USA > Delaware > History of Delaware : 1609-1888 > Part 12
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Hacerd's Anuais, Pp. 50, 56, 57.
: Pennsylvania Magazine of History, Vol. III. p 403. (Kren's Trans- Istan of thner.)
other than several shots fired after the sloop as it passed down the river.
In the mean time preparations were making for planting an independent Dutch colony in New Sweden, under the patronage of the Swedish West India Company. This eame about through certain jealousies and ill feeling in Holland towards the Dutch West India Company. The Swedish Government had become anxious to have its colonization schemes carried on inde- pendently of the very Dutch element which it had been glad enough to interest at first, and through whose aid the first and second expeditions were made successful. Steps had already been taken to buy out the Holland partners " since they are a hindranee to us," although that result was not actually reached until February, 1641, when the sum of eighteen thousand gulden was paid for the purpose out of the publie funds. The Swedes however had no objection to the settlement of Dutch people in New Sweden provided they were subject to Swedish rule. Thus the way was made easy for a private company formed of certain dis- affected persons in the Dutch West India Com- pany, living principally in the Province of Utrecht to form an independent settlement. One Herr van der Horst was the first to enter into negotia- tion with the Swedish Government, but the grant was subsequently transferred to Henrik Hoog- kamer, or as it is more commonly spelled Henry Hockhammer and his associates, they as the charter states " having the intention of establish- ing a colony in New Sweden." This charter called " Ortroij and Privilegium" in imitation of the concessions common with the Dutch West India Company called " patroonships," provided that the grantees might take up lands on the north (or west) side of the Delaware River, at least four or five German miles from Christiana, to hold the same under the protection of the crown of Sweden
44
HISTORY OF DELAWARE.
as hereditary property and exercise over the same many of whom had been imprisoned by the pr. vincial governors. Thus they secured many ind !! viduals of the lawless classes, though the body ... high and low jurisdiction and bring it into actual cultivation in ten years. They were to recognize the suzerainty of the crown of immigrants was not so constituted as a whole. Sweden and pay as tribute three imperial gulden for every family settled. In religion they were to prefer the Augsburg Confession of Faith but be- sides were to be allowed the privilege of the " so called Reformed Religion, " but in such a manner as to avoid all dispute. The patroons of the colony were bound to support " as many ministers and school-masters as the number of the inhabi- tants shall seem to require, choosing so far as possible for these offices, men who would be will- ing and capable in the conversion of the savages. They were to be allowed to engage in every iu- dustry, trade and commerce with friendly powers but were limited to the use of vesssels built only in Sweden and were to use Gottenburg as the place for bonding all goods sent to Europe. They were exempted from all taxes for a period of ten years.
A passport for the ship " Fredenburg" was granted simultaneously with this charter and also a commission for Jost van Bogardt as Swe- dish agent in New Sweden, probably to live in the Dutch colony to be founded under the charter-at least he is afterwards found in that position-and as commander, with a salary of five hundred florins per annum The " Fredenburg" duly sailed under command of Captain Jacob Powelson but with Bogardt as commander of the expedi- tion, and arrived on the Delaware November 20, 1640, the immigrants being settled, according to the best information now obtainable, about three or four (Swedish ) miles below Christiana,' which would place it in or near what is now St. George's Hundred of New Castle County.
