USA > California > Sacramento County > An illustrated history of Sacramento County, California : containing a history of Sacramento County from the earliest period of its occupancy to the present time, together with glimpses of its prospective future portraits of some of its most eminent men, and biographical mention of many of its pioneers and also prominent citizens of today > Part 27
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The Elders are: Felix Tracy, William Ingram, Jr., Alexander Ingram and Scott Ingram; Dea- con, William Ingram, Sr. William Ingram, Jr., has been Superintendent of the Sunday-school for the past sixteen years.
Sixth Street Methodist Episcopal Church .-- This was first organized under another local name, October 28, 1849, at Dr. Miller's store, by Rev. Isaac Owen, familiarly called "Father Owen." Seventy-two persons enrolled their names. Father Owen was the first missionary appointed by his church to California, and after suffering many hardships in crossing the plains with an ox team, was very nearly drowned by the carelessness of a drunken crew in capsizing a schooner in Suisun Bay. Escaping with only the clothes he wore, which were very rusty from constant use in crossing the plains, he came on to Sacramento, and preached October 23, 1849,
under an oak near the corner of Third and L streets, and organized the church.
Material for a house of worship, 24 x 36 feet in size, having been shipped from Baltimore, all the way round Cape Horn, by the Conference, it was promptly put up and the church finished for nse. Although plain, it was the first church building in Sacramento and therefore seemed fairly elegant. It was situated upon a beautiful lot donated for the purpose by General Sutter, on the southeast corner of Seventh and L streets. As the building fronted the former, it was called the Seventh Street Methodist Church, and the society by the same name. Soon a comfortable parsonage was built by Mr. Owen. In the fall of 1850 he was succeeded in the pastorate by Rev. M. C. Briggs, who had the building en- larged, to accommodate the rapidly increasing congregation. In 1852 a neat brick structure 52 × 80 feet, costing about $18,000, was erected. Directly after dedication, November 2, 1852, it was destroyed by the great fire. The society, however, pluckily hurried np a cheap structure, which they occupied until they could build a frame church, which they did on the site of the Baltimore House. In January, 1859, it was sold to the Jewish Congregation for about $3,500, and then the society worshiped in a hall over the postoffice until they, within a few months, erected their present church, on Sixth street, between K and L. The name has since been the "Sixth Street Methodist Episcopal Church." This building is 52 x 100 feet in ground area, and originally cost from $23,000 to $26,000. It was not finished till 1874, when it was raised to a higher grade, and a tower and steeple built, at an additional cost of about $15,000.
Pastors-Isaac Owen, 1849-'50; M. C. Briggs, 1850-'51; Royal B. Stratton, 1851-'53; Warren Oliver and R. Merchant, 1853-'55; N. P. Heath, 1855; George S. Phillips, 1855-'57; J. W. Ross, 1857-'59; J. D. Blain, 1859-'61; Jesse T. Peck, 1861-'63; M. C. Briggs, 1863-65; J. W. Ross, 1865-'68; J. H. Wythe, 1868-'70; II. B. Ilea- ock, 1870-'73; A. M. Hough, 1873-'75; M. C. Briggs, 1875-'78; R. Bentley, 1878-'81; T. S.
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HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
Dunn, 1881-'84; E. R. Dille, 1884-'87; Arnold T. Needham, 1887 to the present time.
Stewards-C. A. Maydwell, Secretary and Treasurer; P. Bohl, L. S. Taylor, J. L. Huntoon, L. C. Jordan, G. M. Hayton, L. Anderson, C. HI. Dunn, B. N. Bngbey, J. W. Reeves, Joseph Ough and Thomas A. Lander. Trustees-J. L. Huntoon, President; Peter Bohl, Treasurer; S. M. Kiefer, E. M. Leitch, J. E. Camp.
The present membership is 322; probationers, twenty. The Sunday-school, which was organized March 29, 1850, has an average attendance of 175, under the superintendency of Chauncey H. Dunn. A recent donation of a lot on the rear of the church, by P. Bohl, has enabled the so- ciety to build an addition to the church in which will be an alcove for the new pipe organ, a study for the pastor, and an infant-class room for the Sunday-school.
