USA > Georgia > Chatham County > Savannah > A history of Savannah and South Georgia, Volume I > Part 57
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BEGINNING OF COTTON CULTURE IN GEORGIA
The excitement beginning with the passage of the Stamp Act and continued until the end of the War of the Revolution put a stop to the commercial business of Savannah, and trade was slow in progress, even after the end of the conflict. In 1786. the value of all exports was $58 .- 000 less than in 1773, or $321.377. Even then little cotton was produced. and it has been supposed and stated by some writers that the first bale was shipped from Savannah in 1788, by Mr. Thomas Miller who, from that belief, was known as "Cotton" Miller: but the truth, as already
471
472
SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
stated, is that Mr. Habersham sent eight bales out of the port of Savan- nah twenty-four years before that date.
Within a few years after the close of the war with England it was evident that the culture of the cotton plant would become a business of some importance, and the fact that cotton was produced around Savan- nah is shown by the invention of the cotton gin by Whitney at the plan- tation of General Nathanael Greene, called Mulberry Grove, in 1793. Seeing the difficulty of separating the seeds from the lint, Eli Whitney concluded that a device by which that work could be done more expedi- tiously than by hand would necessarily eause an inerease in the produe- tion of the staple, and he was right. From the time of his invention Savannah handled much more cotton, and it is no wonder that she has grown to be one of the largest cotton ports of the world. It is well to remember that she exported the first bale, that it was in the vieinity of the city that the eotton gin was invented, and that it was also near her border that the first sea island, or long staple, eotton was first raised in this country. That species was known in the West Indies as "Anquilla" cotton, and Josiah Tattnall and Nicolas Turnbull, on Skidaway Island, experimented with its culture, and sueeessfully produced the lint. Afterward James Spalding and Alexander Bisset grew it on St. Simon's Island, and Richard Leake had a rich experience with it on Jekyl Island.
RAPID GROWTH OF COTTON BUSINESS IN SAVANNAH
It is impossible to present full statisties of the port of Savannah for the whole period of her commercial activity from the time that cotton began to be shipped on a large scale. With some exeeptions the business increased annually from the very beginning. In 1818 the exports went beyond $14,000,000 in value. With the use of steam as the motive power for vessels, about the year 1817. the eommeree of the eity expanded. Steamboat lines were established between Savan- nalı and Augusta, and also between Savannah and Charleston, and between 1840 and 1860 much of the commerce was handled by steamers plying between the eity and Northern and European ports. We have already given an account of the first steamship to cross the ocean, and it will be remembered that she was called the Savannah and that she made the run from this eity to Liverpool. Exceptions to the usual progress occurred whenever a year of disaster eame, such as the great fire of 1820 and the yellow fever epidemics of the same and other years. In 1825 the cotton shipments amounted to 137,257 bales, and in 1826 the number inereased to 190,578. In 1845 the eotton shipments ran up to 304,544 bales, at which time a large amount of business in the handling of lumber was done; and in 1859 the enormous amount of 469,- 053 bales went out of the port to Northern and European markets.
SAVANNAH SECOND COTTON PORT IN WORLD
As was expected, the opening of the Central Railroad to Macon brought a large increase in the commerce of Savannah. Later still the trade was largely increased by the building of the Savannah and Albany Railroad which has several times changed its name, now being known as a portion of the Atlantic Coast Line System. In recent years
1
473
SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
the extension of the railroad systems leading into the port have brought so large an addition of the eotton growing section into direet communi- cation with the eity that the trade in that commodity is enormous. Savannah has now become the second eotton port in the world. On the 20th of February, 1912. the receipts for the season of 1912-13 reached 2,000,000 bales, and at the end of the season the number was estimated at two millions and a half.
