USA > West Virginia > Barbour County > The history of Barbour County, West Virginia, from its earliest exploration and settlement to the present time > Part 32
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RICHMT. The structure of this mountain can be studied to much better advan- tage in Randolph County than in Barbour and Tucker, because in Ran- dolph both the eastern and western flanks remain, while the middle part is scooped out and now forms Tygart's Valley. The western flank is now Rich Mountain; the eastern is Cheat Mountain. The accompanying cut will show the relation which these two mountains bore to the greater mount- ain which once rested between and above them. Cheat Mountain, the S CHEAT MT. eastern base of the old mountain, shows the frag- ments of the old arch very nicely; but that ridge dis- 1 3 2 appears, in its northern course, about the Tucker 3 County line, and from that 5 point through to Maryland SCULPTURE OF TYGART'S VALLEY. (parallel with Laurel Hill)
SALATHIEL L, O'NEAL.
Jas- CWall
RESIDENCE OF JAMES E. HALL,
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MISCELLANIES.
only fragments of the old mountain can be recognized. But the western base can be traced one hundred miles, in Randolph as Rich Mountain; in Barbour and Tucker as Laurel Hill, and in Preston as Briery Mountain. Below Rowlesburg Cheat River, which south of there flows on the east side, breaks through and emerges on the west side. Were the ancient mountain restored, its summit would lie directly over Beverly, over the val- ley of Leading Creek, nearly over Limestone Mountain in Tucker, and over Terra Alta in Preston. Were the mountain thus restored, a person in ascending it from the west side would not be half way to the top when he had reached the present summit of Laurel Hill. It would, perhaps, be superfluous to state that the old mountain has been worn away by the ac- tion of water, mostly by tributaries of Cheat River, in Tucker and Preston, and by Tygart's Valley River in Randolph. The waters flowing from Laurel Hill westward have made comparatively small impression on that ridge, with its capping of hard Pottsville conglomerate rock, which acts as a roof to protect the softer rocks below. It is supposed by some persons, and is not improbable, that when the great arch forming the old mountain was forced up, the strain ruptured the strata along the top, forming a chasm longitudinally with the summit, and that water taking advantage of this channel speedily widened and deepened it, and undermined both sides until in some places the eastern side has well nigh disappeared, while enough of the western side remains to form a respectable mountain (Laurel Hill) and is the dividing ridge between the waters of Cheat and those of the Valley River.
Rocks Nearly Horizontal.
Westward from Laurel Hill, as already stated, the layers of rocks are not much tilted or folded, but lie nearly horizontal. There are some wide, low arches, which have considerable magnitude when taken as a whole, but they are so regular that they do not disturb the general contour of the country. The lowest rock showing on the surface within the county's bord- ers is the Pocono sandstone near the head of Teter's Creek. This rock lies 1022 feet under Philippi, as shown by the log of the oil well near the town. It is known in the Manington oil field as the "Big Injun sand," and some of the best wells in the State are in it. The fact that the Pocono sandstone is on the surface in the southern part of the county, and at Philippi is 1022 feet below the surface, shows that it dips toward the north and west.
Lying just above the Pocono sandstone is the Greenbrier limestone. It
296
MISCELLANIES.
takes its name from Greenbrier County, where it reaches its fullest devel-
€
Formation
Thick. HO SS
UPSHUR
Sandstone
350
PUGH
300
Great conglomerate
400
CANAAN
1200
Greenbrier Limestone
400
POCONO
100
HAMP - SHI RE
0001
Jennings
700
opment, attaining a thickness of 1400 feet. In Barbour it is not more than 150 feet thick. It is sometimes called "Mountain" lime- stone. It is found on high mountains (and sometimes in the valleys) over much of Pocahontas County; it forms the Mingo Flats in Ran- dolph and sweeps in a thick belt from one end of Randolph to
NAME OF FORMATION
Thran
monongahela Series
100
Reclusione Coal
fast
Pittsburg coal
.500
bonemaugh Series
masontown Coal
usher Freeport Cool Lower Freeport Coal Alle ghany Series
9340
Davis Coal Clarion Coal
300
Pottsville Series
Hart coal
mauch Chunk Red Shale
Greenbrier Limestorie
150
Pocono Sandstone
Voo
ROCK-COLUMN IN BARBOUR COUNTY.
