USA > Connecticut > Hartford County > Hartford > History of the diocese of Hartford > Part 37
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The present pastor, the Rev. Richard E. Shortell, assumed charge of St. Mary's parish on May 30, 1893. Father Shortell immediately began prepara- tions for the erection of a new church. The first step to this end was the purchase from Jacob M. Lockwood for $2,750 of the site on which stand the present handsome church and fine pastoral residence. The rectory was built early in 1894 and was free from indebtedness when completed. Work on the church commenced in May, 1896, and the corner-stone was laid on July 4th of that year by Bishop Tierney. The church was dedicated under the patronage of the Mother of God on July 5, 1897. The sermon was preached on the occasion by the Rev. T. J. Kelly. Says a local chronieler : "Realiz- ing that this first little church was inadequate in size, undesirable in locality, their zeal prompted them to renewed efforts, and then was called forth that generosity which gives them to-day one of the most desirable places in the village of Ridgefield for a church worthy to be called a House of God."
St. Mary's cemetery was purchased by Rev. Father Walsh in August, 1882; it was blessed on October 13, 1883, by Bishop MeMahon.
When St. Mary's parish was formed it comprised about 200 souls, all Irish and their descendants. The number at present is 270.
ST. JOSEPH'S PARISH, SOUTH NORWALK.
T. Joseph's parish was formed September 1, 1895, by cutting off the southern portion of St. Mary's parislı, Norwalk. It comprises all of South Norwalk and extends north to Cedar street. The first pastor was the Rev. John Winters, who offered his first Mass for his new parishioners on September 8, 1895, in Music Hall, South Main street. This hall was rented for church purposes at a rental of $500 per annum. When the parishi was organized it comprised 1200 Irish people, 200 Hungarians and 100 Italians.
Work on the eliureli was begun in October, 1896. The corner-stone was laid on Sunday, April 4, 1897, by Bishop Tierney, in the presence of 8,000 citizens of both Norwalks. The preacher on the occasion was the Rev. William Maher, D.D., of Milford.
St. Joseph's parish began its career with $1,750 in the treasury, the gift
282
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEW ENGLAND.
of the Rev. W. J. Slocum. They possess a very valuable property on South Main street. Two separate properties, side by side, were purchased and united, the one serving for a church site, the other for a rectory. The building on the rectory site has been re-modeled and is used as a pastoral residence. The house on the other property was removed to make way for the new church. The rectory property cost $6,000, and the church lot with building, $4,750. The erection of the handsome brick church and the thorough renovation of it exteriorly and interiorly and the improvements made in the grounds, inake this property the chief ornament of South Main street and the pride of the Catholic population.
The number of baptisms administered during 1896 and 1897 were 166, and the marriages solemnized during the same time were 32. The first bap- tism was that of Helen Kindilien; the first marriage was that of John Ken- nedy and Mary Lynch.
The Catholics of South Norwalk enjoy the esteem and good will of all classes and creeds, and under the patronage of St. Joseph are prospering. Politically, they are divided between the two great parties ; socially, they are the peers of their neighbors ; intellectually, they are recognized as influential elements in the population.
The week after Easter Sunday, 1899, witnessed the transfer of the Rev. Father Winters from South Norwalk to the newly organized parish of the Immaculate Conception, Hartford. His successor is the Rev. William Maher, D. D., formerly of Milford.
ST. JOHN'S PARISH. STAMFORD.1
HE services of the church were held for the first time in Stamford in September, 1842, in the house of Patrick H. Drew in West Stamford. The celebrant of the Mass on that occasion was the Rev. James Smyth. Three families comprised the Catholic population at that time. Mass was said here at stated intervals until 1846. When Mr. Drew removed to the old "Webb Place" on South street, the Divine Mysteries were there celebrated, first by Bishop Tyler. In this house and in the Town hall services were held until the completion of the church on Meadow street in 1851.
