USA > Connecticut > The history of Connecticut, from its earliest settlement to the present time. Ed. by W. H. Carpenter and T. S. Arthur > Part 16
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BY the people of Connecticut the return of peace was welcomed with almost extravagant outbursts of rejoicing. Political animosities were
24
278
HISTORY OF CONNECTICUT.
[1816
suddenly deprived of their fierceness. All parties were thankful that a period of gloom had passed away, in which the impending danger of internal discord had been far more fearful than the war- like operations of an external foe. Along the streams, and in the numerous little harbours of the state, active preparations were visible for a return to the pleasing employments of peace. Vessels were brought from their hiding-places, and the river side and the sea-shore began again to be cheerful with the hum of reviving com- merce. Those manufactures called into life by the war, and which had introduced a new ele- ment of prosperity into the commonwealth, lan- guished, it is true, for a brief period after the restoration of peace ; but, fostered by the tariff of 1816, they soon sprang up again into fresh and vigorous existence.
Having long since lost power as a national organization, the Federal party, weakened by internal dissensions, now began to be threatened with overthrow, even in Connecticut, its greatest stronghold. The opposition of its leaders to a protective tariff, and to the abolition of the church establishment which had existed since the planting of Connecticut, drew against them the entire strength of the Democratic party, backed by a large and increasing fraction of their own hitherto faithful adherents. To secure the material aid of this disaffected fraction, the
279
TOLERATIONISTS.
1818.]
Democrats, at the election of 1816, brought for- ward, as their gubernatorial candidate, Oliver Wolcott, a moderate Federalist, a warm advocate of domestic manufactures, and the son and grand- son of two former governors. Known in the political annals of the state as the "Toleration Party," this new combination, even in its first effort, exhibited formidable strength. Smith, the Federal incumbent, carried his re-election against Wolcott by a few hundred votes only, while in the assembly the opposition obtained a proportion of power hitherto unparalleled.
Rapidly gathering strength, the "Toleration- ists," in 1817, achieved a signal triumph by the election of Wolcott. They also carried a ma- jority of the delegates to the popular branch of the assembly. But, retaining a preponderance of power in the council, the old line Federalists were thus enabled to retard, for a brief period, the changes which their opponents demanded.
At the next general election, in April, 1818, the chief question in dispute between the two parties related to the formation of a state con- stitution. The republican character of the old colonial charter, obtained by Winthrop a cen- tury and a half previous, was remarkably attested by the fact that the state had existed under it so long, without any very general desire having been expressed by the people for a constitution of their own framing. Advocating the necessity
280
HISTORY OF CONNECTICUT.
- [1818.
of such an instrument, the "Tolerationists" swept the state. Wolcott was re-elected go- vernor, and a majority chosen to the assembly in favour of a constitutional convention ; an act to authorize which was immediately passed.
Meeting at Hartford in August, the conven- tion framed a constitution, which, in the follow- ing October, received the popular sanction. In its general features this instrument much re- sembled the colonial charter it superseded, upon which, in his moderating speeches to the assembly, Wolcott had bestowed many and well-merited eulogies. The most important changes it intro- duced were those for which the popular party had chiefly contended; the extension of the right of suffrage to all tax-payers and the abo- lition of the old religious establishment.
From the year 1818 to the present time the history of Connecticut presents few points for consideration. The annals of peace, under a popular and enlightened government, are "short and simple," and they may be summed up in the brief sentence-the commonwealth prospered.
As will have been seen, the Federal party was entirely broken up simultaneously with the adoption of the constitution. After that event the old party grounds appear to have been pretty generally abandoned, preparatory to that later array of conflicting opinions, the respective ad- herents of which became known as Whigs and
281
STATISTICS OF EDUCATION.
1850.]
Democrats. The first governor under the con- stitution was Wolcott, who remained in office until 1826, when he was succeeded by Gideon Tomlinson. The present executive is the vene- rable Charles H. Pond, a gentleman now past the scriptural limit of life, but who still retains a vigour and elasticity of mind and body which many younger men may be permitted to envy.