ROCK-COLUMN IN RAN- the other, along the faces of Cheat and Rich Mount- DOLPH COUNTY. ains; in Tucker it covers nearly the whole extent of Dry Fork, and following the face of Backbone Mountain, extends to Mary- land; it forms a band entirely around Limestone Mountain, and is a famous rock. Barbour has but a small area of it.
Next above the limestone is the Canaan formation, 250 feet thick. In Pennsylvania it is called the Mauch Chunk Shale. It takes the West Vir- ginia name from Canaan in Tucker County, where it is 750 feet thick.
Next above the Canaan formation is the Pottsville Conglomerate, some- times called the Blackwater formation because of its great development on Black Fork of Cheat, in Tucker County, where it is 645 feet thick. In Up- shur County it is known as the Pickens Sandstone, from its development near Pickens where it is 500 feet thick. In the old geological survey of Virginia, sixty five years ago, it was called "No. 12." In Barbour it is not more than 300 feet thick, but it has played an important part in the county's geography. It forms the crest of Laurel Hill, and being very hard, it has acted as a roof, protecting the softer formations below from erosion. It has been largely instrumental in preserving the mountain from being cutto pieces by the action of the elements. The rock is made up largely of white, water- worn pebbles, which, ages ago, were washed and fretted on a sea- beach before being formed into rock .*
Overlying the Pottsville Conglomerate is found the Alleghany series. It is equivalent to the Savage and Bayard formations, the former named
*See page 75 for further mention of this remarkable rock, the most remarkable from the history of ancient lands which it suggests, of all the rocks of West Virginia.
feet
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MISCELLANIES.
from the Savage River in Maryland, and the latter from the station of Bay- ard on the West Virginia Central Railroad. In Upshur County the two are s known as the Pugh formation. This rock makes cliffs along the Valley River below Belington, and on Roaring Creek.
Overlying the Alleghany series of rocks is the Conemaugh series, which crops out at Philippi, and makes cliffs in that vicinity. The lower portion of it, 150 feet thick, is called the Mahoning sandstone in Pennsyl- vania. In Tucker County it is known as the Fairfax formation, so named from the Fairfax Stone, the corner of Maryland. In Upshur County it is called the Upshur sandstone. The whole Alleghany series in Barbour is about 500 feet thick. The upper half is called the Elk Garden formation in Mineral County, and the Braxton formation in Upshur and Braxton Counties. The same rock, extending over a wide area, has different names in different localities.
Barbour Coyyty
Tucker Co. EIK Garden
10025
Elk Garden/00-
Concmaugh
500
Fairfax
300-
Fairfax
300-
Alleghany
3 40 -
Bayard
450
Bayard
750
Pottsville
300
Savage
150
Savage
150
Mauch Chrick 250
Blackwater
645 3
Blackwater_645
Pocono
700 25
Total - 174 0feet
Canaan
750
bannan
750
Greenbrier 400.
Pocono
89-
Greenbrier 400 Pocono
80
head of Teter's Creek
Hampshire #150
Total - 402 5 feet
Hampshire 2300
The lowest formation in Tucker County is found at Slip Hill four miles north from Parsons.
The topmost layer of rock in Barbour County is only about 100 feet thick, and belongs to the Monongahela series. It caps the hills northeast of Belington, and in the western part of the coun- ty. It lies above the Pitts- burg coal.
It will thus be seen that the total thickness of rock exposed in Bar- Jennings 3300 bour County is about 1740 Diagram of Cliffs feet. That is, if all the Showing the death of Romney 1100, Monterey 300 Erosion in the Counties Lewistown chert 300 of Barbour, Tucker and Lewisform Limestone 1440 Grant, and the Geologic. 550 al Formations which Capon 300 Tuscarora 480 have been cut through layers which the streams have cut through, were piled one upon another, they would from a cliff that high. This is a small Juniata 150- showing in comparison Total 13695 feet. The lowest formation with some other counties in Grant County 13 in Greenland Gap. of the State. For exam- ple, in Tucker County, DIAGRAM SHOWING DEPTHS OF EROSION IN BARBOUR TUCKER AND GRANT COUNTIES, just east, the streams have cut through strata whose aggregate thickness is more than 4000 feet; and in Grant County, just east of Tucker, the depth which erosion has reached is more than 13,000 feet. Nor is that the deepest cut into the earth's crust to be found
Grant Co.
