USA > Alaska > Alaska, the great country > Part 33
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This famous trading post was short-lived. In 1851 it was attacked by a band of savage Chilkahts and was sur- rendered, without resistance, by Mr. Campbell, who had but two men with him at the time. They were not molested by the Indians, who plundered and burned the warehouses and forts.
Only the chimneys of the fort were found by Lieuten- ant Schwatka in 1883. As late as 1890 this point was considered the head of navigation on the Yukon.
In 1847 Fort Yukon was established by Mr. A. II. McMurray, of the Hudson Bay Company. Following MeMurray and Campbell, came Joseph Harper, Jack McQuesten, and A. H. Mayo, who established a trading post on the Yukon at Fort Reliance, six miles below the mouth of the Klondike.
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In 1860 Robert Kennicott reached Fort Yukon, and in the following spring descended to a point that was for several years known as "the Small Houses" - the most attractive name in the Yukon country. In 1865 an ex- pedition was organized in San Francisco by the Western Union Telegraph Company for the purpose of building a telegraph line from San Francisco to Behring Strait - which was to be crossed by cable to meet the Russian government line at the mouth of the Amoor River. One party, headed by Robert Kennicott, was sent by ocean to the mouth of the Yukon ; and another, in charge of Michael Byrnes, up the inside route to the Stikine River. Going from that river to the head waters of the Taku, they followed the chain of lakes and the Hootalinqua River to the Lewes, which they reached on the Tahco Arm of Lake Tagish. At that time it became known that the Atlantic cable had proven to be a success, and the daring and hazardous northern project was abandoned.
As late as the date of this expedition it was not deter- mined positively whether the Kwihkpak was one of the mouths of the Yukon, or a separate river. Upon the re- call of the telegraph expedition, the only portion of the great river that had not been explored was the short distance between Lake Tagish and Lake Lebarge.
There have been several claimants for the honor of having been the first white man to cross the divide be- tween Lynn Canal and the head waters of the Yukon. The first was a mythological, nameless Scotchman em- ployed by the Hudson Bay Company, who is supposed to have reached Fort Selkirk in 1864, and to have proceeded alone over the old "grease-trail" of the Chilkahts to Lynn Canal. He fell into the hands of the Indians and was held until ransomed by the captain of the Labouchere. Because he had long, flowing locks of red hair, he was supposed to be a kind of white shaman, and his life was
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spared by the savages. This story is doubted by many authorities.
The honor was claimed, also, by George Holt, who is known to have crossed one of the passes in 1872, and twice in later years. James Wynn, of Juneau, went over in 1879 and returned in 1880.
About this time the Indians seemed to realize that pack- ing over the trail might become more profitable than act- ing as middlemen between the coast Indians and those of the interior. In 1881 and 1882 small parties of miners, and even one or two travelling alone, crossed unmolested. In 1883 Lieutenant Schwatka had his outfit packed over the Dyea-Taiya, or Dayay, it was then called-Trail ; and then, dismissing his packers, built rafts and made his perilous way down the unknown river - portaging, " shooting " the Grand Canyon, White Horse, and Rink Rapids, sticking on sand-bars, almost dying of mosquitoes, and, saddest of all for us who come after him, naming every object that met his eyes with the deplorable taste of Vancouver.
Of a river, called Kut-lah-cook-ah by the Chilkahts, he complacently remarks: -
" I shortened its name and called it after Professor Nourse, of the United States Naval Observatory."
Nourse, Saussure, Perrier, Payer, Bennett, Wheaton, Prejevalsky, Richards, Watson, Nares, Bove, Marsh, MeClintock, Miles, Richthofen, Hancock, d'Abbadie, Daly, Nordenskiold, Von Wilczek ; these be the choice namings that he bestowed upon the beautiful objects along the Yukon. It is, perhaps, a cause for thankfulness that he did not rename the Yukon Schwatka or Ridderbjelka ! However, many of his namings have died a natural death.
The name Yukon is said to have first been applied to the river in 1846 by Mr. J. Bell, of the Hudson Bay Company, who went over from the Mackenzie and de-
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scended the Porcupine to the great river which the In- dians called Yukon. He retained the name, although for some time it was spelled Youkon. For this, may he ever be of blessed memory. I should like to contribute to a monument to perpetuate his name and fame.
