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Gc 979.1 F22h v. 2 1714345
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 01115 1401
1
EXPLORE U. S.
The Steamboat "Explorer" in which Lieutenant Ives, in 1858, Ascended the Colorado to the Foot of Black Canyon.
HISTORY
OF
ARIZONA
BY
THOMAS EDWIN FARISH, ARIZONA HISTORIAN
VOLUME II
PHOENIX, ARIZONA
1915
COPYRIGHT 1915, BY THOMAS EDWIN FARISH, ARIZONA HISTORIAN
THE FILMER BROTHERS ELECTROTYPE COMPANY TYPOGRAPHERS AND STEREOTYPERS SAN FRANCISCO
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
THE STEAMER "EXPLORER" Frontispiece D. E. CONNER . Facing Page 145
PETER KITCHEN Facing Page 195
SAMUEL C. HUGHES Facing Page 210
THOMAS JONATHAN JEFFORDS
Facing Page 228
CHARLES H. MEYER
Facing Page 240
SAMUEL C. MILLER
Facing Page 258
ED. G. PECK Facing Page 262
JACKSON MCCRACKEN Facing Page 266
WILLIAM SANDERS OURY Facing Page 269
PETER R. BRADY
Facing Page 283
MICHAEL GOLDWATER Facing Page 287
CONTENTS.
VOLUME II.
CHAPTER I.
STAGE LINES AND NAVIGATION. PAGE
Silas St. John-San Antonio and San Diego Stage Line-James E. Birch-Isaiah C. Woods-First Mail-Wagon Road opened by Leach and Hutton-First Stage-Butterfield Stage Line, afterwards Overland Mail Line-Massacre of Employees by Mexicans-Butterfield Route abandoned-Heintzelman and Mowry Mines-Lieutenant J. C. Ives' exploration up the Colorado-Exploration by Captain Sitgreaves and Lieuten- ant Whipple-Captain Johnson-Lieutenant Ives' boat, the "Explorer"-Lieutenant Ives' report-Captain Johnson's an- ticipation of Lieutenant Ives' exploration-Captain Rodgers -Early expedition by the Mormons-Jacob Hamblin. 1
CHAPTER II. INDIANS-MASSACRES-OUTRAGES-RAIDS.
Yumas, Cocopahs and Maricopas-Amojaves-Pimas-Fight, Yumas and Apache-Mohaves with Maricopas, Pimas and Papagoes-Indian Agents-John Walker-Abraham Lyons- Expedition by Captain Bonneville-Apaches on warpath- Cochise-Arrest of by Lieutenant Bascom and escape-Re- taliation-Killing of H. C. Grosvenor and Mexicans-Escape from country of mining men-Bill Rhodes' fight with Apaches -Results of outrages on Cochise-Killing of Lumbermen at Canoa-Mohaves unfriendly-Change of attitude attributed to Mormons-Subjugation of Mohaves by Colonel Hoffman- Establishment of Fort Breckenridge-Conditions in Arizona, 1857 to 1860-Apache murders and robberies-Arizona a haven for renegades-Fight at Stein's Pass-Free Thomp- son Party-Killed by Cochise and Mangus Colorado-With- drawal of Federal troops from Arizona-Resulting raids by Indians-Skill of Apaches in running off stock.
26
CHAPTER III. EARLY MINES AND MINING.
Report of F. Biertu-Patagonia (Mowry) mine-Discovery- First owners-The Eagle Mine-The San Pedro Mine- Empire or Montezuma Mine-Santa Rita Mining Company- Maricopa Mining Company-Sonora Exploring and Mining
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CONTENTS.
PAGE
Company-Cahuabi Mining Company-Arizona Copper Min- ing Company-Sopori Land and Mining Company-Arizona Land and Mining Company-Colorado River Copper Mine- Stevenson Mine Company-Harris Mine-St. Augustine Min- ing Company-Jackson, Quartz Vein-Santa Rita del Cobre -Abandonment of mines caused by withdrawal of United States troops
64
CHAPTER IV.