Monongahela
The lowest formation in Barbour County crops out near the
Greenbrier 150
298
MISCELLANIES.
within West Virginia. In Pendleton County nearly 16,000 feet of rock have been cut through, and in Mercer County the depth reached is over 17,000 feet-ten times that of Barbour.
Veins of Coal.
There are nine veins of coal in Barbour County, but they are not all of commercial value. There may be other veins of small size. The Pittsburg coal, eight feet thick, is found on the tops of knobs northeast from Beling- ton, and near the top of some of the hills in the western part of the county. Above this, and within one hundred feet of it, is the Redstone coal, three or four feet thick. About 350 feet below the Pittsburg coal, is the Mason- town vien, from three to five feet thick, mined at Belington. Below this, 150 feet, is the Upper Freeport coal, mined at Philippi, Junior and Roar- ing Creek. It is from four to eight feet thick. The vein is worked at Thomas, in Tucker County. Forty or fifty feet below this is the Lower Freeport coal, found in the bank of the river just below Philippi. The slate and coal together are ten feet thick. About 200 and 300 feet lower are two veins not much developed in Barbour. They are the Davis and Clarion veins.
In the Pottsville Conglomerate is a vien of coal which in some places is worth mining and in others is not. The Hart Mine on the Buckhannon pike, five miles west of Beverly, is in this vein; and it is mined on Backbone Mountain in Tucker County, but little attention has been given to it in Bar- bour. There is a vein of cannel coal on Beaver Creek, not developed ..
"Captive Watercourses."
In the process of chiseling out the valleys and mountains, whereby the whole appearance of a landscape may be changed in the course .of long ages, it sometimes happens that streams are turned aside from their orig- inal channels, and the water is carried off in an opposite direction. An ex- ample of this is found in Barbour County. Indian Fork of Elk, and all the tributaries of Elk above the mouth of Indian Fork former. Philippi ly emptied into the Valley Spalick EIK * River a short distance above Elk City creek Philippi. They now reach the Shook Run Pike West Fork at Clarskburg. By Valley R. 62 consulting a map it will be Indian Fork seen that Indian Fork and the Buckhannon Mutton Run ELK Creek main stream of the Elk have their sources five or six miles Mt. Vernon Chur AVE west of the Valley River, and that they flow eastwardly, di- rectly toward the river until they approach within a short distance of it, and then, as In- MAP OF FLATWOOD AND VICINITY.
299
MISCELLANIES.
dian Fork and Elk unite, they turn back toward the west-northwest, and flow in a direction almost opposite to the former course and reach the West Fork at Clarksburg. Thus, the streams which once were tributaries of the Valley River are now tributaries of Elk. They are what geologists call "captive watercourses." The process. by which Elk was able to cut them off and divert them from their former channels is easily understood when a few facts concerning the geological history of the region between Phil- ippi and Clarksburg are taken into consideration. The inquiry takes us back many thousand years and deals only with well-established geological truths written in the countour and sculpture of the region as it now exists.
During one of the later periods of geology, long after the close of the Carboniferous age, the country between Philippi and Clarksburg, as well as on all sides round, was more nearly level than now. Then the bed of the river at Philippi and the bed of the West Fork at Clarksburg were practi- cally at the same altitude above the sea, and were both probably lower than they are now. Today the river at Philippi is nearly 400 feet higher than the West Fork at Clarksburg. At the time under discussion the divide be- tween the waters of the West Fork and those of the Valley River was as far west as Elk City, or probably further west. A change took place, how- ever, which has pushed the divide eastward until now it is in several places within a mile of the bed of the Valley River, and in some places not half a mile distant.
This change is a result of a tilting of the region. An uplift raised the country along the Valley River several hundred feet and tilted it toward the northwest. Thus, the streams tributary to the West Fork were made to flow down a steeper incline. They began to cut deeper channels because of the increased power given by their steeper gradients. As they deep- ened their gorges they wore the divide back toward the east, encroaching rapidly upon the headwaters of the streams emptying into the Valley River. At that time Elk was a shorter stream than now. Its source was at the divide near Elk City. But it deepened its channel and lengthened its course by cutting through the old divide and pushing the new water- shed further and further east until today it has approached in places within less than a mile of Valley River.