To-day Fort Selkirk is of some importance as a trading post and because of the successful farming of the vicinity, and all passing steamers call there. Joseph Harper was located there at the time of George Carmack's brilliant discovery of gold on Bonanza Creek, in August, 1896. Harper and Joseph Ladue, who was settled as a trader at Sixty-Mile, immediately transferred their stocks to the junction of the Yukon, Klondike, and Bonanza, and estab- lished the town which they named Dawson, in honor of Dr. George M. Dawson.
In 1887 Mr. William Ogilvie headed a Canadian ex- ploring party into the Yukon. His boats were towed up to Taiya Inlet by the United States naval vessel Pinta ; and while waiting there for supplies, he, having asked for, and received, authority from Commander Newell, made surveys at the heads of the inlets. It was only through the intercession of the commander, furthermore, that Mr. Ogilvie was permitted by the Chilkahts to proceed over the pass. "I am strongly of the opinion," Mr. Ogilvie says in his report, "that these Indians would have been much more difficult to deal with if they had not known that Commander Newell remained in the inlet to see that I got through in safety."
Miners had been going over the trail for several years, but the Chilkahts were enraged at the British because em- ployees of the Hudson Bay Company had killed some of their tribe.
In the meantime Dr. George M. Dawson, heading an- other Dominion party, was working along the Stikine River.
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Dr. Dawson and Mr. Ogilvie-afterward governor of Yukon territory -made extensive surveys and explora- tions throughout the Yukon district; their reports upon the country are voluminous, thorough, and of much in- terest. They were both men of superior attainments, and their influence upon the country and upon the people who rushed into the new mining district was great. To-day the name of ex-Governor Ogilvie is heard more frequently in the Klondike than that of any other person, even though his residence is elsewhere. He served as governor during the reckless and picturesque days when to be a governor meant to be a man in the highest sense of the word.
CHAPTER XLIII
DAWSON ! It was a name to stir men's blood ten years ago, - a wild, picturesque, lawless mining-camp, whose like had never been known and never will be known again.
All kinds and conditions of men and women were rep- resented. Miners, prospectors, millionnaires, adventurers, wanderers, desperadoes ; brave-hearted, earnest women, dissolute dance-hall girls, and, more dangerous still, the quiet, seductive adventuress-they were all there, side by side, tent by tent, cabin by cabin.
Almost daily new discoveries were made and stampedes occurred. Every little creek flowing into the Klondike was found rich in gold. The very names that these creeks received- All-Gold, Too-Much-Gold, Gold-Bottom -turned men's blood to fire. The whole country seemed to have gone mad of excitement and the lust for gold. The white mountain passes grew black with struggling human beings-fighting, falling, rising, fighting on. It was like the blind stampeding of crazed animals upon a plain ; nothing could check them save exhaustion or death. When the fever burned out in one and left him low, an- other sprang to take his place. Dawson, like Skaguay, grew from dozens to hundreds in a day; from hundreds to thousands; tents gave place to cabins; cabins, to sub- stantial frame buildings.
Ah, to have been there in the old days! Who would not have suffered the early hardships, paid the price, and paid it cheerfully, for the sake of seeing the life and being a part of it before it was too late?
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Now it is forever too late. The glory of what it once was is all that remains. To-day Dawson is so quiet, so dull, so respectable, that one unconsciously yawns in its face.
But men's eyes still kindle when their memories of old days are stirred.
"They were great times," they say, looking at one another.
" They could only come onee. They were times of blood and gold ; of dance and song; of glitter and show -and starvation and death. We worked all day and danced or gambled all night. Our only passions were for women and gold. If we couldn't get the women we wanted, the men that did get 'em fought their way to 'em, inch by inch; if we couldn't dig the gold out of the earth, we got it in some other way.
"All the best buildings were occupied by saloons. Every saloon had a dance-hall in the back of it; not that the girls had to keep to their quarters, either-they had the run of the whole shebang. Every saloon had its gambling rooms, too-unless the tables and games were right out in the open. I tell you, it was tough. You can't begin to understand the situation unless you'd been here. There wasn't a hotel nor a corner where a man could go in and get warm except in a saloon- and with the thermometer fooling in the neighborhood of fifty below, he didn't stand around outside with his hands in his pockets, not to any great extent. Most likely his pockets was naturally froze shut, anyhow, and the only way he could get 'em thawed out was to go into a saloon. That thawed 'em quick enough. It not only thawed 'em out; it most gen'rally thawed 'em wide open.