CONFEDERATE OCCUPATION OF ARIZONA-ARRIVAL OF CALIFORNIA COLUMN. Peonage in New Mexico-Slave Territory-Abolishment of slavery in New Mexico-Attempt to attach New Mexican troops to Confederate cause-Arrival of Lieut-Col. John R. Baylor, C. S. A .- Organization of military government by him- Officials-Surrender of Union Troops to Baylor-Confed- erate Convention at Tucson-Granville H. Oury elected Delegate to Confederate Congress-Baylor deprived of posi- tion in Confederate Army-Confederate Texans take posses- sion of Tucson-Arrival of California Column-Fight be- tween Confederates under Lieut. Jack Swilling and Federals under Lieut. James Barrett-Killing of Lieut. Barrett- Stars and Stripes raised at Tucson-Evacuation of Terri- tory by Confederates-Fort Barrett established-Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge reoccupied-Camp Lowell es- tablished and Territory declared under martial law-History of formation of California Column-Report of operations of Captain S. Hunter of the Confederates-Confederate Enabling Act-Proclamation of Jeff Davis declaring en- abling act in force and Territory organized under Confed- eracy-Granville H. Oury and Marcus H. McWillie Delegates to Confederate Congress-Col. Baylor authorized to raise Confederate troops in Arizona-His scheme to recover Ari- zona and New Mexico for the Confederacy. 79
CHAPTER V.
THE LABORS OF THE CALIFORNIA COLUMN.
Assembling of Column at Fort Yuma-Its marches-Arrival at Tucson-Letter of Colonel Carleton-Order for arrest of Sylvester Mowry-Mowry held prisoner at Fort Yuma and his property confiscated-Mowry's side of the story-His release and restoration of his property in valueless condition -Carleton places Territory under martial law-Carleton made Brigadier-General-Taxes upon merchants in Tucson -Fooling the Government Officials-Bill Bowers and his contract for barley-Hank 'N' Yank-C. O. Brown's con- tract with Lieut .- Colonel West-Fight with Apaches-Cap- tain T. J. Jeffords-General Carleton's report to Adjutant- General-Outrages by the Indians
100
V
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
THE LABORS OF THE CALIFORNIA COLUMN (Continued). PAGE
Attack upon Village of Pinos Altos-Arizona Guards-Mangus Colorado-Whipping of-Union of Mangus Colorado and Cochise-Massacre of Miners by Apaches-Battle of Apache Pass-Description by Captain Cremony-Escape of John Teal-His shooting of Mangus Colorado-Introduction of Artillery to the Indians-Recovery of Mangus Colorado .... 123
CHAPTER VII. INDIAN HOSTILITIES.
Feeling towards Indians-Killing of Mangus Colorado-Personal characteristics of Mangus Colorado-Killing of Mr. White and others-Outrages on the Indians-Election of Cochise as chief-His vow-Raids by Cochise-Major McCleve's ex- pedition-Treaty with Indians by Commissioner John T. Usher-Attack on Charles T. Hayden's train-Captain T. T. Tidball's campaign-Samuel Butterworth's experience with Indians.
143
CHAPTER VIII. THE NAVAJOS.
Navajos attack Fort Defiance-Expedition against Navajos by General Canby-Navajos ride roughshod over country- General Carleton's report on conditions-Navajos' Country- Colonel 'Kit' Carson's expedition against them-Notified to surrender by General Carleton-Canyon de Chelly-Strong- hold of Navajos-Description of-Campaign in-Surrender of Navajos and placing of same on Reservation at Bosque Redondo-Number of Navajos-Clash with Mescalero Apaches at Bosque Redondo-Failure of crops at Bosque Redondo-Miserable conditions-General Carleton's mistaken policy-General Sherman and Colonel Tappan, Peace Com- missioners, visit Reservation-Establishment of reservation in Navajo Country and Navajos removed to it-Prosperity of Navajos in own country-Reservation enlarged-Condi- tions in 1884-Navajos self-supporting and friendly to whites
162
CHAPTER IX. EARLY PIONEERS AND SETTLERS.
Panline Weaver-Friendly with Indians-Discovers Gila placers, also Weaver Diggings-Death of-Charles O. Brown-Mem- ber of Glanton Band-At Tucson at time of Confederate in- vasion-Had monopoly of selling liquor and gambling -- Brought first sewing machine into territory, also first baby
vi
CONTENTS.