Writing to Bishop Tyler under date of February 16, 1846, the Rev. Michael Lynch of Bridgeport said : "I was at Stamford on the 8th and 9th inst., and administered the Sacraments to 12 or 14 persons there ; said Mass for them and baptized two children. This makes eleven visits to them these three years past, most of them on Sundays." 2 In the same letter he gave the number of Catholics of Stamford as "15 to 25." Besides Stamford, Father Lynch attended from Bridgeport, Norwalk, Danbury, Wolcottville and Nor- folk also. Despite his almost quarterly visits-and it is difficult to see how he could go more frequently with missions as widely separated as Norfolk, Wol-
1 Rippowans was the original name of Stamford. It was purchased for "twelve coats, twelve hoes, twelve hatchets, twelve knives, two kettles and four fathom of wampum." 2 The 8th and 9th of February, 1846, fell on Sunday and Monday.
ST. JOHN'S CHURCH. Stamford, Conn.
283
DIOCESE OF HARTFORD.
cottville and the others-complaints were made to Bishop Tyler that Father Lynch had "despised and forgotten our Catholic brethren in the locality of Stamford." This formal accusation was drawn up, it should be known, by one who "would not submit to the rules of this diocese," and who, refusing to obey the law concerning the proclamation of the banns, was married in New York.
The people finally appealed to the priests of St. John's College, Fordhamn, for assistance. The following official correspondence will throw much light on the status of Catholicity in Stamford at this period :
ST. JOHN'S COLL., FORDHAM, Aug. 12, 1846.
Right Revd. Sir : 1 Mr. J. Lynch, a good Catholic of Stamford, Conn., applied to us some time since to know if we could send, once every six weeks, one of our F.F. (Fathers) to Stamford, which, he said, can receive but very seldom the visit of a clergyman. I answered him that as soon as I had ascertained the possibility of doing so I would write to your Lordship, in whose jurisdiction the place is.
Our intention is not and cannot be to establish there one of us as parish priest, nor to attend the sick calls; but merely to say Mass, hear confessions, and give instructions to that good people twice in three months, until your Lordship may provide better for them.
If this demand meets with your approbation, I will immediately answer affirmatively to Mr. Lynch, and at the beginning of next month one of our gentlemen will go to Provi- dence to receive your blessing and acquaint himself with your desire.
I have the honor to be, Right Revd. Sir, Your Most Obt. Servt., AUG. J. THEBAUD, S. J.
To this note Bishop Tyler sent the following reply :
PROVIDENCE, Aug. 18, 1846.
Rev. Dear Sir : I have received your letter of the 12th inst. I wish certainly that the good people of Stamford may enjoy all the benefits of religion and as frequently as possi- ble. They are now under the care of Rev. Mr. Lynch, who resides mostly at Bridgeport.
More than a year ago I received a letter signed by - - and several others, com- plaining of being neglected and requesting, not in the most humble terms, to be better provided for. I wrote to Rev. Mr. Lynch upon the subject, and after that when I saw him, spoke to him more fully about it. It was not difficult to perceive that an unfortunate misunderstanding existed between a considerable portion, at least, of the Catholics of Stamford and their pastor. They charged him with neglect and want of attention to them, and he accused them of requiring of him things that were unreasonable, and refusing to contribute a proper sum towards his support,2 and to enable him to procure things required for the decent celebration of the sacred mysteries.
That their demands upon him were in some cases unreasonable was manifest to me from their own letter, and I do not doubt that when they began to entertain an unkind feeling towards him they also withheld their contributions. Such a state of things is deeply to be deplored. It is out of my power to remedy it. I have no other priest to send them,3 and even if I had I doubt whether they would give him a support.
Perhaps some of your good Fathers may do good in the case. If so, I shall be very happy. But you can easily perceive that it will not do for them to go there, as it were, rivals of Rev. Mr. Lynch. They should rather appear as his assistants, and of course
1 Bishop Tyler.
2 In his letter to Bisliop Tyler, quoted above, Father Lynch said that from liis eleven visits to Stamford lie "got very little from them, sometimes nothing, at other times hardly what would pay my expenses."
3 Beside Father Lynch there were only three other priests in Connecticut, Rev. Jolin Brady, Rev. Jas. Smyth and Rev. John Brady, Jr.
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THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEW ENGLAND.
should first have a good understanding with him ; unless, indeed, you could take the whole care of the place, which you intimate is impossible.
I will write immediately to Rev. Mr. Lynch upon the subject, and if one of you good Fathers will see him and have an agreement with him upon the subject, and do something for the spiritual welfare of those poor people you will have not merely my thanks, but will have the merit of promoting the great object which your society has always in view-the honor and glory of God and the salvation of souls.