This enterprise must not be confounded with the third Swedish expedition It will be remem- bered that Lieutenant Mans Kling had in May, 1640, accompanied the " Key of Kalmar" to Sweden, with authority to collect immigrants for strengthening the colony. He prosecuted this work zealously, having as a co laborer one Lieu- tenant . Colonel Johan Printz, the same who subse- quently became governor of New Sweden, and of whom we shall therefore have more to say later. They were particularly ordered to recruit in the mining districts, also from among the " roaming Finns," who " were wont to live free of charge in the houses of the inhabitants of the Swedish for- ests," and among the " forest-destroying Finns,"
1 In regard to this matter he weser there have been some donlite, one or two writers . ven cit gang that the colony was located on Elk River. Maryland. It is ontun om the light of shlerquent everdtsi that the locality was mjoop the De las ire an Ij soluble thit it was ieloir Christina, but there are not wanting to see whatterms that the place selected was ngon or nent the site of New Castle, and that it was the presence of bettler there already which gave that locality the advantage of Fort Casimir in after years
-
Out of thirty-two persons secured for the expedition through the personal effort- of Kling, four were criminals, " but the re. mainder went either as servants in the employ of the company, or to better their condition The vessels of the expedition this time were the " Key of Kalmar " and the " Charitas," the lat- ter made ready at Stockholm. They sailed from Sweden sometime in 1641, and arrived duly on the Delaware, but the particulars of the voyage ar wanting. A paper among the archives of the Pennsylvania Historical Society gives the nanu- of some forty odd of the immigrants (many of them with families) who came over at thi- time .: We are told that Lientenant Kling brought with him his wife, child and a maid There appears to have been also a priest-Her! Christoffer - ( no surname is given in the original with this expedition, but he could not have re- mained long in the country, for no further men- tion of him is found. It is stated that he cana. out for experience, stipulating for nothing but maintenance, although he received a present ut one hundred daler copper money from the Riksmi- ral (or admiral) upon whose recommendation he embarked. Gustaf Strahl, a young nobleman. sailed also upon the recommendation of the admi- ral. Michael Jansson, the burgomaster's son. from Gefle, was another adventurer. The remain- der of the arrivals appear to have been actual settlers, and the brief notes which we are able to give concerning them afford in many cases inter- esting suggestions in regard to the conditions which governed the colonization scheme, the character et the persons themselves, and the conduct of affair- during the early years of New Sweden's history :
Mans Svensson Loom. a tailor, came out to engage in agriculture pursuits: was paid at the Stand five nikeller, but diew ne wage Il was accompanied by his wife, two daughters, and a little son, and i still hving in New Sweden as a freeman in les.
Olof Per-son salle, of Pentaingshy Manor, Lanna Parish, Rossz.f. n millwright, came to engage in agunulture ; pad at the start 1! I dier, drawing no additional wages but to be paid for whatever wod he does-accompanied by his wife and two children. Hi- place .. residence in loss is indicated on Litolstrong's map. In les and sequently he was one of the magistrates on the Deliwane How still living in 10-4. Init died por to tues, leaving a anh. John st.1 lworn in 1446, the uberstor of a well-known Plnladelphia family
Mat- Hanssen, or Jamison, to serve as gunter in the f rt, and at th same time to engage in agriculture of the cultivation of talpra- comjunied by his wife. In 1644 n gummer at Fort Christina, in 1. 4- freeinat.
Anders Hansson, or Janson, the gunner's brother, engaged by Kl. as a servant of the company to cultivate tilairco, to receive As yra's wares twenty rik-deer and a cost ; a freeman in lule.
Axel Still, same; naturalized in Maryland in bal, but probid. returned to the Delaware, for the name appears among those of p watis living in Philadelphia County in less.
Oluf Palson, same, with twenty duler at the start
" A copy of a list from the Royal Archives in Sweden. The man - from this are given, together with but notes, by Prof. G. B. Kren. .. the Bunnylatin Magazine of History, Vol. III., pp. 12-13-104.
45
NEW SWEDEN ON THE DELAWARE.
Per Joransson, same.
Jan Ericwon, same ; in 1648 a soldier.
Jacob Spruit, satte.
Pal Jiminson, or Jonsson, same, in 1648 a soldier.
Enert Hindriesson, a Fion, same ; in lets still a laborer Banished from Ipland in Ital, he settled afterwards at Crane Hook (below the Christiana) and became captain of the company there. The individual was a participant in the insurrection of the " Long Finn,' for which offener he was fined three hundred guillers.
Lars Marku-son, lahorer.