With what has been said it is easily understood by what process it intercepted creeks flowing east. Its deeper gorge cut across their courses and diverted their water toward the west. Indian Fork was first cut off, and then Mutton Run, or as it is called in its lower course, Elk. All the headwaters of Elk Creek formerly flowed into the Valley River.
Those who look for the old channel by which those creeks reached the river must bear in mind that an immense period of time must be taken into account. What was then the surface of the country has been worn entirely away, and in places cut to great depths. The channel of the river has
300
MISCELLANIES.
probably been lowered as much as 300 feet since then. In this cutting and chiseling of the surface of the landscape, it would be little less than miracu- lous if any part of the old channel should remain. However, there is strong evidence and much probability for locating it through the wide gap in the divide on the farm of of Jacob Shank, about three miles southwest of Phil- ippi, in that region called "Flatwood." The flatness of the region is due to the fact that it occupies the old valley through which Indian Fork and the upper tributaries of Elk once flowed on their way to the Valley River. This old valley (now on top of a moun- tain) has been much cut and disfigured by gullies, ravines and brooks which have de- stroyed what was once a level valley floor; but even yet the general level appeals at once to the eye when seen from such distance that the local irregularities are obscured.
Instances of the capture of SECTION OF PRE-HISTORIC VALLEY OF ELK AT FLATWOOD. portions of the drainage of one river basin by streams of another are met with in other parts of West Virginia. Glady Fork and Spruce Fork, in Upshur County, formerly emptied into the Buckhannon River, but they have been cut off and diverted by the encroaching channel of Stone Coal Creek, and now follow that stream to the West Fork at Weston. Another instance is found further south, where Laurel Creek, Cow Run and Get Out Run, formerly tributaries of French Creek, emptying into the Buckhannon, have been intercepted by streams emptying into the Little Kanawha. The same tilting of the region toward the northwest which caused Elk Creek to cut back nearly to the Valley River, was also responsible for the encroach- ing of Stone Coal Creek and the sources of the Little Kanawha upon the waters of the Buckhannon.
The same conditions still exist and the same agencies are still active; and so sure as the conditions continue, that sure will Elk Creek cut back the divide toward the channel of Valley River. Already it has cut the di- vide away and pushed it eastward fully five miles. The question may well be asked, what will happen if the watershed is pushed back a little further? One more mile toward the east will cut off the Valley River, and divert its waters, by way of Elk Creek, to the West Fork at Clarksburg. And that will happen as surely as effect follows cause. But no one now living need feel alarm. The present owners of the fine farms along the valley of Elk Creek that are destined to be torn out and carried down the West Fork,
301
MISCELLANIES.
have no occasion for anxiety. A thousand centuries will pass before the floods of the Valley River will leave their ancient channel and pursue their new course down the valley of Elk Creek.
Masonic Lodges in Barbour,
There have been two Masonic lodges in Barbour County, the first, Bigelow Lodge, No. 28, organized November 19, 1849, and ceasing to exist at the breaking out of the Civil War; and Bigelow Lodge No. 52, organized April 16, 1870. A portion of the minutes of the meeting held November 19, 1849, is in the following words:
Whereas, a dispensation was received from the Most Worshipful James Points, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons of the State of Vir- ginia, appointing John S. Carlile Worshipful Master, Thomas B. Curtis Senior Warden, and Benjamin F. Lewis Junior Warden, authorizing the said brethren to open and hold a lodge at Philippi, Virginia, by virtue of which dispensation they held their first com- munication on November 19 A. D. 1849, A. L. 5849. Present, John S. Carlile, W. M., Thomas B. Curtis, S. W., Benjamin F. Lewis, J. W., Stephen M. Holt, S. D., John Clark, J. D., Moses Shehan, Tiler.