FIGURES SHOWING BUSINESS FOR SEVERAL DECADES
An idea of the business done for a period of twenty years up to the beginning of the war of seeession may be gathered from the fol- lowing table :
Year
Bales of Cotton
Tierees of Rice
Feet of Lumber
1839
.199,176
21,321
1840
284.249
24,392
1841
147,280
23,587
14,295,200
1842
.222,254
22,064
8,490,400
1843
280,826
26,281
7,529,550
1844
244,575
28,543
5,923,251
1845
.304,544
29,217
8,270,582
1846
.186,306
32,147
18,585,644
1847
. 234,151
31,739
54,731,385
1854
. 317,471
30,748
49,855,700
1855
388,375
8,220
25,500,000
1856
393,092
29,907
34,887.500
1857
.327,658
27.536
44,743,070
1858
292,829
31,345
28,365,656
1859
469,053
38,130
39,928,084
All Foreign All Foreign
Tierces
1860
314,084
6,790
20,723,350
From the end of the war for a period of twenty-five years the eot- ton exports were as follows:
Upland Cotton
Sea Island Cotton
Coast-
Coast-
Year
Foreign
wise
Total
Foreign
wise
Total
1865
60,144
159.298
219.442
3,891
3,648
7.539
1866
101,737
140,396
242,133
8,137
6,700
14,817
1867
286,671
234.434
521.105
6,467
5,195
11.662
1868
. . 164,674
184.690
349.364
3,329
3,298
6,627
1869
260,366
197.033
457.399
6,488
7,696
14.184
1870
478,941
248,326
727,267
2,568
4,424
6.992
1871
289,000
151.335
440.335
1,061
4,306
5.867
1872
373.793
224.048
597,841
2,395
5,307
7.702
1873
373,730
234,299
608.029 .
2,165
5.341
7.500
1874
426,090
222.073
648.163
3,472
4.480
7.959
1875
420,881
190.023
610,904
2,354
5.821
8.175
1876
368,844
165,900
534,744
1,374
5,516
6.590
Casks
All Foreign
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SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
1877
.298,546
186.284
484,830
1,219
5,001
6,220
1878
348,596
261.742
610.338
2,939
8,430
11,369
1879
458,208
234,474
692.682
1,784
7,019
8,803
1880
423,896
305.059
728.955
796
10.480
11,276
1881
498.551
381,911
880,462
5,836
8.003
13,839
1882
.336,648
394.833
731.481
2,137
15,404
17,541
1883
418,385
394,658
813,043
613
11,442
12.055
1884
.358,150
296.345
654.495
1,649
7,606
9,255
1885
.389,290
317.874
707.164
1,568
17,515
19,083
1886
400,437
383.316
783.753
1,483
21.307
22,790
1887
. .
485,999
289.828
775.827
1,744
26,195
27,936
1888 . . . 384,440
478.935
863.375
1.386
22.647
24,033
1889
. . 320.343
476,813
797,156
3,536
25,846
29,382
NAVAL STORES AND IMPORTANT TRADE
Among the important commercial interests of Savannah is that of naval stores in which she compares favorably with other ports. That business practically began in 1870. By the year 1883 it had assumed
NAVAL STORES, SAVANNAH
an importance which theretofore had not been dreamed of. At that time the president of the board of trade stated that "twelve years ago a barrel of rosin or spirits of turpentine was scarcely known in this market, while today Savannah is known as the largest naval stores market in the world. our receipts for the past fiscal year being 133.139 barrels of spirits and 564.026 barrels of rosin. the aggregate value of which is about $4,000,000, ranking second to cotton in value." The following table shows the receipts almost from the beginning of its importance for the next fifteen years:
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SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
Bbls. Spirits Bbls. of Rosin
Year
of Turpentine
Total
1875
9,555
41.707
51,262
1876
15,521
59.792
75,313
1877
19,984
98,888
118,872
1878
31,138
177,104
208,242
1879
34,368
177,447
211,815
1880
46,321
231,421
277,742
1881
54,703
282,386
337,089
1882
77,059
309,834
386,893
1883
116,127
444.873
561,000
1884
121,000
486,961
607,961
1885
111,447
452,370
563,817
1886
127,785
476.508
604,293
1887
164,199
609.025
773.224
1888
162,237
639,933
802,170
1889
173,863
610,302
784.165
SAVANNAII'S BUSINESS RECORD FOR PAST FOUR YEARS
Savannah's commercial record for the past four years is summed up in the following table :
Cotton
1911-1912 $127,000.000
1910-1911 $113.000.000 15.500,000 7,000,000
1909-1910 $103,000,000 11,000,000 7,500,000
1908-1909 $80.000.000 10.000,000 6,000,000
Fertilizers and
Phosphates.