Connecticut has been deservedly praised for the attention she has given to the subject of education. In 1852, the school-fund, whose origin has already been noticed, amounted to the sum of $2,049,482; although nearly $4,000,000 of its proceeds had been previously distributed among the schools of the state. During the year mentioned, when the number of children between four and six years was about 95,000, the re- venue distributed amounted to $132,792,80. In addition to the numerous schools thus supported by the state, there are many private academies, three first-class colleges, two theological semi- naries, and one law and one medical school. The two latter, having respectively twenty-six and thirty-seven pupils, are attached to Yale College at New Haven. This college, the most nume- rously attended in the United States, and among the alumni of which are some of the most emi- nent divines, scholars, and statesmen of the country, in 1852 had four hundred and forty students, and fifty-one thousand volumes in its 24*
282
HISTORY OF CONNECTICUT. [1850.
libraries. The Wesleyan University, founded in 1831, is situated at Middletown. It has seven instructors, a library of fourteen thousand volumes, and about one hundred and twenty students. Trinity College, founded at Hartford in 1824, has thirteen instructors, seventy-nine students, and a library of fifteen thousand volumes. The two theological seminaries at New Haven and East Windsor have an average attendance of about sixty pupils.
For her erring and unfortunate children, Con- necticut has manifested the same wise and bene- volent care as she has for the instruction of the virtuous, the healthy, and the sane. In 1851, an act was passed, and ten thousand dollars ap- propriated for the establishment of a state school for the instruction and reformation of juvenile offenders under the age of sixteen. At Hartford is the Retreat for the Insane, which receives a liberal contribution from the state. In the same beautiful city stands the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. Established in 1817 by the Rev. T. H. Gallaudet, in conjunction with M. Laurent Clerc, a deaf mute, formerly an in- structor under the celebrated Abbe Sicard, this institution was the first of its kind in the United States. The average number of pupils at pre- sent is about two hundred. Appropriations are made for the benefit of their own citizens in this asylum, severally by Connecticut, Maine, New
1850.]
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.
283
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and South Carolina.
Of the seven hundred and nineteen churches in Connecticut, in 1850, the different sects of Baptists owned 113; the Congregationalists, 252; the Methodists, 178; the Episcopalians, 100; the Universalists, 22; the Presbyterians, 17 ; the Roman Catholics, 12. The rest were distributed among the various smaller denomina- tions. These give an average of one church to every five hundred and fifteen persons. Value of church property, $3,554,894.
. Much of the surface of Connecticut is hilly and rugged, being crossed by several ranges of low mountains. Between these ranges there are valleys and plains of greater or less extent ; and those on the river intervals especially of great agricultural capabilities. Wherever the soil can be tilled, it is generally made to yield the most it is capable of with our present system of cul- ture. The number of acres of land under culti- vation, in 1850, was 1,768,168; value of farm- ing implements and machinery, $1,892,541; of live stock, $7,467,490; of domestic manufac- tures, $192,252. The number of bushels of Indian corn raised, was 1,935,043; of wheat, 41,762; of rye, 600,893; of oats, 1,158,738. The number of pounds of tobacco produced, was 1,267,264 ; of butter, 6,498,119; of cheese, 5,363,277. In addition to the great staples
284
HISTORY OF CONNECTICUT.
[1850.
here mentioned, the smaller ones are abundantly produced ; although the north-western and east- ern portions of the state are better adapted to grazing than to grain. The value of animals slaughtered in 1850, was $2,202,266.