Hindrich Mateson, a led, to receive ten riksdaler as yearly wages, with ten deler copper mintley at the start ; in liels a soldier. Johan Anderson, SIP.
Ofof Ericsson, Summe : in Inta laborer, appointed to make hay for the cattle, and to accompany the Governor on the little yacht : still a laborer in 161%.
P.d Smal, a lad ; served as a soldier and set out from Christina for Swelen on the " Fama, " June 20, 1 44.
Carl Jansson, to accompany the expedition for punishment. He was a book-keeper in Kievhalat in Finland, and had committed some misdemeanor for which he was transported. His behaviour in Ves Sweden was excellent, and Governor Printz who, m Ini13, placed him in charge of the storehouse, and appointed him to andhit the continy. siry's monthly account, with a monthly salary of ten rilsdubr, in Frlr mary, laiAT, orgod upon the West India Company that he be permit- ted to return to his native country.
Mats Hansson was a servant, drawing no wages, " only to be supplied with needful apparel, because he had committed an offence and must arcompany the expedition for punishment." In 1648 a freeman.
Peter Larsson Kork, Iurn in 1011, was to serve as punishment for necessary food and clothes ; in lode a freeman, He held several others under the government of the colony, and died at hipka, in Philadel- phia County, by Mar h. les -- >. He had at least six sons and as many daughters, and left unterons descendants
Eski Larson, a deserter from the army, sent by the war office ag punishment : in Ir4> a laborer.
Clement Frau-son, a courier and one of the "forest destroying Finns," of the parish of Lund. mn Vermiland, enlisted for putushment in the soldiery and permitted by a local governor to emigrate tle became a freeman by 164x
Eskil Larsson same.
Bartel E-kil&m, son of the former, same. He became a freeman in 1648.
Hans Mansson, a trooper, same. He became a freeman in 1648. Hindrich Mattsson, a Finns, same.
Lans Brorsson, a laborer.
Invert, or Evrit Livert-on came as a freeman on the "Charitas ' and was still in the country in 14%.
Mans Joransom, a Finn, sent ont on the " Key of Kalmar" and sul - sequently became a fireman.
Mats Olofsson, came on the " Key of Kalmar" as a sailor ; in 1648, a WIKKI Sawyer,
Claes Clarsson, a Dat h carpenter. who came on the "Charitas;" in 1634, residing on the island at Christinnt c'herry Island).
Laurens Andriessott Cusper, a Dutchman, who came on the " Chati- tas ; " in 1941, making to dicio casks, etc., at Christina
Imicas Person, who came as a sulor on the "Charitas ; " in 1648, engaged, like Cuyper ; in luis, a stilor on the -loop in New sweden.
Lars Thompson, fromt Vedlding, came as a sailor on the sloop " Chari- tas;" in 1:4%, a sailor on the sloop.
Amlers Christian-s ott Dreyer, in 1644. a miller at Christina.
Kunt Martenson Vasa, came as a sulor ; in 1644, cultivating tobacco for the company at Christina ; in 1948, a freeman.
Olof Thorsson, in 1044, engaged like Vast : in 1645, still a laborer.
Lars Anderson Ulf ; in 1044, engaged hike Vasa, in 1648, a rook upon the sloup.
Gottfried Hermanson, who came as a ste ward on the " Charitas," in 1+44, and in HAS, an assistant of the commissary.
During the year 1642 the colonization schemes of Sweden were broadened in scope, and perfected in organization ; preparations were made for the fourth and greatest expedition, and a more elabor- ate and effective system of government for New Sweden was devised and brought into operation. The Dutchman Spiring still remained as one of the chief advisers and foremost promoters of the enterprise, and it was largely through his influence that a new company was formed of those interested, called the West India or American company, and also " Compagnie de Nova Suecia," with a capital of thirty-six thousand riksdaler, afterwards consid-
erably increased. One-half of this capital was subscribed by the old Southern Ship Company, one-sixth, or six thousand riksdaler, by the Crown, one twelfth each by the great Chancellor, " the heirs of the great chancellor of justice," and Spiring, one twenty fourth each by Claes Fleming and the treasurer and-when the total was enlarged - the sum of two thousand riksdaler by Henriek Huyghen, the commissary at Christina and twelve thousand riksdaler through the Southern Ship Company. Thus the new organi- zation had at its disposal at least fifty thousand riksdaler, besides which it received a grant of the tobacco monopoly formerly bestowed upon the Southern Ship Company.