PAGE
carriage-Built Congress Hall in Tucson-Wrote "History of Arizona"-L. J. F. Jaeger-Ran ferry at Yuma-Estab- lished town of Sonoita-First American store in Tucson- Charles D. Poston prospects and opens up mines-Appointed superintendent of Indian Affairs-Promotes irrigation- Herman Ehrenberg-Mining Engineer-Town of Ehrenberg named after him-Early settler at La Paz-Killed by Indians - Peter Kitchen - A successful rancher - Fortifies houses-Fights with Indians-Description of his ranch- Hiram S. Stevens-Becomes rich in Arizona-Elected Dele- gate to Congress-Story of his election-James Pennington and Pennington Family-Harassed by Indians-Story of capture of Mrs. Paige by Indians-James Pennington and son killed by Indians-W. H. Kirkland-Raised first Ameri- can flag at Tucson-He and wife first white couple married in Arizona-Miner and rancher
183
CHAPTER X. EARLY PIONEERS AND SETTLERS (Continued).
Estevan Ochoa-Expulsion from Tucson by Confederates-Re- turn to Tucson-Member of firm of Tully and Ochoa- Draught oxen run off by Indians-"Jerked Beef Butte"- Mayor of Tucson-Served in Territorial Legislature-John F. Stone-Gives name to Stone Avenne-Tucson-Sylvester Mowry-West Pointer-Resigns commission in army to take up mining in Arizona-Becomes owner of Patagonia Mine- Mine confiscated by General Carleton and Mowry arrested- Mowry as a writer-His views on Indians-Twice elected Delegate to Congress before organization of Territory- Death of in England-Samuel Hughes-Came to Arizona sick-Organized first bank in Tucson-One of organizers of Arizona Pioneers' Society-Henry Wickenburg-Discovers Vulture mine-Town of Wickenburg named after him-Mem- ber of Seventh Territorial Legislature-King S. Woolsey- First occupation in Territory mule driver-Becomes rancher -Suspected of being Secessionist-Fights with Indians- Hanging of dead chief-Member of Walker Party-One of discoverers of Lynx Creek-Opened first road into Northern Arizona-"The Pinole Treaty"-"Wheat Fields"-Woolsey's experience with a "Bad Man"-Served in Legislature of Arizona-Defeated for Delegate to Congress-Was Lienten- ant-Colonel of Volunteers and Aide on staffs of Governor Goodwin and Governor Safford-One of founders of Phoenix Flour Mills
202
vii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XI.
EARLY PIONEERS AND SETTLERS (Continued). PAGE
Captain Thomas Jonathan Jeffords-Made friends with Cochise- Guides General Howard to Cochise's camp-Assists Howard in making peace with Cochise-Made Indian Agent-Death of Cochise-Indians kill Rogers and Spence, who had sold liquor to them-Death of Jeffords-Charles H. Meyer- Owned first drugstore in Tucson-City Recorder-Kept Tucson an orderly city-Meyer street, Tucson, named after him-A. F. Banta-Government Guide-Member of Tenth Territorial Legislature-District Attorney, Apache County- Probate Judge, Apache County-Newspaperman-Prospec- tor-Walker Party-Captain Joseph R. Walker-Personnel of company-Enlist under "Kit" Carson to fight Indians- Second expedition-Personnel-Suspected of trying to effect junction with Confederates-Established settlement near present town of Prescott-Trip to Pima Villages-Discovery of Lynx Creek District-Organization of mining district- Visited by part of California Column-Peeples' Party- Guided by Pauline Weaver-Discovery of Rich Hill-Dis- solution of Walker Party-Daniel E. Conner last survivor- Other parties-Military Districts-Fort Whipple established. . 227
CHAPTER XII. EARLY PIONEERS AND SETTLERS (Continued).
J. W. (Jack) Swilling-Lieutenant in Confederate Army-Mem- ber of Walker Party-Discovers Rich Hill-Builds first canal from Salt River-The Town Ditch-One of founders of Phoenix-Builds Tempe Canal-Discovers other mines-Ac- cused of holding up Wickenburg stage-Arrested and con- fined in Yuma Prison-Dies in Prison-His statement- Samuel C. Miller-Member of Walker Party-Kills Wauba Yuba, Hualapai Chief-Becomes rancher-Edward G. Peck -Secured hay contract at Fort Whipple-Member of ex- pedition under King Woolsey-Guide and scout for military -- Discovers Peck Mine-Jackson McCracken-Cleaned up for Legislature-Discovers MeCracken Mine-Goes to California and lives on proceeds of sale of mine-John T. Alsap-Fol- lowed mining and prospecting-Accompanies King Woolsey on expedition against Apaches-First Territorial Treasurer- member of Territorial Legislature three times-Probate Judge of Maricopa County-District Attorney of Maricopa County 250
CHAPTER XIII. EARLY PIONEERS AND SETTLERS (Continued).