11.000,000
13,000,000
10.400,000
8.300.000 10.500.000
Liquors and
Tobacco
1 3,750,000
3,750,000
3,500,000
4,000.000
Dry Goods and
6,000,000
5,500,000
5,000.000
4.500,000
Clothing
5,650,000
6,150,000
5,650,000
5,650.000
Boots, Shoes
and Hats ...
5.750.000
4,650,000
4,650,000
4,500.000
Hardware
4,250,000
4,250.000
4.250,000
4.250.000
Grain and Hay
3,250,000
2.500,060
2,500,000
3,000.000
Provisions .
3.750,000
3.500.000
3,000,000
2.700.000
Fruits
and
Vegetables .
2.250,000
2,250,000
2.250,000
2,000.000
Builders'
Sup-
plies
4,600,000
4.000.000
4,000,000
3,800.000
Furniture
1,500,000
1,500.000
1,300,000
1,100,000
Rice
500,000
500,000
500,000
500.000
Wool
250,000
250,000
250.000
200,000
Country Pro - duce
1,000,000
700,000
700.000
500,000
Coal and Wood
1.500,000
1.400,000
1.400,000
1.000,000
Manufactures ..
32,000,000
26.000,000
22,500,000
17,500,000
Retail Trade ..
25,600,000
21.000.000
20,000,000
18,000.000
Groceries
11,000,000
11,000,000
11,000,000
Naval Stores
14.500.000
Lumber
8.000,000
Notions
....
.
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SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
Miscellaneous 19,000,000 17,500,000 17,000,000
15,000,000
Totals
$291,500,000
$264,900,000 $241,350,000
$203,000,000
In 1910 the exports from Savannah were $63,428,155 and for the year 1911 the exports were $72,076,045.
While the export business in Savannah has been increasing wonder- fully, the import business has more than doubled in the past four years. The following are the figures for the past four years :
1909 $2,152,441
1910 1911
3,855,373
5,296,746
1912 (to date) 5,130,979
From the arrival book in the United States Custom House, during the year ending June 30, 1912. 1,354 vessels had entered the port. This includes both foreign and coastwise vessels in all classes. This is an average of 113 vessels a month.
Of the 741 vessels entering the port, the net tonnage was 1,955,953, an average of 2,640 net tons to the vessel. Six hundred and nine ves- sels cleared during the year with a total net tonnage of 1,579,099, an average of 2,593.
The report of the harbormaster for the calendar year of 1911 shows total vessels arriving at Savannah as follows :
American steamers 789, with a total net tonnage of 1,886,573.
American sailing vessels 181, with a total net tonnage of 112.184 tons. Foreign steamers 315. with a total net tonnage of 720,742 tons. Foreign sailing vessels 5, with a total net tonnage of 3,451 tons. Tugs and oil barges 18, with a total tonnage of 23,806 tons.
Few persons have an accurate idea of the immense amount of busi- ness done through Savannah annually.
For the calendar year 1911. the following are the figures for vessels entering the port :
The total tonnage (short tons) of the foreign vessels was 576,607, with the valnation of $6,279.562.
Coastwise steamers entering the port totaled 531,665 tons and the cargoes were valued at $75.496.430.
The domestie sailing vessels entering the port had a total tonnage of 229,410, and the cargoes were valued at $2,492,625.
.The foreign steamers departing during the year had a total tonnage of 574,867, and the cargoes were valued at $82.028.929.
The coastwise steamships went away with the total tonnage of 501 .- 833, and it was valned at $71.260.286.
The tonnage of the sailing vessels was 275,285 and the cargoes were valued at $2,064.636.
The total tonnage and valnations of commerce both inward and ont- ward during the year 1911 was 2,954,814 tons with the valuation of $246,678,077, while in 1910 the tonnage was 2,920,060, with the total valuation of $224.512.440.