Chancellor Oxenstierna determined now, also, to appoint a governor and other officials for New Sweden and to pay their salaries out of the Crown funds. Lieutenant Colonel Johan Printz, the same whom we have seen engaged in gathering recruits for emigration, was commissioned governor on the 15th of August, 1642, and on the 30th a "budget for the Government of New Swe- den " was adopted, mentioning a governor with a salary of eight hundred riksdaler, a lieu- tenant, a sergeant, a corporal, a gunner, a trumpeter and a drummer, with twenty-four pri- vate soldiers. In the civil line, provision was also made for a clerk, a barber (surgeon ), a provost and a hangman! The expenses of this govern- ment, about three quarters of which were to be collected from the excises laid on tobacco, it was found, would foot up the respectable sum of three thousand and twenty riksdaler per year, the amounts besides that to be paid the governor, being as follows: One lieutenant governor, sixteen rix dollars per month; one sergeant-major, ten rix dollars ; one corporal, six rix dollars ; one gun- ner, eight rix dollars ; one trumpeter, six rix dol- lars ; one drummer, five rix dollars; twenty-four soldiers, at four rix dollars; one paymaster, ten rix dollars ; one secretary, eight rix dollars ; one barber, ten rix dollars ; one provost, six rix dol- lars, and one - four rix dollars ; making one hundred and eighty-five rix dollars per month. Special agents for the company were appointed in Gottenburg and Amsterdam, and Clas Fleming was placed in general charge of the whole home business of the company.
The most elaborate directions were given to the governor, contained in part in his commission, but more fully in " Instructions," issued for his gaid- ance. His commission dated, Stockholm, August 15, 1642, to go into effect January 1, 1643, was as follows :
"Our faithful subjects having commenced visiting the West Indies, and having par haset in form, and already ocenpied a con-pleralle part of that country, which they have named Now sweden, in consequence -ny they landalde project, the navigation which they have under- taken, and the cultivation which they are dispo-ed to make, cannot but
---
46
HISTORY OF DELAWARE.
increase and facilitate commerce-to give them mure vigor and extent, not only have we approved their design, and taken the country ami it4 inhabitants under one royal protection, but ag un to laver and strengthen the wink which they have commeneed, we have given t . the country and inhaltants, our subperets a Governor, and have named as we do here, by virtueat his letter patent, our very faithful sulgert, the alive Lieutenant of Cavalry, John Prints fordiovernat of New sweden. He en_us bruk- minister and govern sand country and its als datant- against all vielen. . and foreignattachment, and topreserve natural, that country in vate and faithful hands. He must preserve units, goat neighborhood and wales. pondenes with foreigners, with those who degend un hur- government and the natives of the country: render justice without di-tim tion, sothat there shall be injury to no one If any papou lichave hims. If grush, he must punish hum in a convenient manner ; and as trend- the cultiv .. tion of the country, he mm-t in a liberal monter rerelite and continte it, so that the inhalotants may derive from it their honest august, and even that cummerre may receive from it a sensible ineretac. \- to himself, he will conduct his goverment, a- to by willing and alle faithfully to answer for it les tore dad, before us, and every brave Swede, regulating himself by the instructions given to him."