"I tell you, the worst element in a mining-eamp is women. They follow a man and console him when he's
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down on his luck; they follow him through thick and thin; and they get such a hold on him that, when he wants to get back to decent ways and decent women, he just naturally can't do it. Young fellows don't real- ize it. They don't see it being done; they see it after it is done and can't be undone.
" As soon as the mounted police took holt of Daw- . son, with Inspector Constantine at the head, there was a sure change. Still, even the mounted-police doctrine does have some drawbacks. I noticed they couldn't make the post-office clerks turn out letters unless you slipped two-three dollars into their outstretched hands. I noticed that."
To-day Dawson is a pretty, clean-streeted town built of log and frame buildings. In the hottest summer the earth never thaws deeper than eighteen inches, and no foundation can be obtained for brick buildings. For the same reason plastering is not advisable, the uneven freezing and thawing proving ruinous to both brick and plaster.
The first objects to greet the visitor's eyes are the large buildings of the great commercial and transpor- tation companies of the North, along the bank of the river. Passing through these one finds one's self upon a busy, but unconventional, thoroughfare. Dawson is built solidly to the hill, extending about a mile along the water-front; and the most attractive part of the town is the village of picturesque log cabins climbing over the lower slopes of the hill. They are not large, but they are all built with the roof extending over a wide front porch. The entire roof of each cabin is covered several inches deep with earth, and at the time of our visit - the first week of August - these roofs were grown with brilliant green grasses and flowers to a height of from twelve to eighteen inches. They were literally cov-
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ered with the bloom of a dozen or more varieties of wild flowers. Every window had its flaming window- box; every garden, its gay beds; and there were even boxes set on square fence posts and running the entire length of fences themselves, from which vines drooped and trailed and flowers blew. Standing at the river and looking toward the hill, the whole town seemed a mass of bloom sloping up to the green, which, in turn, sloped on up to the blue.
We had heard so much about the exorbitant prices of the Klondike, that we were simply speechless when a very jolly, sandy-haired Scotch gentleman offered to take our two steamer trunks, three heavy suit cases, and two shawl- straps to the hotel which we had blindly chosen, for the sum of two dollars. We had expected to pay five; and when he first asked two and a half, we stood as still as though turned to stone - and all for joy. He, how- ever, evidently mistaking our silence, doubtless felt the prick of the stern conscience of his ancestors, for he hastily added : -
" Well, seeing you're ladies, we'll call it an even two."
We agreed to the price coldly, pretending to consider it an outrage.
" My name is Angus McDonald," said he, with re- proach. " When a McDonald says that his price is the lowest in the town, his word may be taken. If you come to Dawson twenty years from now, Angus will be standing here waiting to handle your baggage at the lowest price."
We gave him our keys and he attended to all the cus- toms details for us. We had left Seattle on the evening of the 24th of July; had stopped for several hours at Ketchikan, Wrangell, Metlakahtla, Juneau, Treadwell, and Taku Glacier; a day and a night at Skaguay ; two nights and a day at White Horse ; had made short pauses at Selkirk and Lower Lebarge - to say nothing of hours
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spent in " wooding-up," which is a picturesque and sure feature of Yukon voyages; and at noon on the fifth day of August we were settled at the "Kenwood "-the dearest hotel at which it has ever been my good fortune to tarry even for a day. I do not mean the most stylish, nor the most elegant, nor even the most comfortable; nor do I mean the dearest in price; but the dearest to my heart. It is kept in a neat, cheerful, and homelike style by Miss Kinney - who had almost as many malamute puppies, by the way, as she had guests.
When we gave Mr. Angus McDonald our keys, it was not quite decided as to our hotel; but when we learned that we were sufficiently respectable in appearance to be accepted by Miss Kinney, we telephoned for our trunks. Then we forgot all about paying for them, and set out for a walk. When we returned, luncheon was being served ; our trunks were in our rooms, but - Mr. Angus Mc- Donald had gone off with our keys! We did not know then what we know now ; that Mr. Angus McDonald and his retained keys are a Dawson joke. It seems that when- ever one does not pay in advance for the delivery of his trunks, Mr. McDonald drives away with the keys in his pocket, whistling the merriest of Scotch tunes.