CENTRAL OF GEORGIAA RAILWAY
At this point the railroad facilities may be briefly stated as follows: The city is the terminal of the Central of Georgia Railway, controlled
477
SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
by the Illinois Central Railroad, the Southern Railway, the Seaboard Air Line Railway, the Atlantic Coast Line Railway, the Brinson Rail- way, and the Savannah and Statesboro Railroad, with a total mileage of 16,407, passing through twelve states, but connting all the lines together with their tributaries that number foots up to 22,277. In con- nection with their systems and the steamship facilities embracing the. Ocean Steamship Company, an adjunct of the Central of Georgia Rail- way, and the Merchants and Miners' Transportation Company, with steamers of the former plying between Savannah, New York, and Bos- ton and of the latter between Savannah, Jacksonville, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, the business transacted at the wharves east and west of the city and across the river on Hutchinson's Island is immense. Ves- sels load at all the terminals for London. Liverpool, Antwerp, Bremen, Hamburg, Barcelona, Rotterdam, Genoa, Naples, Trieste, and for all ports of importance throughout the world. The Central of Georgia has its own passenger depot, while the the other lines nse the Union Passenger Station.
ITS FIRST PRESIDENT, W. W. GORDON
When the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia was in the height of its prosperity, before the inauguration of measures which culminated in its becoming a component part of the extensive system to which it now belongs, the directors put in operation a plan to honor the memory of its first president. William W. Gordon. The result was the erection in 1882 of the costly monument which ornaments Wright square. It is a work of art and attracts general attention. On the north side a panel bears in large capital letters the one word Gor- don ; a tablet on which are represented a train of cars and other emblems of transportation and commerce is in position on the east side; on the south another panel bears the inscription :
WILLIAM WASHINGTON GORDON Born June 17, 1796 Died March 20, 1842 The Pioneer Of Works of Internal Improvement in His Native State And First President of The Central Railroad and Banking Company Of Georgia To Which He Gave His Time, His Talents And Finally His Life. On the west side the center panel bears this inscription : Erected A. D. 1882 By The Central Railroad and Banking Company Of Georgia In Honor of a Brave Man A Faithful and Devoted Officer And to Preserve His Name in the Grateful Remembrance of his Fellow Citizens
.
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SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
The cotton exchange was organized in 1872, and the board of trade in 1883. Hon. Joseph F. Gray, the managing director of the former, and Mr. Thomas Purse, secretary of the latter, have the hearty praise of the publie for their work in the offices they respectively hold.
SAVANNAH'S BANKS
Savannah has had many banking institutions, of which the earliest were the Planter's Bank, the Bank of the State of Georgia, and the branch of the old United States Bank. Just before the war of 1861-1865 there were a number in successful operation, of which we will mention the Marine, Central Railroad and Banking Company, Planters, Farm- ers and Mechanics, Bank of Commerce, Bank of Savannah, and the
.
SAVANNAH BANK AND TRUST COMPANY .
Timber Cutter's Bank. These having all invested in Confederate bonds and money all surrendered their charters and wound np business at the close of the war, with the exception of the Central Railroad. The last named, under a decision of the company's directors discontinned the banking business at a later date, so that there is not a bank in the city at this time which was in operation before 1861. Of those now doing business the Merchants' National was chartered in 1866, the Savannah Bank and Trust Company in 1869, the Southern Bank of the State of Georgia (now the Citizens and Southern Bank of Savannah) in 1870, the National Bank of Savannah in 1885, and the Oglethorpe Savings and Trust Company in 1887. It is authoritatively stated that Savannah has never had a bank failure.
-
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SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
Other banks now doing business successfully are the Germania, chartered in 1890, and the Georgia State Savings Association of the same date, the Savannah Trust Company, 1902; the Hibernia. 1906; the Exchange, the Chatham (chartered as the Chatham Dime Savings Bank), the Commercial, People's Savings & Loan Company. Real Estate & Trust Company, the Liberty Street Branch of the Citizen's and Southern, and the Citizen's Trust Company. The success of all these institutions is seen in the fine buildings recently erected and now in process of erection by them. Savannah has twelve banks doing a regular banking business, and four savings, loan and trust companies, the total capital of which is $4,307,530. Their total surplus and undi- vided profits is $3,466,991.14.