Connecticut has long been celebrated for the itinerant vendors of her manufactures, who have travelled over our country in all directions. Her wooden clocks note the lapse of time in the re- motest settlements of our western states, and have of late years been exported even to Europe. Wooden, iron, copper, tin, and brass ware; hats, boots, shoes, coaches, combs, axes, buttons, saddlery, paper, and agricultural and mecha- nical implements, are all largely manufactured. Though these wares are generally fabricated in small quantities by individuals with trifling capi- tal, yet the aggregate amount is great enough to place Connecticut among the first of the manu- facturing states. In the absolute amount of cotton and woollen goods produced, this little commonwealth is nearly equal to New York or Pennsylvania, and taking the difference of popu- lation into consideration, she is greatly superior ; while she only ranks below Pennsylvania in the relative amount of iron manufactured. In 1850, the cotton manufacture of the state was carried on by one hundred and twenty-eight establish- ments, in which a capital of $4,219,200 was invested. The value of all the raw material was
285
COASTING TRADE.
1850.]
$2,500,602; products, $4,257,522; opera- tives, 6185; monthly wages, $82,743. In the woollen manufacture, there was a capital of $3,733,950, invested in one hundred and forty- nine establishments, consuming in the year raw material to the amount of $3,325,709, and pro- ducing an annual value of $6,465,216. The num- ber of operatives was 5488, receiving monthly wages amounting to $104,615. The capital in- vested in ninety-one iron works was $1,335,900; raw material consumed, $999,374; value of pro- ducts, $2,064,560; operations, 1464; monthly wages, $41,680. In addition to the establish- ments enumerated with the above, there were three thousand five hundred and forty-five other manufactories, producing annually $500 and upward.
Carrying on an active coasting trade, Con- necticut has little foreign commerce, excepting with the West Indies, that does not flow through New York and Boston. Her foreign exports, consisting principally of domestic manufactures, amounted, in 1852, to $506,174; overbalancing her imports during the same period, $111,499. The entire tonnage of the state was rated at 125,085, of which 25,992, chiefly belonging to New London, was engaged in the whale fishery, and 8318 in the cod and mackerel fisheries ; number of vessels built, sixty-five, with an ag- gregate tonnage of 9035.
286
HISTORY OF CONNECTICUT.
[1850.
Of late, public attention has been considerably excited by the re-discovery, near Middletown, of a lead mine, which is thought to have been worked by the first Governor Winthrop. Inde- pendently of its richness in lead, the ore of this mine yields a heavy percentage of silver. Be- sides lead, the region around Middletown con- tains abundantly, zinc, cobalt, and copper, and companies are forming, with large capitals, to work the different mines.
Connecticut has her full share of railways, connecting her principal towns with each other, and with New York and Boston. In January, 1853, there was a grand total of six hundred and forty-seven miles in operation, and one hundred and ninety-eight in course of construction.
The banking capital of Connecticut, in 1852, was $12,509,808, distributed among fifty-three institutions. Her state debt is $91,212; ordi- nary annual expenses, exclusive of debt and - schools, $115,000; assessed value of property, in 1850, $119,088,672.
The number of representatives to which Con- necticut is entitled by the present apportionment, is four. By the census of 1790, her population was 238,141; by that of 1840, it was 309,978; and by that of 1850, 370,791. But it is not in her own census tables that evidence is to be sought of the numerical increase of the active, enterprising, and ingenious sons of Connecticut.
1850.]
POPULATION.
287
These only show the number of the more sedate, stay-at-home people. As has been seen in the course of this history, a tide of emigration early set out from her borders. Since the Revolution, that tide has been full and continuous ; bearing with it, to all parts of the Union, not itinerant tradesmen and shrewd adventurers only, but a goodly portion of the sober, sensible, God-fear- ing population of the state. From these emi- grants-the founders of new settlements and of new states-have risen leading merchants, law- yers celebrated for their ability, and statesmen distinguished in the councils of the nation. And more than all, wherever the outflowing popula- tion of Connecticut has borne itself, it has, while · reclaiming the wilderness and laying the founda- tions of towns and cities, constantly evinced that intelligent regard for the education of youth, which forms a distinctive feature in the character of the people from which it sprung.
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