Central Methodist Episcopal Church .- The society was organized with seven members as the H Street Methodist Episcopal Church, De- cember 9, 1855, by Rev. N. R. Peck, Rev. N. P. Heath, Presiding Elder. The first Official Board comprised Martin Grier, J. L. Thomp- son, A. Fowler, H. Cronkite, L. Pelton and B. Ward. During the first year of its history a church building was erected and paid for at a cost of $2,000, and dedicated June 29, 1856, by Bishop Kavanaugh, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Sonth. Rev. N. R. Peck continued pastor until 1857, reporting thirty-nine mem- bers, and was succeeded by Rev. David Deal, who continued in charge two years and also afterward served the church a second term.
During Rev. Deal's pastorate a parsonage was erected at a cost of $1,500, and a goodly degree of prosperity was enjoyed. Rev. II. Baker was the next pastor and was succeeded by Rev. W. S. Urmy. During Bro. Urmy's pastorate occurred the great flood or floods of 1861-'62-two inundations in the same winter; water rose in the church eighteen inches above the pews, and the pastor and his family were rescued from the parsonage in boats. No serv- ice was held for several weeks. From the busi-
ness depression that followed the flood and the exodus of people from the city the church suf- fered severely. At the Conference in 1863, it was proposed to unite the two charges of the city, but disapproved, and Rev. N. R. Peck was returned as pastor. Mr. Peck had a good year and reported an increase of eighteen members. Rev. J. A. Bruner was next appointed and served for one year. During 1865 and 1866, H Street and Sixth Street were under a single pastorate. This arrangement nearly destroyed the identity of the church and sadly decimated its membership. In 1867 H Street received its separate pastor again, Rev. J. M. Hinman, a supply, being assigned to the work. This was a pastorate of some prosperity. In 1869 Rev. George Newton was appointed to the charge and served it three years. Radical changes occurred during this administration. A success realized early in the pastorate seemning at the time to justify the action, the old church lot on H street and the parsonage were sold and the old church building moved to the lot corner Eleventh and I streets, of which the present church site is a part. The building was eut in two and fitted np for dwellings, an old building situated upon the property was remodeled and improved for a parsonage, and plans were laid for the erection of a large church building, as a " Memorial Church " for Bishop Kingsley, who had died in that year in Beyront, Syria. The plans included the erection of a chapel first. This only was erected and called " Kingsley, Chapel." At the close of Mr. Newton's pastorate the property was found to be so much involved that further procedure was impossible; the debt was about 88,500. The years immediately following were years of varying success and depression. They are full of records of heroic endeavor and sacri- fice by the members to maintain the church and dispose of the indebtedness. Many times they faltered, but despite an increasing debt and a decreasing membership, and a decaying and dingy church building they persevered. There were some gleams of light. A revival under Mrs. Van Cott augmented the membership dur-
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HISTORY OF . SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
ing the pastorate of Rev. J. L. Trefren, but be- cause of the adverse conditions obtaining most of these afterward went out to join other churches. Revs. Wells, Wickes and Deal were successively pastors of the church during this period and have left precious records of devotion and sacri- fice for the church in its darker hours. In 1882 Rev. McKelvey was appointed to the charge. During his pastorate, by indomitable persever- ance and effort, the burdening debt was wiped out, but by the loss of all the property except the church building and the lot upon which it stands; and the old building, now dingy and ont of repair, was remodeled and improved at a cost of $3,500, most of which was raised by Rev. MeKelvey ontside of the membership. The name of the church was changed from Kingsley Chapel to Central. The re-opening by Bishop Fowler showed a neat attractive church build- ing, well appointed and without debt. Rev. McKelvey was removed by limitation before en- joying the fruit of his labor, and the present pastor appointed.
There has been a steady and healthy growth in all lines in the present pastorate. During the last year a fine pipe organ has been pur- chased and paid for, completing the equipment of the church.
The present Official Board comprises: Local Preacher, Loyal T. Smith; Sunday-school Su- perintendent, D. W. Iloffinan; Trustees -- M. K. Barrett, W. F. Cronemiller, B. F. Pike; Stewards-L. P. Smith, Charles Cox, W. F. Cronemiller, Albert Jones, L. E. Smith, M. K. Barrett, D. W. Hoffman, S. E. IIesser, D. C. Smith, B. F. Pike, J. H. Hillhouse, R. F. Rooney; Class-leaders-B. F. Pike, L. T. Smith, Mrs. S. E. Hesser. Rev. Thomas Filben, the Pastor, is ex officio the Chairman of the Official Board, L. E. Smith is Secretary, M. K. Barrett, Treasurer, and Charles Cox, Collector.
