The history of Mahaska County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &c., a biographical directory of its citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion, general and local statistics, Part 1

Author: Union historical company, Des Moines, pub. [from old catalog]
Publication date: 1878
Publisher: Des Moines, Union historical company
Number of Pages: 732


USA > Iowa > Mahaska County > The history of Mahaska County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &c., a biographical directory of its citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion, general and local statistics > Part 1


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1800


J


S


Class F627


Book


. MAH65


THE


HISTORY


OF


MAHASKA COUNTY,


IOWA,


CONTAINING


A History of the County, its Cities, Towns, &c.,


A Biographical Directory of its Citizens, War Record of its Volunteers in the late Re- bellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prom- inent Men, History of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map of Mahaska County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellan- eous Matters, &c.


ILLUSTRATED.


DES MOINES : UNION HISTORICAL COMPANY. 1878.


1627


I


Entered, according to Act of Congress in the year 1878, by


THE UNION HISTORICAL COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.


2380


MILLS & COMPANY, PRINTERS AND STEREOTYPERS, DES MOINES, IOWA.


PREFACE.


IN presenting this work to the people of Mahaska county, we have reason to believe that we are placing it in the hands of its friends. A friendly disposition was manifested toward our representatives during its compilation, and we trust the volume in its completed form may be in no sense a disappointment.


If we have accomplished nothing more, we have at least rescued much important matter from oblivion. Ten years more would have made the record of many facts and incidents which we present herewith an impossibility. The first settlers of Mahaska have passed the mountain tops of life. Memory is one of the first faculties of mind which shows signs of decay, and, even among those of the old guard still living, another decade would have found many a link rusted out from their chain of recollection.


In this history we have endeavored to present to the reader a picture of the past and pres- ent of Mahaska. We have labored to introduce him to the wigwams of its aborigines, to seat him by the hearth-stone of its pioneers, to trace the history of the county's organization, to compile a sketch of its leading institutions, and to represent the condition of the county while entering the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It is not so much the work of ourselves as of Mahaska's own citizens. We have compiled what these men have long known, and placed it in permanent form for the present generation, and for those to come. We have not the confidence to presume that the work will contain no mistakes. The falli- bility of memory produces a hundred conflicting statements. Dates are slippery things to handle. Names will get twisted. Some of these errors will belong to our informants, some to ourselves. A charitable public will not forget that "to err is human."


Only one-third of a century ago a strong argument for locating the county-seat in the southern part of the county was that there was no likelihood that the present century would see the northern prairies of the county populated. Ten years later, and the same argument was sincerely used in respect to the State of Iowa, by shrewd men, on the occasion of the removal of the State capital. Some of these same men have "lived to learn." This work will show the changes of thirty-six years in Central Iowa.


It is a source of regret to us that diligent search failed to discover any files of Mahaska county newspapers between the years 1859 and 1864. This very important period, including most of Mahaska's war history, is not so fully presented on these pages as we desired.


In our " War Record " we have endeavored to give, in epitomized form, the part taken by individual soldiers from Mahaska. The names of those drafted have been omitted, for the reason that we could not secure a satisfactory list.


The especial value of much we have presented, particularly in our biographical department, will be patent a generation hence. It will, we trust, be endeared to hundreds of firesides.


We wish thus publicly to express our appreciation of the kindness which has been shown us in this enterprise. To the several hundred citizens who have co-operated with our repre- sentatives in securing the information which made the accompanying work a possibility, we tender our hearty thanks-especially to the editors of the Oskaloosa Herald, The Standard, and the New Sharon Star for the use of files of papers, and general information; to Judge M. T. Williams, for many items of early history; to W. B. Street, Esq., for Indian history; to William T. Smith, Esq., for miscellaneous matter and valuable manuscript; to Henry R. Kendig, Esq., for Masonic history; to Judge Samuel Thompson, for assistance upon the geography of the county; to the various county and city officials, for access to records.


iv


PREFACE.


Among others to whom we are especially indebted for assistance, might be mentioned Captain A. J. Comstock, Hon. John N. Dixon, Mrs. E. Needham, Mrs. T. G. Phillips, J. E. Ogborne, Esq., Prof. H. H. Seerley, Lieut. W. H. Needham, Porte C. Welch, Esq., Judge J. A. L. Crookham, Dr. E. A. Boyer, Van B. Delashmutt, Esq., T. Baldwin, Esq., Mr. Ephraim Munsell, Prof. Woody, John A. Hoffman, Esq., Ben McCoy, Esq., Samuel McFall, Esq., James Winder, Esq., Henry P. Ninde, Esq., Captain C. P. Searle and Rev. Thos. Ballinger.


