863. This law, entitled "An Act providing for the Establishment of a System of Free Schools," authorized the election of a State Superintendent of Free Schools by the joint vote of both branches of the Legislature ; and on June 1, 1864, William Ryland White, an able educator, was elected for a term of two years.
Thus was inaugurated the free school system of West Virginia. Little progress, however, was made along educa- tional lines until the civil war was ended. But after that- Let the following tables, taken from the official records, tell the tale :
Number of School Houses.
Number of Schools.
Year.
Frame.
Stone.
Brick.
Log.
Total.
High.
Graded.
Common.
Total.
1865
133
5
39
387
431
1866.
412
935
935
1867
342
2
26
332
702
2
26
1,112
1,148
1868
653
7
51
595
1,306
20
1,731
1,756
1869
936
10
68
614
1,618
7
38
2,153
2,198
1870
1,124
17
58
904
2,113
1
74
2,441
2,516
1871
1,127
10
63
859
2,059
3
48
2,272
2,323
1872.
1,290
0
74
8-43
2,216
3
64
2,497
2,546
1873
1,412
10
73
1,097
2,612
2
71
2,785
2,857
1874
1,540
9
72
1,009
2,880
2
85
2,936
3,021
1875
1,630
10
83
1,236
2,959
8
78
3,148
3,233
1876
1,753
11
79
1,284
3.137
5
67
3,269
3,346
1877
1,829
7
84
1,296
3,216
5
65
3,320
3,390
1878
1,905
11
89
1,292
3,297
10
82
3.419
3,514
1879
2,035
0
00
1,342
3,479
8
105
3,612
1 3,725
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History of West Virginia
Number of School Houses.
Number of Schools.
Year.
Frame.
Sione.
Brick.
LOK.
Total.
High.
Graded.
Common.
Total.
1880
2,142
6
03
1,316
3,557
8
103
3,680
3,811
1881
2.260
6
94
1,34-4
3,704
11
93
3,796
3,912
1882
2,362
8
93
1,376
3,839
10
70
3,920
4,028
1883
2,506
110
1,329
3,945
6
124
3,986
4,116
1884
2,648
113
1,336
4,097
7
125
4,120
4,264
1885.
2,819
128
1,212
4,159
13
117
3,918
4,078
1886
2,933
114
1,214
4,260
15
98
4,324
4,437
1887
3,162
122
1,181
4,465
19
100
4,484
4,603
1888
3,299
116
1,152
4,567
25
215
4,578
4,819
1889
3,510
1.24
1,021
4,655
17
130
4,721
4,868
1890
3,680
1.27
1,007
4,814 +
20)
161
4,784
4,784
1891
3,849
1.24
926
4,809
14
150
4,862
5,026
1892
4,022
140
836
5,004
17
145
5,005
5,167
1893
4,266
140
792
5,192
18
173
5,099
5,290
1894
4,456
140
706
5,302
20
192
5,175
5,387
1895
4,606
140
643
5,389
30
244
5,331
5,595
1896
4,750
148
577
5,475
22
180
5,425
5,017
1897
4,949
150
486
5,524
27
142
5,607
5,776
1898
5,059
172
463
5,675
38
289
5,593
5,940
1899
5,224
152
408
5,689
37
489
5,380
5,966
1900.
5,387
184
345
5,916
39
813
5,186
6,058
1901
5,510
176
309
5,995
40
262
5,854
6,156
1902
5,598
186
287
6,021
42
308
5,858
6,208
1903
5,707
188
217
6,112
42
621
5,686
5,349
1904
5,819
198
183
6,200
43
613
5,814 |
6,470
1905
5,920
206
152
6,278
45
785
6,042
6,818
1906
5,983
232
127
6,342
46
761
6,287
7,118
1907
6,058
237
116
6,434
72
1,064
5,833
6,966
1908
6,158
260
95
6,490
73
1,174
5,774
7,021
1909
6,235
270
6,615
85
1,065
5,985
7,135
1910.
6,314
312
6,674
97
1,073
6,131
7,301
191
6,375
312
6,687
114
1,090
5,933
7,137
1912
6,468
323
6,791
116
1,055
5,964
7,135
-
The following table shows the number of pupils attend- ing school each year: the number of teachers employed and their average monthly salary : the average number of months each term, and the total cost of education for each year from 1865 to 1912:
52
History of West Virginia
Year.
Number of
Pupils.
Number of
Teachers.
Teachers' Aver-
age Monthly
Salary.
Average No. of
Months in
Each Term.
Total Cost of Education.
1865
84,418
387
$
.
2,70
$
7,722
1866
118,617
973
31.44
3.12
172,734
1867
115,340
1,222
36.00
3.00
324,517
1868.