The " Instructions, " containing twenty-eight articles, after reciting the advantages anticipated to follow the measures already taken and those for which preparation was being made, set forth a multiplicity of detailed directions concerning the duties of the Governor. Upon his arrival in New Sweden he was to see that --
"The frontiers of the country extend from the borders of the sea to Cape Henlopen, in returning southwest towards Godyn's Bay, and thence towards the Great River, as far as Mingnas kill, where is con- structed Fort Christina, and from thenee again towards South River, and the whole to a place which the swvagy called Sanki-kan, I which is at the same time the place where are the limits of New Sweden. This district or extent of country may be in length about thirty German nules ; is to width in the interior, it has been stypeilital in the contents that the suh- jects of her majesty and company may take as much of the country as they wish."
With the Dutch he was to cultivate a friendly intercourse, but positively to deny their pretended right to any part of the land on the west side of the river, purchased by the Swedes from the In- dians and he was authorized, in the failure of all friendly negotiation, to repel force by force, but says the document :
" Those Hollanders who have emigrated to New Sweden and settled there under the protection of her Royal Majesty and the Swedish Crown, over whom Jest von dom Boyandhe has command, the Governor shall treat arcunling to the contents of the charter and privile zes con- forted by her Royal Majesty, of the principles whereof the Governor has been advised; lost in other respects he shall show them all good will and kindness, yet so that he shall hold them also to the same, that they also, upon their side, comply with the requisition- of their charter, which they have received. And, thusmente us native has abroadly been given them that they have settled to wear to Hit the estun, and as bases are send to be bolt at the distance of almost the + miles from that phone, they should leave thit place and letake themselves to a somewhat gre uter distance from that fort."
The English, too, were somewhat to be feared. for they had made a settlement on the east side of the Delaware Bay, and one article of the " In-
1 Trenton Falla, ninety miles alive the mouth of Prlaware Bay.
This is the spelling of Acrelins. The proper cetleting of the name IN Just de run Bougent.
3 The location of this settlement was on Salem Check. N. J . Beat the prosent town of the same name. Whether these English were New Lug. Lund or Maryland adventutero the pioneer of sir Elmmal Phosobn is disputed, but they gave ho trente to the swedes, who were to have all they could attend to in resisting the batch chume The probability is that they were from Contertient. They were led by one Lunbertun. The next year 119 they had the audacity to settle at the month of the Schuylkill. " This was too much for the pejquery Dutch fawoher Kieft and even his less exeitalde comed. Jans Jansen Uje adam, com- niivary at Furt Nurcan, was directed tu expel the intruder4, which he did without any ceremony, aring their goods and burning the ir tool- ing house. After this the Dutch Gli mpem the Stem ( Friken's Kil) settlement also and broke that up.
structions " was devoted to the proposed treatment of those people by Printz :
"Recently and in the year last past, viz , full, several English fann les, probably amounting to sixty persons in all, have settled and began to cultivate the land elsewhere, namely upon the last side of the above mentioned south River, on a little stream name] " Father's Kil. . . have also the above named supports of Her Majesty and participants in this e impany, purchased tor themselves of the wild mhabitantsof the country, the whode of this eastern side of the river, from the mouth of the afore sind great river, at Cape May, up to a stie in named Narativen's hil. which extends about twelve termin ales, including also the said I -rhin's Kil, with the intention of drawing to themselves the English afaresaid. This purchase the Governor shall always, with all his puisser keep intart, and thus bring these fantlies under the jurisdiction and government of het Roval Majesty and of the Swedish crown, especialh as we are informed that they themselves are ich-paced thereto, and should they be indeed, as a fire prople, voluntarily to submit them. alves to a government which can maintain and protect them, if i- believed that they nught shortly amount to some hundred strong. But. however that may be, the Governor is to seek tu bring these English under the government of the swedish crown as partners in thus under- taking, and they might also, with good reason, to driven out and away from said place ; therefore her must Royal Majesty will, must graciously, love it to the discretion of Governor Prints to consider and act in the premises as can be done with propriety and necess."
In regard to treatment to the Indians he was counseled to " humanity and mildness," and to see that "neither violence nor injustice was done them," but he "must labor to instruct them in the Christian religion and the Divine Service, and civilize them." To disengage them from the Dutch and English, he was directed to sell at lower prices than they.