A German Methodist Church was organized in Sacramento in 1856, but a debt finally, in 1866-'67, cansed it to be broken up.
St. Andrew's Church, African Methodist Episcopal, was organized in the fall of 1850, by
Rev. Isaac Owen, formerly mentioned, at the residence of " Uncle Daniel Blue," on I street, between Fourth and Fifth. A house of worship was soon erected, on the site of the present build- ing, on the east side of Seventh street, between G and H. The latter, of brick, is a large build- ing, erected in the fall of 1867.
The first officers were Daniel Blue, P. Jones and John Wilson. The first Pastor was James Fitzgerald, who occupied that position in 1851 -'52. The successive Pastors to date have been : George Fletcher, 1852-'53; Barney Fletcher, 1853-'54; Darins Stokes, 1855-'56; T. M. D. Ward, 1857-'64; John J. Jenifer, -; James H. Hubbard, 1870-'71; J. C. Hamilton, 1873 -'74; J. F. Jordan, 1874-'75; James R. Dor- sey, 1875-'78; 1. N. Triplett, 1878-'80; James R. Dorsey, 1880-'85; Jordan Allen, 1885-'87; O. Summers, from September, 1887, to the present. There are forty-six members. The Stewards are: A. Giles, Albert Buchanan, J. Crosby, Jesse Slaughter and Isaiah Dunlap; Mr. Giles is also the Class-Leader, and Mrs. J. R. Dorsey the Sunday-school Superintendent.
Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was organized in April, 1850, by Rev. W. D. Pol- lock, who also was the principal man in the building of a frame church directly afterward, on the site of the present large brick structure, on the east side of Seventh street, between J and K. The latter was dedicated by Bishop Pierce, July 10, 1859. Cost of building, $4,000. The first building was burned November 2, 1852. During the last year, 1888, $500 lias been expended in repairs and improvements; but since the advent of the present pastor, Rev. A. C. Bane, October, 1888, the congregation has so increased that the church has decided to sell the building and erect a more commodious structure.
In the fall of 1850, Mr. Pollock, on account of ill-health, returned to Alabama, where he died in the following year. His successor, at Sacramento, was a Rev. Mr. Penman, who re- mained only a short time, when he abandoned the ministry and engaged in other pursuits.
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HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
Since then the successive Pastors to date have been as follows:
W. R. Gober, 1851-'52; Jolin Matthews, of Tennessee, from August, 1852-April, 1853; B. F. Crouch, appointed by Bishop Sonle, 1853- April, 1855; A. Graham, April, 1855-October, 1856; W. R. Gober, October, 1856-October, 1858; Morris Evans, 1858-'60; J. C. Simmons, 1861-'62; S. Brown, 1862-'63; George Sim, 1863-'65; E. K. Miller, 1865-'66; T. H. B. Anderson, 1866-'68; George Sim, 1868-'69; W. R. Gober, 1869-'72; T. L. Moody, 1872-'73; C. Chamberlain, 1873-175; B. F. Page, 1875, to fill ont Mr. Chamberlain's time; R. Pratt, 1875-'76; M. C. Fields, 1876-78; C. Y. Ran- kin, 1878-'79; T. H. B. Anderson, 1879-'82; F. Walter Featherstone, 1882-'83; II. C. Chris- tian, 1883-'87; George B. Winton, 1887-'88; A. C. Bane, October, 1888, to the present.
The present membership is 168. The Stew- ards are: T. A. Snider, George Wait, P. H. Russell, George D. Irvine, U. C. Billingsly, J. H. Wolf and J. R. Martyr. Local Preachers, W. M. Armstrong and F. M. Odom. The spir- itual life of the church has been greatly quick- ened since Mr. Bane has become the pastor, and the membership increased by about fifty.