The following shows in detail the banks, their capital, and surplus and undivided profits :
Citizens and Southern
$ 700.000.00
$ 966,020.77
Germania Bank
300.000.00
341.584.70
Savannah Bank & Trust Co.
628,600.00
552,995.46
National Bank
250,000.00
466,504.29
Chatham. Bank
150,000.00
59,198.83
Savannah Trust Co.
500.000.00
258,088.25
Merchants National Bank
500,000.00
199.149.33
Exchange Bank
125.000.00
44.138.02
Hibernia Bank
200.000.00
168,855.77
Commercial Bank
83,930.00
50,907.66
Real Estate Bank.
150,000.00
17,129.59
Oglethorpe Savings & Trust Co.
125,000.00
151,680.00
Georgia State Savings Association.
325,000.00
130,768.00
Citizens Trust Co.
100.000.00
23,000.00
Peoples Savings & Loan Co.
120,000.00
26,034.73
Peoples Bank
50,000.00
12.972.27
-
$4,307,530.00
$3,466,991.14
The banking capital of Savannah has nearly doubled in the last ten years, and with the increase of resources the banks have been enabled to find employment for all their loanable funds at remunerative rates of interest.
SAVANNAH AND THE PANAMA CANAL
The increase in the number of manufactories. although not rapid, is steady. Numbers of new industries were organized during the last year, and in almost every instance, have done a satisfactory business. Savannah's close proximity to almost unlimited sources of raw material, her unexcelled transportation facilities by land and water, and attrac- tive shipping rates. add to her importance as an industrial center. With the opening of the Panama Canal, and Savannah the gateway of the entire South through which will pass its products to the countries of South America, the city cannot fail to command the attention of manu- facturers throughout the country as the logical point for the establish- ment not only of depots, but of great factories, which will supply the
,
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SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
republics of the South with manufactured commodities. This means a still further investment of capital and the further development of Savannah as a financial center.
The completion of the Panama Canal will, in all probability, greatly benefit Savannah commercially. That seems to be the opinion of busi- ness men who have carefully considered the matter. In May, 1912. an article by Mr. A. C. Laut was printed in the Saturday Evening Post referring to this subject and commenting on the commercial advantages of the city, in which he said:
"On the face of it, it looks as though the western curve of the coast cuts off Savannah's benefits from Panama; but take a second look! From being the third largest exporter of cotton. Savannah moved up to the second place in 1911. Why ? Just because the curve west of the coast brings Savannah closer to the cotton fields than other ports. Savannah has, in fact, today more commerce than her terminals can
COTTON YARDS AND DOCKS, SAVANNAH
handle. She is a city that has never had a boom and has never had a bank failure! Nearly nine millions of dollars has been spent in deep- ening her harbor, with a decrease in freight rates of 37 per cent. For every dollar spent in widening the river and harbor Savannah has received a proportionate increase in commerce. For every foot the harbor has been deepened Savannah's export trade has been really increased. Of her exports cotton is the big item, shipped nearly alto- gether. of course, in foreign bottoms. Before the big erop of last year rates to Europe used to run twenty-five to twenty-seven cents a hundred weight. Then the big erop came, and the foreign ships jacked up the rates. Savannah pays forty-five cents now. And the big profit goes. not to the cotton growers, but to the foreign ship owners. What has all this to do with Panama? Just this: Of late years India, China, and Japan have been taking millions of bales of American cotton. That sounds like carrying coal to Newcastle; but American cotton is used
481
SAVANNAH AND SOUTH GEORGIA
to blend and grade up India cotton ; and the demand is likely to increase a hundred fold. It will if rates do not aet as an embargo. Cotton is a bulky thing for railroads to handle. Across the continent or by the Suez Canal, it costs eighty-five cents a hundred weight to send cotton to Asia. Panama will eut these rates sixty per cent if-another big if- there are ships for the trade.