William S. Oury-Member of Expedition against Indians-Partici- pant in "Camp Grant Massacre"-His own story of it- Mentions many killed, wounded and robbed by Indians-
viii
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Indictment, arrest, trial and release of participants in massacre-First President of Arizona Pioneers' Society- Granville H. Oury-Commanded expedition out of Tueson to join Crabb-Sent as Delegate to Confederate Congress at Richmond-Return to Arizona-Twice Delegate to Con- gress from Territory of Arizona. 268
CHAPTER XIV. EARLY PIONEERS AND SETTLERS (Continued).
Peter R. Brady-Graduate of Annapolis-Member of surveying party-Farmer, miner and stockman-Candidate for Delegate to Congress-Defeated by R. C. McCormick-Assists Gov- ernment in detecting Peralta-Reavis land fraud-His part- ing with H. F. Ashurst-Death of-Michael Goldwater- Early business man in Arizona-Lays out townsite of Ehrenberg-Many business ventures-Mayor of Prescott- Death of-Charles Trumbull Hayden-Early Santa Fe Trader-Rides first Overland Stagecoach to Tucson-First Probate Judge at Tucson-Established first ferry and first store at Tempe-Extensive mercantile and other interests- Death of 283
CHAPTER XV. FORMATION OF MINING DISTRICTS.
Gold Placers on Colorado-Eureka Distriet-Castle Dome-La Paz-Weaver and Walker Diggings-Planet Mine-Antelope Peak-Lynx Creek-Big Bug-Vulture Mine-Castle Dome Mining District-Weaver Mining District-Pioneer Mining District-Yapapei Mining District-Walker Mining Dis- trict-Quartz Mountain Mining District. 291
CHAPTER XVI. CREATION OF TERRITORY.
Real Causes for Creation of Territory-Efforts of Chas. D. Poston -Introduction of Bill for Creation by Mr. Ashley-Passage of Same Through House and Senate Signing of Same by President Lincoln-Description of Passage of Bill by Chas. D. Poston-Appointments of Officials of Territory-Starting of Officials for Territory . 321
HISTORY OF ARIZONA VOLUME II
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER I.
STAGE LINES AND NAVIGATION.
SILAS ST. JOHN-SAN ANTONIO AND SAN DIEGO STAGE LINE - JAMES E. BIRCH - ISAIAH C. WOODS-FIRST MAIL-WAGON ROAD OPENED BY LEACH AND HUTTON - FIRST STAGE - BUTTERFIELD STAGE LINE, AFTERWARD OVER- LAND MAIL LINE-MASSACRE OF EMPLOYEES BY MEXICANS - BUTTERFIELD ROUTE ABAN- DONED-HEINTZELMAN AND MOWRY MINES --
LIEUTENANT J. C. IVES' EXPLORATION UP THE COLORADO - EXPLORATION BY CAPTAIN SITGREAVES AND LIEUTENANT WHIPPLE - CAPTAIN JOHNSON-LIEUTENANT IVES' BOAT, THE "EXPLORER" - LIEUTENANT IVES' RE- PORT-CAPTAIN JOHNSON'S ANTICIPATION OF LIEUTENANT IVES' EXPLORATION - CAPTAIN RODGERS - EARLY EXPEDITION BY THE MOR- MONS-JACOB HAMBLIN.
To Mr. Silas St. John, who was connected with the San Antonio and San Diego Line, estab- lished in 1857, we are indebted for the following facts in reference to this, the first stage line ever established across Arizona :
"The initial contract was for a semi-monthly service between San Diego, California, and San Antonio, Texas, via El Paso. Mr. James E. Birch, President of the California Stage Com-
1
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2
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
pany, took it as a personal venture for the sum of one hundred and forty-nine thousand dollars per year. Mr. Isaiah C. Woods, previously at the head of Adams & Company's Express in California, (which failed in 1855), was super- intendent and manager of the line."
"The first mail eastbound was started from San Diego, California, in October, 1857, (about which time a contract for the opening of a wagon road was made by Superintendent James B. Leach and Engineer N. H. Hutton. This, ac- cording to Bancroft, corresponded largely with the route taken by Col. P. St. Geo. Cooke in 1846, but led down the San Pedro to the Ara- vaipa, and thence to the Gila, 21 miles east of the Pima Villages, thus saving 40 miles over the Tucson route, and by improvements about five days for wagons. The work was done by Leach and Hutton from the Rio Grande to the Colo- rado, between October 25th, and August 1st, 1858.) Although the advertisement in the San Francisco papers noted four horse Concord coaches, it (the mail) was really carried in sad- dle bags until some months later, when stations were established and stock strung along the line.