Ebenezer Church, Evangelical Association (German) .- This was organized in 1881, and has now thirty six members. The present church building, on Tenth street, between O and P, is about 36 x 60 feet in size, and was built in 1882. The old building, owned by the " Trinity Church," Evangelical Association, was sold in 1887. That society was disbanded a number of years ago.
The Pastors of the present church have been Rev. F. W. Fischer, who has gone to Japan, and Rev. Angust Heinhans, since June 1, 1886, who is from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He is also the Class-leader and the Sunday-school Super- intendent, being assisted in these relations by Jolin Bachofen. A fine parsonage is on the lot adjoining that of the church.
United Brethren in Christ .-- The first steps toward the formation of a church of this denom-
ination in Sacramento were taken by the Rev. Alexander Mnsselman, in the years 1875-'76. The result of his preliminary prospecting was a series of meetings held in the Calvary Baptist Church on I street, between Twelfth and Thir- teenth, by Reverends J. II. Becker and Mr. Field. This was sometime in 1876. In the fall of that year the present organization was effected, and the old church building belonging to the Baptists, and known as the Fourth Street Baptist Church, was purchased for $3,000. For some reason the matter was delayed, and posses- sion of the property was not obtained until November, 1877. In September, 1878, tlie house was removed to the corner of Fourteenth and K streets, when it was raised six feet, re- paired, painted, and furnished, at a cost of abont $2,800. On the lot adjoining west a parsonage was erected in 1884, at a cost of $1,600. The membership this year (1889) is sixty, of whom Mrs. S. E. Thompson is Class-leader, and Mr. Hagenbangh, Steward. M. Moyer is the Sun- day-school Superintendent.
Pastors -- Revs. H. J. Becker, September, 1877, to September, 1878; D. D. Hart, 1878 to 1881, when he died, in the pulpit; H. J. Becker, for different periods; Revs. Field, Demondrum to 1883; Francis Fisher, two years; T. J. Ban- der, to September, 1888, and J. W. Banmgard- ner to date.
German Lutheran Church .- In 1865-'67 Rev. Mr. Buehler, of San Francisco, and Rev. Mr. Elbert preached here a few times and endeav- ored to establish a church, but without success. Then Rev. Matthias Goethe, formerly of Aus- tralia, began work in this city. organized the church January 19, 1868, and purchased the old German Methodist Church building on the corner of Ninth and K streets, for $2,400. F. Klotz, H. Winters, H. W. Schacht, F. Ilopie and A. Grafmiller were elected Trustees. This building was afterward sold, and the present frame structure, 160 feet square, on the corner of Twelfth and K streets, was erected, in 1872- '73, at a cost, including the three bells, of about 815,000. The congregation has flourished nn-
12
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HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
til it has reached a membership of about 400. Attendance at Sunday-school, 200. In the pas- toral relation Mr. Goethe was succeeded by Revs. T. Langehecker, Dr. C. Taubner, 1876-'87, and John Jatho, from Nebraska, since Novem- ber of the latter year.
Christian Church, or Disciples of Christ .-- On the 13th of October, 1855, Elders J .. N. Pendegast and Thomas Thompson conducted the first religious services of this denomination ever held in this city. The place of meeting was in the Methodist brick church, which still stands on the east side of Seventh street, between J and K streets. The officers then appointed were: John O. Garrett and R. B. Ellis, Elders; Rufus Rigdon and A. M. C. Depue, Deacons. The present neat chapel on Eightli street, be- tween N and O, was erected in 1877, at an ex- pense of $4,500, including lot. For this en- terprise the church is mainly indebted to Elder J. N. Pendegast. The building has recently been greatly improved. There are now about 150 members in the church fellowship. The present Elders are T. P. Taylor and Jerry Bnr- ton; Deacons, W. Z. Clark, Hiram Garrett, J. O. March and Henry Garrett. Mr. March is also act- ing Clerk and the Sunday-school Superintendent.
The Pastors have been: John G. Parrish, Stevenson (who published a paper here), J. N. Pendegast (editing the same paper), Peter Bur- nett, P. H. Cutter, Alex. Johnson, E. B. Ware (now in Oakland), R. L. MeHatton (now at Eu- reka, California), and since July, 1888, L. N. Early.