The joke has its embarrassments, particularly when one has descended to the Grand Canyon of the Yukon in a sand-slide.
The traveller in Alaska who desires to retain his own self-respect and that of his fellow-man will never criticise a price nor ask to have it reduced. He is expected to contribute liberally to every church he enters, every Indian band he hears play, every charitable institution that may present its merits for his consideration, every purse that may be made up on steamers, whatsoever its object may be. Fees are from fifty cents to five dollars. A waiter on a Yukon steamer threw a quarter back at a
Copyright by F. H. Nowell, Seattle
FAMILY OF KING'S ISLAND ESKIMOS LIVING ENDER SKIN BOAT, NOME
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man who had innocently slipped it into his hand. Later, I saw him in the centre of a group of angry waiters and cabin-boys to whom he was relating his grievance.
Since one is constantly changing steamers, and has a waiter, a cabin-boy, a night-boy, and frequently a stewardess to fee on each steamer, this must be counted as one of the regular expenses of the trip.
Other expenses we found to be greatly exaggerated on the "outside." Aside from our amusing experience with soap-bubble soda at White Horse and a bill for eight dol- lars and fifty cents for the poor pressing of three plain dress skirts and one jacket at Nome, we found nothing to criticise in northern prices.
The best rooms at the " Kenwood " were only two dollars a day, and each meal was one dollar-whether one ate little or whether one ate much. It was always the latter with us ; for I have never been so hungry except at Ben- nett. I am convinced that the climate of the Yukon will cure every disease and every ill. We walked miles each day, drank much cold, pure water, and ate much whole- some, well-cooked, delicious food - including blueberries three times a day ; and our sleep was sound, sweet, and refreshing.
Dawson has about ten thousand inhabitants now; it once had twice as many, and it will have again. Mining in the Klondike is in the transition stage. It is passing from the individual owners to large companies and cor- porations which have ample capital to install expensive machinery and develop rich properties. It is the history of every mining district, and its coming to the Klondike was inevitable. Its first effect, however, is always "to ruin the camp."
" Dawson's a camp no longer," said one who "went in" in 1897, sadly. "It's all spoiled. The individual miner has let go and the monopolists are coming in to take his
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place. The good days are things of the past. Pretty soon they'll be giving you change when you throw down two-bits for a lead pencil !" he concluded, with a lofty scorn - as much as to say : " It will then be time to die."
Dawson is connected with the "outside " by telegraph. It has two daily newspapers, - which are metropolitan in style, - an electric-light plant, and a telephone system. Its streets are graded and sidewalked, and it is piped for water ; but its lack of systematized sewerage -or what might be more appropriately called its systematized lack of sewerage - is an abomination. It is, however, not alone in its unsanitation in this respect, for Nome follows its example.
Both homes and public buildings are of exceeding plain- ness of style, owing to the excessive cost of building in a region bounded by the Arctic Circle. The interiors of both, however, are attractive and luxurious in finish and furnishings ; and owing to the sway of the mounted police, the town has an air of cleanliness and orderliness that is admirable.
A creditable building holds the post-office and customs office, and there is a public school building which cost fifty thousand dollars. The handsome administration building, standing in a green, park-like place, cost as much. There is a large court-house, the barracks of the mounted police, and other public buildings. Only the ruins remain of the executive mansion on the bank of the river, which was destroyed by fire two years ago and has not been rebuilt. It was the pride of Dawson. It was a large residence of pleasing architecture, lighted by electricity and finished throughout in British Columbia fir in natural tones. It contained the governor's private office, palatial reception rooms and parlors, a library, a noble hall and stairway, a state dining room, a billiard room and smoking room, and spacious chambers.
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The governor's office in the administration building is large and handsomely furnished. The commissioner of Yukon Territory is called by courtesy governor, and the present commissioner, Governor Henderson, is a gentle- man of distinguished presence and courtly manners. He had just returned from an automobile tour of inspection among " the creeks."