"The first four horse Concord stage left San Diego at 12 M. sharp, November 15th, 1857. There was a relay twelve miles east, and another fifteen miles east of that ; this twenty-seven miles was all the coach work on the first trip. At this point Charley Youmans took saddle, and with two remounts reached Cariso Creek via Warner's Ranch at 8 P. M. Here the mail was taken by Silas St. John, accompanied by Charles Mason, to the next station, Jaeger's Ferry at
3
STAGE LINES AND NAVIGATION.
Fort Yuma, in 32 hours, without a remount. Fairly good time for 110 miles, only one water hole open, Cooke's Well, at the time. From Fort Yuma, Captain Wallace (Big Foot) rode to the next station, Maricopa Wells. He had a
* * companion and two relief horses. *
From Maricopa Wells, to Tucson, John Capron and Jim McCoy were the riders, the initial trip.
"A herd of stock was taken during November, 1857, from Yuma to Maricopa Wells for use upon the central section, Silas St. John in charge, assisted by James Laing of Kentucky, and William Cunningham, of Iowa. When they reached a point upon the Gila River where the road from the Ajo mines comes in, they met Poston's trains en route to Yuma with ore, Ed- ward E. Dunbar in charge, who reported a large band of Tontos just above the river, and advised St. John to take the trail south of Antelope Peak to avoid a meeting that might defeat reaching their destination with the herd intact, which advice they followed, although it involved being without water for 36 hours, but it enabled them to escape contact with the savages. A por- tion of the drive was made in the night. It was quite dark. The pack mule managed to rid him- self of his load unseen. For three days ensuing, until Maricopa Wells was reached, the party fasted.
"Early in December, 1857, three coach loads of passengers, the first from California bound East, 18 persons in all, reached Maricopa. No attempt was made to put them through on mail time-extra teams were driven loose with the stage, and, as far as practicable, two hour
4
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
drives were made, with an interval of two hours rest-thus fifty miles a day were made, but ab- sence of water and feed very often disarranged the schedule.
"The company's commissary not having reached the line, Col. E. V. Sumner, in command of the Department, issued a request to the quar- termasters of the several military posts on the route to furnish them with supplies. At Fort Davis, the soldiers were short themselves, and be- fore the coaches reached the next post, their food supply was exhausted, and for a few days the passengers had to be fed from the grain sacks of the mules. Being Californians of several years experience, they accepted the situation in good humor.
"Arriving at Camp Lancaster where a change of teams was expected to be had, a severe dis- appointment was experienced. The Comanches had paid the Fort a visit the day previous and driven off all the stock of the stage company and the United States Government, thus giving the worn-out teams 200 more miles of travel, entailing considerable delay. High waters in the Sahanal and Nueces delayed them five days and they arrived at San Antonio ten days behind schedule time. St. John conducted this party through to San Antonio, Texas, without especial incident."
In 1858 the Butterfield Line was organized to run from Marshall, Texas, to San Diego, Cali- fornia. Its eastern termini were St. Louis, Missouri, and Memphis, Tennessee, converging at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and the Western terminus was San Francisco, California. Its
5
STAGE LINES AND NAVIGATION.
president was John Butterfield, of Utica, New York, who had a contract with the Government for carrying the mails over this route for $600,000 per annum. This company took over the line established the year previous by Birch and Woods, and its contract called for a semi-weekly service between St. Louis, Missouri, and Memphis, Tennessee, to San Francisco, California.