Seventh-Day Adventist Church .- This body was first organized in Sacramento, February 6, 1885, with ten members, by Elder E. A. Briggs, at that time a resident of Oakland. In Octo- ber, 1887, the name was changed from Pleasant Grove to Sacramento, etc., it having first been organized at l'leasant Grove, Sutter County. E. Banta is Leader and Deacon; Mrs. E. Banta is Church Clerk. Membership, twenty-seven. T. W. Clark, Superintendent of Sunday-school. Stated meetings are held at the United Brethren Church, and prayer-meeting Wednesday even -
ings at the residence of Mr. Clark. The mem- bers of this church keep Saturday as the Sabbath.
In March, 1872, a "Second Advent Church," who kept Sunday as the Sabbath, was organized by Elder Miles Grant, had at one time as many as thirty members, but went down in abont four years.
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ, of Lat- ter-Day Saints .- This body (anti-polygamist) was organized in Sacramento in 1865; met for a time in the Chinese Chapel on Sixth street, between .I and H, then in Graham's Hall, then in the lower hall of the Masonic Building, and finally, in 1884, built a neat frame church 34 x 44 feet in dimensions, on the corner of Twenty- fourth and K streets, at an outlay of $2,100. The society, now comprising 130 members, is entirely out of debt. These people have been in a position to accomplish more toward the de- struction of polygamy than any other Christian body in proportion to their numbers, and have improved their opportunity. Victory is coming as fast as the laws of human nature will adınit. The head of this church is Joseph Smith, Jr., now of Limoni, Iowa.
The Elders who have served the society here in the pastoral relation have been: E. H. Webb, G. W. Harlow, J. H. Parr, since 1884, and per- haps others. The church is not yet fully organ- ized, but at present J. R. Cook is Traveling Elder; Owen Dinsdale, Local Elder; Mrs. Chris- tina Blair, Clerk. A Sunday-school of abont thirty pupils is maintained. Elder George W. Harlow, of Brighton, is President of this district. Preaching at 11 o'clock A. M. every Sunday.
A small society of " Brighamite" (polygamy) Mormons existed in Sacramento from 1872 for a few years.
Unitarian Church .- Rev. Brown, from New England, preached the first Unitarian sermon in Sacramento, December 29, 1867, in the Met- ropolitan Theatre. The following spring the " First Unitarian Church of Sacramento" was formed, and increased to 100 members in a short time, but in 1873 went down. In 1887 it was reorganized, and it now has about fifty members,
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HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
who worship in Pioneer Hall. A lot on Sixteenth street, between K and L, has been purchased whereon to erect a house of worship. Rev. C. P. Massey, the Pastor, preaches occasionally, and superintends the Sunday-school, which is in a flourishing condition. J. M. Avery is Assistant Superintendent.
Congregation B'nai Israel .- Previous to the formation of the present society in 1852, there had been another organization, whose meetings were held at the residence of Mr. M. Hyman, who kept a jewelry store on Front street. The officiating minister was Rev. Mr. Wolf. The first synagogue owned in this city was a small frame building which stood on Fifth street, be- tween N and O. It was afterward sold to the colored Baptists, and used by them as a house of worship until its destruction by fire in 1861. After this, the frame house on Seventh street, near L, was purchased of the Methodist Episco- pal Church for $3,500, and converted into a synagogue. This, too, was destroyed by fire in 1861, in October. In the early part of 1864, the congregation purchased their present build- ing on Sixth street, between J and K, previously occupied by the First Presbyterian Church, and since then greatly remodeled. IIere they meet every Saturday and Sunday, maintain a school of children and religious services generally. Of the congregation, L. Elkus is President; Max Levy, Vice-President; S. Morris, Secretary; J. Ginsberg, Treasurer. They also own a neat burying-ground. It is a strong society and in excellent financial condition.
The Rabbis have been: Revs. Mr. Wolf; Z. Neustadter, 1857-'59; R. Rosenthal, 1859-'60; S. Peek, 1860-'61; R. M. Colien, 1861-'62; M. Silverstein, 1862-'65; - Stamper, 1865-'68; II. P. Lowenthal, 1868-'79; S. Gerstman (who led in changing the society from " orthodox " to "reformed"), 1879-'81; J. Bloeli, 1882-'83; G. Taubenhaus, 1884 to July, 1888. At this writing no one is engaged as rabbi.
THE SOCIETIES.