127,861
1,810
37.66
3.50
520,852
1869
152,369
2,283
34.11
3.55
575,623
1870
157,788
2,405
34.25
4.12
470,129
1871
162,337
2,468
33.50
3.84
577,719
1872
163,916
2,645
31,01
4.04
536,736
1873
171,793
3,082
31.46
3.86
606,991
1874
170,107
3,342
32.62
4.12
704,768
1875
179,805
3,461
32.90
4.20
763,812
1876.
184,760
3,693
31.52
4.32
786,118
1877
192,606
3,789
31,86
4.13
773,658
1878
201,237
3,747
28.97
4.38
681,818
1879
206,123
4,131
26.64
4.34
709,071
1880
210,113
4,134
28.19
4.50
707,553
1881
213,191
4,287
28.22
4.45
758,475
1882
216,605
4,360
28.77
4.50
865,878
1883.
221,517
4,455
30.22
4.43
947,371
1884
228,185
4,543
30,39
4,55
997,431
1885
236,145
4,811
31.70
4.34
1,043,269
1886.
242,752
4,925
30.71
4.64
1,036,020
1887
249,177
5,089
31.52
4.95
1,087,745
1888
256,360
5,238
33.00
5.10
1,240,650
1889
258,934
5,341
31,38
4.80
1,313,701
1890
266,326
5,491
31.20
4.85
1,293,165
1891
276,332
5,600
31.54
4.95
1,360,694
1892.
276,452
5,747
32.28
5.89
1,436,063
1893.
279,586
5,937
33.63
4.90
1,592,188
1894
282,770
6,115
34.10
5.00
1,616,944
1895
289,274
6,299
34.70
5.00
1,664,452
1896.
296,517
6,454
35.87
5.55
1,817,666
1897.
300,529
6,652
31.66
5.65
1,897,777
1898
302,351
6,808
31.33
5.60
1,960,416
1899
306,154
6,881
31.74
5.40
1,914,733
1900
307,581
7,067
32.39
5.30
2,019,165
1901.
312,124
7,233
30.41
5.80
2,128,612
1902
315,810
7,306
32.04
5.90
2,197,133
1903.
319,729
7,362
32.99
6.15
2,393,555
1904
326,240
7,597
33.56
6.15
2,589,203
1905
332,862
7,636
34.58
6.15
2,744,877
1906
342,060
7,830
36.70
6,25
2,970,455
1907
347,402
8,061
36.30
6.38
3,406,047
1908
351,966
8,282
37.66
6.75
3,925,754
1909
346,265
8,499
39.84
6.78
4,341,972
1910
352,016
8,782
39,90
6.70
4,542,612
1911.
376,710
9,070
46.75
6.75
4,652,174
1912
382,938
9,312
46.66
6.85
5,081,603
Per cent. male attendance, .51; per cent. male teachers, .46; year, 1912; per cent. female attendance, .49; per cent. female teachers, .54; year, 1912.
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History of West Virginia
In 1912 there were 125 high schools in West Virginia, as follows :
First class high schools.
41
Second class high schools.
30
Third class high schools.
39
Not classified
15
Total
125
High School Enrollment, 1911-12.
Four-year schools.
Boys 325
Girls 357
582
Three-year schools.
66
70
136
Two-year schools ..
58
91
149
Graduates, 1911.
270
372
642
Graduates, 1911, going to college.
123
113
236
Pupils completing eighth grade, 1911
948
1,261
2,209
Pupils completing eighth grade, 1911, who
799
1,073
1,872
Men
Women
Total
Number teachers employed, 1911-12
210
217
4.27
Increase over 1910-11.
20
51
71
Certificates Issued Under the Uniform System, 1912.
Uniform Certificates Issued Upon
County
Ones
Twos
Threes Renewals Total Graduation
Barbour
17
74
68
3
162
11
Berkeley
3
40
36
2
81
6
Boone
3
46
67
2
118
Braxton
13
84
78
2
177
6
Brooke
2
23
15
1
41
4
Cabell
7
80
86
3
176
1
Clay
5
37
37
1
80
Doddridge
5
43
69
4
121
5
Fayette
17
146
133
8
304
12
Gilmer
11
153
164
つ
330
6
Grant
3
38
36
5
82
2
Greenbrier
19
118
131
5
273
15
Hampshire
64
65
5
134
2
Hancock
2
26
28
3
59
2
Hardy
1
37
36
1
87
Harrison
4
55
69
1
135
25
Jackson
27
270
256
9
571
3
Jefferson
3
44
32
7
86
24
Kanawha
22
156
148
9
335
14
Lewis
6
62
64
2
134
2
Lincoln
9
95
92
1
197
1
Logan
8
88
90
1
190
25
Marshall
8
73
62
4
147
14
Mason
17
95
70
6
188
3
171
141
9
328
33
Calhoun
58
44
1
112
1
Marion
Total
entered high school fall of 1911
54
History of West Virginia
Uniform Certificates Issued Upon Graduation
County
Ones
Twos
Threes 74
Renewals
Total 172
27
Mineral
14
45
26
5
90
1
Mingo
7
64
59
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