With sincere respect, I am, Dear Sir,
Yours in Christ, + WM. TYLER.
REV. AUG. J. THEBAUD, S. J., St. John's College, Fordham, N. Y.
In accordance with Bishop Tyler's wishes, a priest of St. John's College held a conference with Father Lynch at Bridgeport, the results of which will be seen from the following letters :
BRIDGEPORT, Sept. 23, 1846.
Right Revd. Bishop : The Revd. Mr. de Luynes, one of the priests of St. John's Col- lege, called here last week to make arrangements for visiting Stamford. I told him he might come there, with your approbation, as often as he pleased, provided he did not interfere with my visits once in every three months; or, with your consent, that he might take the entire charge of that place and the adjoining towns. I presume Rev. Mr. Thebaud will write to you again. I submit the matter to your lordship for adjustment, and await your decision.
Wishing your Lordship health and happiness, I remain,
Your Lordship's most Obt. Servant, M. LYNCH.
Father Thebaud wrote :
ST. JOHN'S COLL., Sept. 28, 1846.
Right Rev. Sir : Last week Father de Luynes, one of our gentlemen, went to see Revd. Mr. Lynch, of Bridgeport, to hear from him, if he would have any objection to our visit- ing periodically the Catholics of Stamford. Mr. Lynch said that he was willing, provided we should take altogether the charge of that part of his congregation and attend the sick calls. This we cannot do, chiefly on account of the distance, and the difficulty of the roads in winter. We give up, therefore, the idea we had of obliging those poor people, and I think it proper to inform your Lordship of it. It may be, nevertheless, that, at least, in summer, some of us may go occasionally to Stamford, as Rev. Mr. Lynch said he had no objection to it, and I hope you will grant us for those occasions, the power of hearing confessions and administering other sacraments in that portion of your diocese.
I have the honor to be, Right Rev. Sir,
Your Obt. Servt., AUG. J. THEBAUD, S. J.
After Bishop McFarland's ordination to the priesthood, on May 18, 1845, he was assigned to St. John's College as professor. He did not remain here long, as on May 6, 1846, he was appointed pastor of Watertown, N. Y., and dependencies. Previous to this he had done parochial duty in New York city. While professor at Fordhain, Father McFarland often attended sick calls at Stamford. His visits antedated the application inentioned in Father Thebaud's first letter to Bishop Tyler, and may, indirectly, have been the cause of the petition being made to the college.
In 1849, the Rev. John C. Brady was appointed pastor of Norwalk, with Stamford, Danbury, New Milford and Canaan as missions. Father Brady took
285
DIOCESE OF HARTFORD.
up his residence on the Cove road a short distance from the town. On July 4, 1849, he broke ground for a new church on Meadow street. It was a one- story frame structure, 60 by 40 feet. The church was dedicated on January 26, 1851. On that occasion Bishop O'Reilly also made a visitation of the parish, administered confirmation and preached three times.
In March, 1854, the Rev. E. J. Cooney succeeded Father Brady. During his pastorate the church was enlarged by an addition of twenty feet. Father Cooney made many other improvements in and about the church. The next pastor and the first resident priest of Stamford, was the Rev. James Reynolds. His terin of service began in November, 1857, and ended by his death in October, 1858.
The Rev. James H. O'Neill immediately succeeded Father Reynolds. Finding the labors of the parish too arduous to be borne alone, as the number of souls had increased froin a few hundred to over a thousand in less than ten years, he received as assistants the Rev. Edward O' Neill, who served from 1860 to 1864; Rev. Christopher Duggett, 1864 to 1866; Rev. James Ward, 1866; Rev. James Charleton, 1867, and Rev. Eugene Gaffney. Recognizing the importance of Catholic schools Father O'Neill in 1860 built a school on Meadow street, and procured effective teachers in the persons of Mr. P. Reilly and Miss B. Clancy, who retained their positions until 1876, when the old church having been converted into school-rooms, and the pastoral residence into a convent, the Sisters of Mercy assumed charge of the schools. During these years Greenwich was a mission of Stamford, and so continued until the fall of 1876, when it attained the dignity of a parish, with the Rev. W. H. Rogers as the first pastor.