The Governor was by every means in his power to encourage the fur trade, and agriculture, to promote mannfactures and to search for metals and minerals; to ascertain whether whale fisheries could not be made profitable, and to investigate the condition of the country with reference to the propagation of silk worms. He had also to dispense justice. With all these divers and diverse duties, and many more, it will readily be seen that the Governor's office was one by no means easy to fill. Printz was, besides, to build, if necessary, a fort which should " shut up the South river," or at least command it, but if he found Fort Christina adequate he was to turn his attention more partie- ularly to agriculture, especially the cultivation of tobacco and to raise cattle and sheep, the breeds of which he was to improve by obtaining the best animals from the English and Dutch. He was allowed to choose his residence where most conve- nient, if a location at Fort Christina did not meet his approval."
The expedition of which Printz was made the commander consisted of the ships " Fama" (" Fame" or " Renown ') and "Svanen" (" Stork "). They left Stockholm August 16, 1642, and Gottenburg November 1st, arriving at Christina February 15, 1643, the time from the first named place just five months, or one hundred and fifty days, though the voyage proper from
· Now Salem Ctrek.
· Raccoon Crepk.
6 Arrelins, " History of New Sweden." (Pennsylvania Historical su- ciety publication, pp. 30-1.
47
NEW SWEDEN ON THE DELAWARE
Gottenburg occupied but three months and a half. Anohvit abd Elins Gyllengren. The former, (asol- The Rev. John Campanius, who accompanied the dier, in 1844) become the chief columnist at Upland ' and the latter, alses soldier, became celebrated for brave exploits, In May, 1654, he held the post of lieutenant and took part in the capture of Fort Casimir, by Governor Bising. " He Breed his way into the fort by the order of Commander Sven S.buto, took poss ssion of the gons, and striking down the Dutch day, raised the Swedish in its stead."> expedition, has given an account of it in the work edited by his grandson. They took the usual cir- cuitous southern course, sailing by the coast of Portugal and Barbary, and the Canary Island-, stopping during the Christmas holidays at Antiga t, where they were entertained by the Governor aund resuming their voyage by way of st. Christopher, St. Martin's and other West India Islands, and thence ea-tward along the American coast. They Nearly all of those whose names have been pre- cervell, came ont as soldiers. Those not yet men- tioned, were : were inside the Delaware Bay, off the Hoornkill on the 26th of January, and ou the following day encountered a severe storm, accompanied by a blinding snow, in which the " Fame" was roughly Aubiers Andersson Hugues tosta in Sweden, th December. 1120, was a sobher in the Governor's guard, at Tinicom, on bell and D4> Ile Ived at Carloons Hook, pr ICY que if Trompeters Check in het. le lett several children. handled, losing three anchors, a main mast, and spritsail, suffering other damages, and finally run- Hans Luurmager, a sobiwith the Governor's guard at Timiento, In Lars Ludersson, same ning aground, and being run off with great diffi- culty. Printz and his fellow voyagers disem- Jis Ander sont, satte. barked at Christina, but he did not long remain Brego. ins Var Bych, sheriff, residing. in 164], at Elfsborg, and hold. tux ho ofnee datil lohl. there, and it is probable that but few of his meu Michel Nelson, stutthe in qual, at 1 plund. did. The Governor made his home, and built a stet Ablensont, Immer in lall, at Elfsborg. fort-at Tinicum, above Chester-higher up the Jareb Eressun, in I 14, a soluter at Blisborg, in 164s. a gunuer at Fort christina, in That eastern. river, as will be shown hereafter, and it is proba- Sickitus bock, or Bor k, in 16H and In4 ., a soldiet at Elfsborg. Johan Gustafsson, in 1024 and lots, a soldier at Ellsbury. ble that he took with him most of the people he Peter Heyet, saitte. had brought over. İsich van Lyser, same.
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