Governors, elegant executive mansions and offices, and automobile tours - where eleven years ago was nothing but the creeks and the virgin gold which brought all that is there to-day ! We did not rebel at anything but the automobile; somehow, it jarred like an insult. An auto- mobile up among the storied creeks!
There is a railroad, also, on which daily trains are run for a distance of twenty miles through the mining dis- trict. Six and eight horse stages will make the trip in one day for a party of six for fifty dollars.
Thirty dollars is first asked. When that price is found to be satisfactory, it is immediately discovered that the small stage is engaged or out of repair ; a larger one must be used, for which the price is forty dollars. When this price is agreed upon, some infirmity is discovered in the second stage; a third must be substituted, for whose all-day use tlie price is fifty dollars. If one cares to see the "cricks," with no assurance that he will stumble upon a clean-up, at this price, he meekly takes his seat and is jolted up into the hills, paying a few dollars extra for his meals.
He may, however, take an hour's walk up Bonanza Creek and see the great dredges at work and the steam- pipes thawing the frozen gravel ; and if he should voyage on down to Nome, he may take an hour's run by railway out on the tundra and see thirty thousand dollars sluiced out any day. Almost anything is preferable to the "graft " that is worked by the stage companies upon the helpless cheechacos at Dawson.
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The British Yukon is an organized territory, having a commissioner, three judges, and an executive legislature, of whose ten members five are elected and five appointed. The governor is also appointed. He presides over the sessions of the legislature, giving the appointed members a majority of one.
The Yukon has a delegate in parliament, a gold com- missioner, a land agent, and a superintendent of roads. Three-fourths of the population of the territory are Ameri- cans, yet the town has a distinctly English, or Canadian, atmosphere. In incorporated towns there is a tax levy on property for municipal purposes.
Order is preserved by the well-known organization of Northwest Mounted Police, whose members might be recognized anywhere, even when not in uniform, by their stern eyes, set lips, and peculiar carriage.
The first station of mounted police in the Yukon was established at Forty-Mile, or Fort Cudahy, in 1895, when the discovery of gold was creating a mild excitement. Although so many boasts have been made by the British of their early settlement of the Yukon, not only was Mr. Ogilvie compelled to cross in 1887 under protection of the American Commander Newell, but in 1895 the men- bers of the first force of mounted police to come into the country were forced to ascend the Yukon, by special per- mission of the United States government, so difficult were all routes through Yukon Territory.
There are at the present time about sixty police stations in the territory, as well as garrisons at Dawson and White Horse. The smaller stations have only three men. They are scattered throughout the mining country, wherever a handful of men are gathered together. Be- tween Dawson and White Horse, where travel is heavy, a weekly patrol is maintained, and a careful register is kept of all boats and passengers going up or down the river.
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On the winter trail passengers are registered at each road house, with date of arrival and departure, making it easy to locate any traveller in the territory at any time. In the larger towns the mounted police serve as police officers ; they also assist the customs officers and fill the offices of police magistrate and coroner. A police launch to patrol the river in summer has been recommended.
Dawson is laid out in rectangular shape, with streets about seventy feet wide and appearing wider because the buildings are for the most part low. In 1897 town lots sold for five thousand dollars, when there was nothing but tents on the flat at the mouth of the Klondike. The half- dollar was the smallest piece of money in circulation, as the quarter is to-day. Saw-mills were in operation, and dressed lumber sold for two hundred and fifty dollars a thousand feet. Fifteen dollars a day, however, was the ordinary wage of men working in the mines ; so that such prices as fifty cents for an orange, two dollars a dozen for eggs, and twenty-five cents a pound for potatoes did not seem exorbitant.
There are rival elaimants for the honor of the first discovery of gold on the Klondike, but George Carmack is generally eredited with being the fortunate man. In August, 1896, he and the Indians . Skookum Jim " and "Tagish Charlie,"- Mr. Carmack's brothers-in-law- were fishing one day at the mouth of the Klondike River. (This river was formerly called Thron-Dieuck, or Troan-Dike.) Not being successful, they concluded to go a little way up the river to prospect. On the six- teenth day of the month they deteeted signs of gold on what has since been named Bonanza Creek ; and from the first pan they washed out twelve dollars. They staked a " discovery " claim, and one above and below it, as is the right of discoverers.
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