The Rev. John Fagan was appointed the successor of Father O'Neill upon the death of the latter in October, 1868. One of the great needs of the parish at this time was a new cemetery, as the little burial ground around the old church had only a few untenanted graves. A tract of thirty-six acres in Springdale, about two and one-half miles from Stamford, on the line of the New Canaan R. R., was purchased. Father Fagan had this surveyed and laid out for cemetery purposes. He built a massive stone wall along the front, planted trees and otherwise beautified the grounds, so that with its graveled walks. and driveways, its shrubs and flowers, gentle undulation and stream of water running along its western border, Springdale cemetery is a place of great beauty. As the congregation had increased to 3000 souls, Father Fagan was not long in recognizing the necessity of a larger church. Accordingly, a short time after his appointment, he took steps to secure an eligible site. He purchased the present site on Atlantic street from Mr. A. J. Bell for $12, 500. Work on the church was immediately begun, but Father Fagan lived to see the work completed only to the water table. He died on December 5, 1873. Father Fagan's assistants were : Rev. James Daly, from April to October, 1871 ; Rev. Thomas Lynch, from October, 1871, to April, 1872 ; Rev. Thomas Hcaly, from April, 1872, to September, 1873 ; Rev. Joluni A. Mulcahy, from June until September, 1873, and Rev. W. H. Rogers, appointed September, 1873.
The Rev. Michael A. Ticrney assumed charge of St. Jolin's parisli on February 1, 1874, pushed on the work of the church vigorously, roofed in the
·
286
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEW ENGLAND.
building and completed the basement, which was ready for divine services on Thanksgiving day, 1875. Very Rev. James Hughes, administrator of the diocese, officiated at the dedication ceremonies, and the sermon was preached by the Rev. Matthew Hart. The evening discourse was pronounced by the Rev. P. A. Murphy. In the meantime Father Tierney had purchased the present pastoral residence on Atlantic street from Mr. J. A. Condon for $18,500, had fitted up the old church for school purposes, and brought the Sisters of Mercy to take charge of tlie schools.
Father Tierney was followed in the pastorate by the present rector, the Rev. William H. Rogers, in 1877. Father Rogers continued the work on the church until its completion. The ceremony of dedication was performed by Bishop McMahon on May 30, 1886. The preacher was the Rev. Dr. Horst- mann, the present bishop of Cleveland. The orator at the evening services was the Rev. Edward McGlynn, D. D.
The Rev. Thomas Coleman served as assistant here from July, 1876, to the following September; Rev. Joseph Gleeson from January, 1877, until Novem- ber, 1878; Rev. H. J. Walsh from November, 1878, to February, 1885 ; Rev. P. Skelly from February, 1885, to April, 1886; Rev. Thomas Keenan from February, 1886, to November, 1897; the Rev. E. A. Flannery from January, 1898, to September, 1898. Rev. J. T. Lynch and Rev. E. Sullivan are the present assistants.
The property of St. John's parish was recently increased by the purchase of the house and land adjoining the rectory for $8500. In four decades the Catholic population of Stamford has increased from 100 to 4000 souls. The value of the church property is near a quarter of a imillion dollars.
The parochial school is in a very prosperous condition. There are 463 pupils and eleven sisters, of whom Sister M. Alexius is Superioress.
St. John's church is of grey stone with granite trimmings throughout. It is of Gothic design, cruciform with clerestory. The dimensions are : extreme length, 176 feet; width of nave and aisles, 68 feet ; breadth of nave at intersec- tion of transepts, 92 feet ; transepts, 16 x 50 ; height of nave, 50 feet; vestibule, 16 x 50; height of spire, 225 feet. The architect was Mr. James Murphy, of Providence, R. I.
LIST OF EARLY CATHOLIC NAMES OF
STAMFORD.
Whole number of souls. Families. of souls.
Whole number
Families.
Drew, Patrick, wife and six children . . . 8 O'Brien, Patrick, wife and three children 5 Kenney, Timothy, wife and two children 4 Murphy, James, wife and two children . 4 Shaughnessy, Patrick, wife and four chil - dren . 6
Dwyer, Robert, wife and three children . 5 Hogg, Peter, wife and two children 4
Gilfoyle, Mrs., and five children
6 Hogg, Michael, and wife 2
Deagan, John, wife and child 3
Eagan, Felix, and wife . 2 Muldoon, John, wife and five children. . 7 Edell, Madame, and one child 2 Fitzgerald, Thomas, wife and one child . 3
STILLWATER DISTRICT.