"Savannah is, as already said, the second largest cotton port of the world. Her exports of cotton exceed the combined exports of cotton of all other Atlantic ports.
"Savannah's rank among the principal ports of the United States in export values is fourth. and second in rank of the ports of the Atlantic coast. She has forged ahead of Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and others of less importance, and is exceeded only by New York.
Savannah is the largest Sea Island cotton market in the world, han- dling 62 per cent. of the entire crop.
"Savannah holds the world's record for the largest cargo of cotton- 26,676 bales.
"Savannah is the primary naval stores market of the world. She fixes the prices of naval stores for the entire world.
"From the standpoint of volume of business, Savannah is one of the most important telegraphie points in the South, being ranked only by New Orleans and Memphis.
"Savannah to Panama Canal, 1,835 nautical miles-705 miles nearer than New York, 610 miles nearer than Philadelphia, and 520 miles nearer than Baltimore. Savannah is also nearer the Canal than either New Orleans or Galveston.
"Savannah's principal exports are cotton, cotton manufactured goods, cotton seed oil and its numerous by-products; rosin, turpentine, lumber, phosphate rock, poplar, gum, cedar, oak, and other hardwoods.
"Owing to the curvature of the South Atlantic coast, Savannah is nearer the great granary of this continent, and nearer Omaha, Kansas City, St. Louis, Memphis, Nashville, and the West generally, than either New York, Philadelphia or Baltimore.
"In recognition of the commercial importance of Savannah the Fed- eral government has expended in continuous improvement of Savannah river and harbor over $8.500,000. and the beneficient results of the improvement are: Forty per cent. increase in the size of vessels; thirty- seven per cent. decrease in ocean freight rates; and twenty-five per cent. decrease in the cost of marine insurance.
"The present harbor depth enables vessels to go to sea in perfect safety at 30 feet. The board of government engineers has approved plans and congress has made the necessary appropriations for provid- ing a depth of 33 feet at mean high water from the city wharves to the ocean bar, and this work is now being carried on.
"For every dollar that has been expended on the Savannah river and harbor there has been an ammal increase of $10 in commerce. For every foot of increase depth in Savannah harbor there has been an annual increase of seven million dollars in commerce.
"The major part of the commerce of the port of Savannah is 'through' commerce; therefore the benefits flowing from the improve- ment of Savannah river and harbor are not confined to Savannah. but are so far-reaching as to be almost national in extent."
Vol. 1-31
4
CHAPTER XL
INTERESTING ITEMS
LIST OF MEMBERS OF COUNCIL CONTINUED-VISIT OF GENERAL GRANT- SAVANNAH'S SESQUI-CENTENNIAL-JASPER MONUMENT-DEATII OF HON. JOHN SCREVEN-SAVANNAH AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR -SOUTH BOUND RAILROAD-PUBLIC LIBRARY ESTABLISHED AND CITY HALL BUILT-TELFAIR ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES-RAILROAD TO TYBEE ISLAND.
Hitherto we have named in full the members of the city council of Savannah from the time of its incorporation to and including the year 1866. Believing that names of the men who guided the affairs of the municipality during every period of its history should be preserved, we continue the list from that point.
MEMBERS OF COUNCIL CONTINUED
In 1867 the Hon. Edward C. Anderson was mayor, and he had as colleagues in the board of aldermen Martin J. Ford. John L. Villalonga. Wm. Hunter, Alvin N. Miller, Win. H. Burroughs, Matthias H. Meyer, Henry Brigham, Edward C. Wade, Franeis L. Gue, Geo. W. Wylly, James J. Waring. Chas C. Millar, and Frederick W. Sims.
It will be noted that slight changes were made in the year 1868, when Colonel Anderson again served as mayor, and the aldermen were as follows: M. J. Ford, J. L. Villalonga, William Hunter. A. N. Miller, W. H. Burroughs, M. H. Meyer, H. Brigham, F. L. Gue, George W. Wylly, J. J. Waring, F. W. Sims, and E. A. Soullard.
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