The firm of Wells, Butterfield & Co. were contractors, and was composed of the leading express men in the United States. This concern was merged into the Overland Mail Company, and the service increased to a daily line, the com- pensation being augmented to $1,200,000 a year. "In August, 1858, under the superintendency of William Buckley of Watertown, New York, Frank de Ruyther, William Brainard, Silas St. John and others, located the line and built the stations between the Rio Grande and Tucson. At Dragoon Springs, a corral of stone, 45x55 feet, was erected. It was constructed especially strong, as this was a passing point for the Apaches going to and coming from Sonora. The walls and gates were completed before the construction corps moved on westwardly to San Pedro, St. John remaining with six assistants to complete the structure, roofing the store-room
and residence portion, etc. The assistants were James Hughes of Watertown, New York, the line blacksmith, James Laing and William Cun- ningham, before noted, and three Mexicans, laborers, Guadalupe and Pablo Ramirez, alias Chino, of Sonora, and Bonifacio Mirando, of Chihuahua. On the night of Wednesday, Sep-
6
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tember 8th, it was clear starlight but no moon. At midnight, St. John was up changing the guard. Laing having stood the first portion of the night, Guadalupe was given the turn until daylight. The other two Mexicans slept outside the walls, as also did Mr. Hughes, who preferred not to remain inside where too many animals were stabled. St. John slept in the room at the northeast corner next the gateway, Laing in the center room, while Cunningham occupied the room in the south corner, where the stores were kept. About one o'clock A. M., St. John was partially aroused by an unusual stir among the stock. He heard a low whistle sounded, appar- ently as a signal, and simultaneously there was the sound of blows and a feeble outcry from the victims on either side of him. St. John sprang to his feet from the pallet upon the ground to be confronted by the three Mexicans, Guadalupe armed with a broad axe, Bonifacio with a chop- ping axe, and Pablo, alias Chino, with a stone sledge, all striking at him.
"A well directed kick disposed of Chino, the glint of the axe wielded by Bonifacio directed toward St. John's head, shown by the starlight, enabled him to parry the blow with his right hand, which threw the axe-blade into his hip, while a straight from the shoulder blow landed in Bonifacio's face, knocked him out. Guada- lupe was at St. John's left striking viciously with the short handled broad axe. The first stroke was caught in parrying by the palm of his hand, the next upon the forearm below the elbow. As St. John reached for his Spark's rifle, which was standing against the wall at the
7
STAGE LINES AND NAVIGATION.
head of his bed, Guadalupe got in a successful stroke which severed St. John's arm midway between elbow and shoulder. Bringing the rifle into play, he knocked the axe from Guadalupe's hands, and the other two having gained their feet, all three made their escape through the gateway. The action lasted from ten to twenty seconds. As St. John's left arm was disabled, the bone being severed, he dropped the rifle and reached for his pistol from the holster on his saddle, which he was using as a pillow. The Mexicans, hearing the gun drop, attempted to re-enter the corral, when St. John fired one shot, upon which they decamped. Owing to the wound in his hip, St. John's right hip was dis- abled so that he could not follow outside for fur- ther shots. St. John bound up his wounds as well as he could, climbed to the top of some sacks of barley where he could command a view over the walls, and, pistol in hand, waited for day-
light. Two of his companions not being killed
outright, were moaning deeply. When light enough to see St. John got down from his perch, and went to Cunningham, who had three cuts on his head, evidently inflicted by Guadalupe with the broad axe-he was unconscious, but occasion- ally groaning. Laing had one wound immedi- ately on the top of his head, severing the skull in twain, from which the brain was protruding. He was alive and partly conscious, as he made attempts to rise. Bonifacio evidently inflicted the wound with the chopping axe. St. John crept outside to where Hughes was lying, and found his head completely crushed by a blow from the stone sledge. His death was instan-
8
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
taneous. St. John found that moving about caused the blood to flow freely from his wounds. He made a torniquet with a handkerchief, stone and stick, which stopped the flow of blood from his left arm, but the wound in his hip, being full width of the axe-blade, was more difficult to control, but by keeping still the blood coagulated and stopped the hemorrhage. All day Thurs- day, he lay there enduring the groans of his com- panions whom he was powerless to aid. It was very hot during the day, no water in the corral; he was feverish from his wounds, and suffered much from thirst. Thursday night the coyotes were attracted by the smell of the wounds, and their barking and howling made a pandemonium, which was added to by the braying of the hun- gry mules. About midnight, St. John heard the death rattle in Cunningham's throat. Fri- day dawned; with light came flocks of buzzards, crows and magpies, who alighted on the walls and rafters-the roof was not on yet. St. John, waving his arm, kept them from coming into the corral. They, however, mutilated the face of Hughes who lay outside. This night was also made hideous by the starving animals, and increased number of wolves, who appeared to be fighting among themselves. When they came to the gate, St. John fired on them with his revolver, which kept them at bay. With daylight Saturday morning, they left, but the buzzards returned. This, the third dav, seemed to St. John almost interminable, while his thirst was torturing. Laing was yet alive, moaning feebly, but not attempting to move. This night, the wolves were more bold and attacked Hughes'
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