The sketches on the Northwest, and the articles, descriptive and historical, on Iowa, em- bracing the first two hundred and fifty-six pages of the work, were prepared by A. R. Fulton, of Des Moines, and we doubt not will prove highly interesting and instructive, as showing the steps by which, within the present century, a vast region, inhabited by savages, has de- veloped into mighty States.


We have also consulted the following works: "Pioneers of Marion County," "Iowa Colonels and Regiments," "Iowa in the Rebellion," and a number of State reports.


Whatever of satisfaction, instruction or enjoyment these pages may bring to their readers, will be a gratification to


THE PUBLISHERS.


-


CONTENTS.


-


HISTORICAL,


PAGE.


PAGE.


The Northwest Territory :


Early French Explorations in the Mississippi Valley,


7


Early Settlements in


the


Northwest,


..


..


14


The Northwestern Territory, 22


28


The Louisiana Purchase, : Indian Wars in the Northwest, Sketches of Black Hawk and other Chiefs, 42


Early Navigation of Western Rivers, . . .. .


56


A Mahask County Romance, 299


Archæology of the Northwest,


59


An Old Iowan,


302


Sketches of Western and Northwestern States, : 67


Expedition of


Lewis


and


Religious,


305


Clarke,


86


Incidents,


306


Sketch of Chicago,


..


96


History of Iowa:


Descriptive and Geographical Sketch, ..


105


Geology of Iowa, 117


Economic Geology, .. 125


How the Title to Iowa Lands is derived, 130 Early Settlements and Terri- torial Organization, .. 141


Territory of Iowa, 153


State Organization, . .


158


Educational, ..


162


Railroads.


172


Official Record, 174


The Judiciary,


..


176


Congressional Representa-


tion,


177


State Agricultural Society, 178


Centennial Awards, 191


History of Mahaska County : Geography-Descriptive and


Physical, 257 Masonry, 357


Indian Affairs, 260


Early Settlement, ..


265 Mahaska's Centennial, · 370


..


370


History of names Oskaloosa


and Mahaska, 269


Life of Mahaska, 269


Bowen Murder Case, 371


Union,


541


Commissioner's Court, :


276


Love, Desertion and Suicide, 373


Prairie,


542


First Court, ..


..


277


Shooting,


:


..


373


Richland,


.


546


ILLUSTRATIONS.


PAGE.


Westward the Star of Empire


takes its Way, :


17


Illinois, ..


.. 72


The "Old Kinzie House," 1+3


An Indian Camp, : 33 Chicago in 1820, · 97 A Prairie Home, 129


Indians trying a Prisoner, 49


A Pioneer Winter, ..


65


Chicago, 1833, ..


..


.


97


LITHOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS.


PAGE.


PAGE


PAGE.


Ballinger, T.,


489


Lacey, John F.,


345


Rice, Sam'l A., 381


Baugh, Geo. H.,


507


Leighton, Henry C.,


327


Rice, E. W.,


417


Cooper, Cary,


363


McCullongh, James,


525


Seevers, W. H.,


309


Dela - hmutt, V. B.,


561


McMullin, J. W.,


399


Smith, Wm. T.,


291


Downing, F. I .. ,


435


Mc Neill, H. W.,


471


Tice, Hardin,


543


Gilmore, T. R.,


453


Picken Mathew,


579


Williams, M. T.,


273


Houtz, Christian


597


History of Mahaska County:


Mahaska County Court House, 284 County Jail, : 285


First School,


285


War History :


Probate Court,


286


Letters of 1846-7,


287


Townships,


288


Land Sales,


293


Club Law, 294


Fifteenth Infantry. :


404


Seventeenth Infantry, ..


409


Eighteenth Infantry, 410


Thirty-third Infantry, 412


Thirty-Sixth Infantry,


429


Mahaska in 1850-52, 303


Thirty-seventh Infantry,


429


Flood of '51,


304


Thirty-eighth Infantry,


431


Fortieth Infantry,


431


Forty-seventh Infantry,


438


Third Cavalry, 440


Fourth Cavalry, · 440


County Finances, 308 Seventh Cavalry, 443


Bridges,


311


Poor House,


List of County Officers, 313


318


Educational, 323


The Press, 331


Temperance, 338


Political, 340


Oskaloosa, 455


New Sharon, 501


..