Kennedy, John, and wife
2 - Guider, John, and wife . 2 Sullivan, John, and wife
2 Brown, Mrs. Rose, and four children . . 5
--
-----
ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, Stamford, Conn.
287
DIOCESE OF HARTFORD.
ROXBURY.
Whole number
Families.
Whole number of souls. Families. of souls.
Crowley, Patrick, wife and two children 4 Shea, Patrick, and wife 2
Crowley, Timothy, and sister . 2 Welsh, Thomas, wife and child . 3
O'Brien, Michael, wife and one child . . 3
DUMPLING POND LOCALITY.
O' Neil, Edward, wife and one child . 3 O'Brien, Thomas, wife and four children 6
Power, John, wife and two children . . 4 Karney, Michael, wife and one child . . 3 STANAYE LOCALE.
O'Connell, Timothy, wife and two chil- Ryan, John, wife and three children . . . 5
dren .
Whole number of souls Whole number of families
II7
30
STAMFORD.
Daniel Lahy. Edward Ryan.
James Brennan. Michael Lynch.
Francis O'Neill.
William Murphy.
James Kelly. Martin Gillespie.
Michael Kennedy. Edward Kavenagh. James Herbert.
Francis Lee.
Lawrence Walsh. Michael Conly.
Joseph McNamara. James Keenan.
Daniel Doolan. John Hickey.
Peter McGowan. Michael O'Donnell.
Charles Downey.
John Ryan.
Cornelius Cavanagh. Francis McGarvey.
Michael Mangen. Patrick Cavanagh.
Patrick Lynch.
Bernard Kehoe.
Patrick Powers. Peter Nugent.
STILLWATER.
Martin Flinn.
John Foley. John Foley, Jr.
Timothy McDonald. John Terry.
Timothy Conroy. Miles Riley. James Mulkey. Daniel Duffy.
John McMahon. ROXBURY.
Thomas Blute. Patrick Rourke. Thomas Dacey.
DUMPLING POND.
Thomas Buckley.
James Magee. Jeremiah O'Brien. Michael Kennedy.
Edmund Clute. James McLaren. Patrick Gannan. James Lynch.
Peter Kennedy. STAMFORD.
Bridget Langen.
Ann Nugent.
Ellen O'Neill. Ann Smith.
Catherine Donavan.
Mary Gorman
Mary Brady.
Margaret Smith.
Mary Moran. Mary Shean. Margaret Collins.
Mary Fitzpatrick.
Sarah Berresford.
Ellen Malone.
Catherine Dougherty
Ann Mack.
Bridget Conelly. Margaret Doran. Mary McCahey.
Margaret Flannigan.
Bridget Kelley. Rosey Nugent. Cecilia O'Shaughnessy. Margaret Lee.
Bridget Lynclı. Mrs. Simox.
Mary Sanderson.
Ann O'Neill.
Ellen Crowley.
Rosanna Flood. Jane McGrath.
Bridget Connelly.
Catherine Connors.
Bridget Kehoe.
Rosanna Riley.
Also a number of others whose names could not be easily ascertained. Thirty families numbering .
117
Unmarried persons as far as could be learned .
93
Total
210
There is no date on the original paper from which the above was copied, but it is a very old list. Its probable date is about 1850.
-
William Collins.
John Murphy. John Harrison.
--
4 O'Brien, Patrick, wife and four children. 6
Mary Curran. Mrs. Sullivan. Catherine Smith.
288
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEW ENGLAND.
PARISH OF THE ASSUMPTION,
WESTPORT.
HE town of Westport was incorporated in 1835. Eighteen years after, on November 21st, was offered up for the first time in Westport the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. The celebrant was the Rev. John Brady, of Norwalk, and the chapel for the occasion was the Universalist church, on Main street. The priests of Norwalk continued to serve the Catholics of Westport until a short time previous to its formation into a parish.