All Masonie and Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias societies meet in their respective
halls mentioned in the following list, unless otherwise indicated, while the places of meeting of all the other societies are mentioned in the respective sketches. The following is a list of the principal halls:
Masonie Temple, southwest corner of Sixth and K.
Odd Fellows' Temple, corner of Ninth and K. Red Men's Hall, in Masonic Temple.
Grangers' Hall, corner of Tenth and K.
Pioneer Hall, east of Seventh street, between J and K.
Union Hall, corner of Twentieth and O streets. Firemeu's Hall, west side of Eighth street, between J and K.
Armory Hall, southwest corner of Sixth and L streets.
Y. M. I. (Young Men's Institute) Hall, east side of Seventh street, between K and L.
Knights of Pythias Temple, northwest corner of Ninth and I streets.
Sacramento Commandery, No. 2, K. T .- The commandery was organized July 5, 1853, with the following charter members and first officers: Isaac Davis, Commander; Jesse Mer- rill, Generalissimo; T. A. Thomas, Captain General. Other charter members were: C. I. Hutchinson, A. B. Hoy, John L. Thompson, Charles Duncombe, J. P. Gouch and James M. Stockley. The membership is now 190. Stated meetings, the first Saturday of each month. The officers are: William B. Davis, Eminent Commander; William D. Knight, Generalissimo; John E. T. Pike, Captain Gen- eral; John W. Roek, Prelate; Richard P. Burr, S. W., Joseph Davey, J. W .; A. A. Van Voor- hies, Treasurer; A. A. Redington, Recorder; William R. Jones, Standard-Bearer; James E. Mills, Sword-Bearer; V. Dresher, Warder; Richard Vaughn, Harry Ingham and Charles G. Woodburn, Captains of the Guard; George F. Bronner, Sentinel.
Sacramento Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., was instituted October 5, 1852, with the following charter members and first officers: Isaac Davis, HI. P .; J. H. Bullard, K .; Joel Noah, S .; T. A.
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HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
Thomas, C. of H .; Chiarles Duncombe, P. S .; J. Ball, R. A. C .; J. P. Gonch, M. 3d Vice; G. Haines, M. 2d Vice; J. Wilcoxsen, M. 1st Vice. Others who were charter members: A. B. Hoy, T. W. Thayer, John L. Thompson, Jesse Mor- rill, William Reynolds, I. N. Briceland, A. Hullub, Cyrus Rowe. The chapter has at present 274 members. Present officers: Rufus B. Harmon, H. P .; John W. Rock, King; Richard P. Burr, Scribe; Edward Lyon, Treasu- rer; William B. Davis, Secretary ; Jacob Hyman, Jr., Captain of the Host; William E. Onghton, Prin. Soj .; Lewis B. Littlefield, R. A. C .; John Hurley, M. 3d V .; Preston L. Lykins, M. 2d V .; James E. Mills, M. 1st V .; George F. Bronner, Guard. Meet the first Tuesday of the month.
St. John Chapter, R. A. M. (colored), was or- ganized in 1875, and at present numbers twenty members. R. J. Fletcher, H. P .; I. Dunlap, King; Frank Butler, Scribe; Rev. J. R. Dor- sey, Secretary: William S. Lee, Treasurer. This chapter meets the second Monday of each month, over Armory Hall.
Sacramento Council, No. 1., R. & S. M., was organized April 10, 1858, with the follow- ing first officers and charter members: Isaac Davis, T. I. M .; John A. Tutt, D. I. M .; Geo. I. N. Monell, P. C. of W .; G. E. Montgomery, Recorder; N. Greene Curtis, Treasurer. Others who were also charter members: Jesse Morrill, T. A. Thomas, G. Haines, H. H. Hartley, O. H. Dibble, A. G. Richardson and J. Wilcoxsen, none of whom are now active members. There are at present 207 members, who meet the last Monday of each month. Officers: John Hur- ley, Thrice Illustrious Master; William H. Davis, Deputy Illustrious Master; Valentine Dresher, Principal Conductor of the Work; William R. Miller, Treasurer; William B. Davis, Recorder; Harry Ingham, Captain of the Guard, William E. Oughton, Conductor; Richard Vanghan, Steward; George F. Bronner, Sentinel.
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