The first members initiated were William E. Herndon and Nathan H. Taft. The next day another meeting was held at which Granville E. Jarvis was initiated and Mr. Herndon and Mr. Taft were passed to the degree of Fellow Craft. The first meeting under the charter was held April 10, 1850. There were a number of visitors present from Morgantown, Clarksburg and elsewhere. At that meeting Edwin D. Wilson and Elam D. Talbott were initiated. At the meeting held June 15, 1850, Michael Crim was admitted as a member, and the following officers were elected: John S. Carlile, W. M; Stephen M. Holt, S. W .; William E. Herndon, J. W .; Elam D. Talbott, Treasurer; Edwin D. Wilson, Secretary; Nathan H. Taft, S. D .; Granville E. Jarvis, J. D., Michael Crim, Tiler. There are no minutes of the lodge meeting from October 15, 1850, to July 20, 1852. At that date the officers were, Elam D. Talbott, W. M .; Michael Crim, S. W .; William Johnson, J. W .; Stephen M. Holt, Treasurer; Nathan H. Taft, Secretary; Granville E. Jarvis, S. D .; Rezin B. Wilson, J. D .; Thomas B. Curtis, Tiler. From this date until the record closes the officers were as follows:
1853.
Michael Crim, W. M. William Johnson, S. W. Granville E. Jarvis, J. W. - Stephen M. Holt, Treas. 1854.
William Johnson, W. M. Nathan H. Taft, S. W. Rezin B. Wilson, J. W. Stephen M. Holt, Treas.
Nathan H. Taft, Sec. Rezin B. Wilson, S. D. Thomas B. Curtis, J. D. Elam D. Talbott, Tiler.
Samuel Woods, Sec. William McClaskey, S. D. Elam D. Talbott, J. D. Michael Crim, Tiler.
302
MISCELLANIES.
1855.
Nathan H. Taft, W. M. Fou Samuel Woods, J. W. Henry D. Auvil, S. D. Stephen M. Holt, Treas.
John P. Thompson, Sec. Charles B. Hall, J. D. William Johnson, Tiler.
1856.
Samuel Woods, W. M. Charles B. Hall, S. W. Stephen M. Holt, J. W. Elam D. Talbott, Treas.
John C. Byrer, Sec. J. P. Thompson, S. D. Henry D. Auvil, J. D. Nathan H. Taft, Tiler.
1857.
Nathan H. Taft, W. M. J. P. Thompson, S. W.
John C. Byrer, Sec. Elam D. Talbott, S. D. William Johnson, J. D.
William McClaskey, J. W. Stephen M. Holt, Treas. Samuel Woods, Tiler.
When the Federal soldiers entered Philippi in June, 1861, there was much confusion. Some of the citizens who hurriedly departed for the South carried with them what they considered most valuable. In that confusion some of the records of the Masonic Lodge were lost never to be recovered. The die of the seal of the lodge was not heard of for twenty-five years when it was found in the road near Graysville, Ohio, and the person who found it had sold it to I. A. Wilcox of that place, and it finally was returned to its lawful owners. One book containing the minutes of the lodge from 1858 till the war, has never been found. The earlier book, however, was recov- ered, with the following note written in it.
June 26, 1861. This book was taken from some rubbish and preserved for its proper owner. Therefore, in the absence of the proper person to receive it, I pass it for safe keeping to Squire Grant and I feel fully convinced that he will place it in the hands of its proper guardians.
JAMES H. M. JENKINS, Assistant Provost Marshal.
Before the book reached the hands of its proper owners, it appears to have been used as a record book in the military camp at Philippi, as the following entries indicate.
Edward F. Grant enters a complaint against Colonel McCook's 9th Ohio Regiment for breaking into the houses and gardens of Haynes and Hovatter, June 25, 1 p. m.
June 25. Two privates in the guard house for crossing dam without a pass.
Two o'clock. Two privates in the guard house for stealing glassware and vegetables. Three o'clock. Four men in the guard house for theft. Discharged.
Ninety-six men in guard house for breaking into dwellings and houses.
The following list of members took the three degrees in the Bigelow Lodge No. 28, between the organization of the lodge till sometime in the year 1858. No later record of that lodge exists, and there were other mem- bers who joined later, but whose names cannot now be obtained.
William E. Henderson Nathan H. Taft
Elam D. Talbott Edwin D. Wilson
Granville E. Jarvis
Isaac H. Thompson
Sincerely yours, Will Allen &
-
MISCELLANIES.