In 1860, the church was built by the Rev. Dr. Mulligan, and dedicated on August 15th of that year. When Rev. M. P. Lawlor began his pastorate at Fairfield, in January, 1876, he took charge also of Westport. Father Law- lor's pastorate was of short duration, at the end of which Westport was made an independent parish. The Rev. Patrick Keating was appointed the first resi- dent pastor, and in January, 1877, purchased the pastoral residence. Among the other material works effected was the decoration of the church. Father Keat- ing ministered to the wants of the Westport Catholics with commendable zeal until May 10, 1885, when the Rev. John H. Carroll was appointed his suc- cessor. His thirteen years of service here were productive of gratifying results in the material and spiritual order. For many years Father Carroll served on the Board of Education, and was also the chairman of that body, a fact which strongly attests the existence of the spirit of fraternity between Protestants and Catholics; and, that this spirit does exist, is due in no small degree to the prudent, and withal inanly course adopted and steadily pursued by the clergy. Father Carroll preached his farewell sermon on Sunday, October 9, 1898, and on the following Sunday assumed charge of the parish of the Holy Trinity, Wallingford. He was succeeded by the Rev. James P. Ryle, who came here from Montville.
The church of the Assumption is a frame structure, whose seating capa- city is 500.
LITCHFIELD COUNTY.
ST. JOSEPH'S PARISH,
WINSTED.
HE first Mass said in Winsted, or, as it was then called, Clifton, was offered by the Rev. James Lynch, of Birminghamn, in the west district school-house, in 1851, in the presence of about forty persons. An old resident, however, is authority for the statement that the first Mass was said in 1850 by a Father Tucker. One who was present at Father Lynch's Mass, Mrs. Gabriel Grinnan, is still living, and has vivid recollections of the same. Mr. Peter Dardis came to Winsted in 1849. At that time, he says, there were about twelve Catholic families here. In 1851 land was purchased
289
DIOCESE OF HARTFORD.
for a church. In 1852 the Rev. Thomas Quinn entered upon his duties as the first resident pastor of Winsted. Soon after his arrival lie began the erection of the church, the corner-stone of which was laid in 1853. Until the church was ready for occupancy, divine services were held in Camp's Hall. In 1853 Father Quinn was succeeded by the Rev. Philip Gillick, who came from the diocese of New York. He completed the church, in the basement of which he took up liis residence. Rev. Thomas Hendricken came in 1854. Serving here about one year, he was followed by the Rev. Richard O'Gorman in 1855. Rev. Lawrence Mangan caine next, and remained three years. While trav- eling in Europe Father Mangan was drowned. Rev. Daniel Mullen was appointed pastor in 1860, but at the outbreak of the Civil War he resigned to accept the office of chaplain of the Ninth Connecticut Volunteers. "Father Mullen was a man of literary culture," says the Annals of Winchester, "and earnest patriotism, who served at Baton Rouge and Chackaloo Station, La., and Deep Bottom, Va. He was compelled by ill health to resign on the 26th of August, 1862." Father Mullen's successor was the Rev. Philip Sheridan, who a few years later was followed by Rev. Father Leo da Saracena, O. S. F., who had taken Father Mullen's place as chaplain of the Ninth Regiment. During his first administration this parish was thoroughly organized. Father Leo received his appointment as rector of St. Joseph's parish on January I, 1865. In August, 1870, the Rev. Father Anacletus, O. F. M., became pastor, but was transferred in the following year to allow Father Leo to resume charge of the parisli, which he continued to govern till 1877. From 1877 to 1880 he was Custos Provincial of the order, and resided at Allegany in St. Bonavent- ture's seminary, of which he was the president for three years. Father Leo was followed by Father Ubaldus da Rieti, who held the position of rector until 1878, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Bonaventure Fox, O.S.F. He remained until 1879, when he returned to Santa Barbara, California. In 1879, Fathers Jerome, Daniel, and Francis labored here as well as on the out- inissions. At the expiration of his term of office at Allegany in 1880, Father Leo returned to Winsted. With the exception of a tour through Europe and the Holy Land in 1891 and 1892, Father Leo labored continuously in the parish until summoned to his reward on November 3, 1897, in the sixty- fifth year of his age and the forty-second of his priesthood. His successor, the Rev. Alexander M. Hickey, O. S. F., was appointed by the Custos Provini- cial, Very Rev. Joseplı Butler, with the approbation of Right Rev. Bishop Tierney, and is still in charge of the parislı.
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