William Johnson
Benjamin W. Kirk
Charles B. Hall Samuel Woods
John W. Reger
William McClaskey
Benjamin McCoy
John Stalnaker
John P. Thompson Alfred Lester
William P. Woodruff
Henry D. Auvil
Samuel Jones E. C. Marple
Rezin B. Wilson William Biggs Charles W. Parrott
John C. Byrer Wilson Swindler James W. Haines
Joseph N. B. Crim
James A. Grace
Daniel M. Auvil
Alexander Johnson
F. H. J. King
Lamar M. Hoff
Charles B. Willis
Fenelon Howes
James Teter
John R. Williamson Joseph Teter, Jr.
Philip Digman Zebedee Warner
305
The present lodge was established April 16, 1870. Those present were William Johnson, W. M., John P. Thompson, S. W., Elam D. Talbott, J. W., and John R. Williamson, Granville E. Jarvis, William McClaskey, Philip Digman, James A. Grant, C. F. Hanshaw, James E. Jett and Samuel Wood. The visitors were John J. Davis, John Bassell and Benjamin F. Martin. The officers elected were William McClaskey, treasurer, Samuel Woods, secretary, C. F. Hanshaw, junior deacon and J. E. Jett, tiler.
Samuel Woods was appointed to constitute the lodge under the charter granted in 1872, and on February 3, 1873, assisted by W. H. Purkey and Marion F. Hall, this was done, and William Johnson was installed W. M .; John P. Thompson, S. W., and E. D. Talbott J. W. The list of officers was completed by electing William McClaskey, treasurer; Samuel Woods, sec- retry; Marion F. Hall, S. D .; Granville A. Grant, J. D., and Ballard Shaffer, tiler. Following is the list of officers of the lodge:
Officers of Bigelow Lodge.
Worshipful Master-1872 William Johnson, 1873 Samuel Woods, 1874 Job H. Glasscock, 1875 T. A. Bradford, 1876-7 L. C. Elliott, 1878 M. F. Hall, 1879 T. P. R. Brown, 1880-81 James M. Woodford, 1882 to '84 and '91-2 A. D. W. Strickler, 1885 J. E. Hall, 1886 Robert M. Strickler, 1887 C. F. Teter, 1888 John M. Simpson, 1889 M. F. Hall, 1890 Jacob M. Proudfoot, 1893 N. I. Hall, 1894 G. A. Byrer, 1895 B. H. Woodford, 1896 A. S. Bradford, 1897 J. W. Talbott, 1898 C. B. Williams, 1899 L. D. Robinson.
Senior Warden-1872 John P. Thompson, 1873 Job H. Glascock, 1874 T. A. Bradford, 1875 L. C. Elliott, 1876-7 T. P. R. Brown, 1878 R. M. Strickler, 1879 and 1883 J. M. Woodford, 1880 G. A. Grant, 1881 A. D. W. Strickler, 1882 and '84 J. E. Hall, 1885 G. A. Byrer, 1886 C. F. Teter, 1887 and 1894 B. H. Woodford, 1888 M. F. Hall, 1889 J. M. Proudfoot, 189) W. A. Williamson, 1891 and '93 John T. Reger, 1892 Monzell M. Hoff, 1895 A. S. Bradford, 1896 J. W. Talbott, 1897 N. I. Hall, 1898 L. D. Robinson, 1899 R. H. Woodford.
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MISCELLANIES.
Junior Warden-1872 E. D. Talbott, 1873 M. F. Hall, 1874, 1883 and 1886 L. C. Elliott, 1875 T. P. R. Brown, 1876-'77 I. V. Johnson, 1878 Perry Marteney, 1879 G. A. Grant, 1880 C. W. Proudfoot, 1881 J. E. Hall, 1882 J. D. Corder, 1884 and '94 A. S. Bradford, 1885 C. F. Teter, 1887 John W. Simpson, 1888 J. M. Proudfoot, 1889 W. A. Williamson, 1890 John T. Reger, 1891-2 N. I. Hall, 1893 C. C. Douglas, 1895 Guy C. Elliott, 1896 L. D. Robin- son, 1898 R. H. Woodford, 1899 Richard E. Talbott.
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