Beacon,


512


Rose Hill,


515


Fremont,


..


517


Muchakinock, ..


519


Hog Raising,


.


352


Townships : Cedar 522


Harrison, 5:24


Des Moines,


Jefferson,


..


529


White Oak, 530


Oskaloosa,


..


531


Scott,


532


Society of Friends, 366


Monroe,


..


534


Adams,


535


Madison, .


536


Black Oak,


537


The Cause of Science on the Border, . . : 371


Pleasant Grove,


..


540


528


Mahaska County Bible Society, 356 County Sunday School Associ- ation, 356


352


Mahaska County Medical So-


ciety,


.


. .


356


344


Ninth Cavalry,


.


444


Light Artillery. ..


445


Miscellaneous Enlistments, : 446


Soldiers' Reunion,


448


The Rice Monument,


.


450


Sherman's March to the Sea, 451


Cities and Towns :


Statistics, 343


Official Votes,


Railroads,


..


344


Mahaska County Agricultural


Society, 350


Horticultural, ..


PAGE.


PAGE.


Lincoln Monument, Springfield,


Old Fort Dearborn, 1830, 103


Present Site Lake Street Bridge,


Breaking Prairie 145


:


History of Mahaska County :


Local Troubles During the


:


War,


:


: 373


Mahaska County War Record, 383


Third Infantry,


386


397


Seventh Infantry,


391


Eighth Infantry,


..


34


Early Climate, etc.,


298


An Early Hunt, : 298


Mississippi and Missouri R.


R. Loan, 307


311


Illustrious Dead,


State Institutions,


169


County Seat Contest, 267


Casualties, : ..


PAGE.


vi


CONTENTS.


1


BIOGRAPHICAL TOWNSHIP DIRECTORY.


PAGE.


PAGE.


Adams,


692


Jefferson,


..


638 | Prairie,


: 631


Black Oak,


: 677


Madison,


: 685


Richland,


712


Cedar,


657


Monroe,


698 | Scott,


670


Des Moines,


: 643 New Sharon (Prairie Twp.),


624


Union,


706


East Oskaloosa,


617 Oskaloosa City (Oskaloosa


West Oskaloosa,


: 608


Eddyville (Harrison Twp.),


720 Township),


: 553


White Oak,


663


Harrison,


: 647


Pleasant Grove,


703


ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS.


PAGE.


PAGE.


Adoption of Children,


Confession of Judgment,


208 Jurors, - 199


Bills of Exchange and Promis-


Lease,


214


Landlord and Tenant, 206


sory Notes


195


Mortgages,


212, 213


Limitation of Actions, 199


Capital Punishment 199


Notice to Quit,


210


Married Women,


200


Commercial Terms


208


Notes, 207,215


Marka and Brands,


201


Damages from Trespass,


201


Orders, 207


Mechanics' Liens,


204


Descent,


195


Quit-Claim Deed,


216


Estrays.


201


Receipts,


208


Exemptions from Executions,


200


Wills and Codicils, 211, 212


216


Surveyors and Surveys, 204


Support of Poor, 205


Article of Agreement,


209


Birds and Quadrupeds, 217


. Bills of Sale,


Bond for Deed,


217


Interest,


195


Weights and Measures, 207


Bills of Purchase,


207


Jurisdiction of Courts,


198


Wolf Scalps,


201


Chattel Mortgage,


215


MISCELLANEOUS.


PAGE.


PAGE. -


PAGE.


Map of Mahaska County, : Front. Statistics, ..


,183


Practical Rules for every-day


Biography of General Elliott W. Rice, : ..


: 548


Iowa, :


..


: 220


Population of Iowa Cities, : 255


The Pioneer,


256


Constitution of the State of


use, : :


.. 252


Taxes, 197


210 Fish and Fish Ways, 218


Wills and Estates.


196


Fences


202


Warranty Deed,


Forms:


Game Laws:


Purchasing Books by Subscrip- tion. 219


Roads and Bridges, 204


Constitution of the United States, 240


Addenda (Biographical), : 722


V


1


PAGE.


PAGE. 203


A


MAP OF MAHASKA COUNTY,


IOWA.


English Ri


GRANVILLE


AGRICOLA


BethelCamp Wendy Gr


12


NEW SHARON


16


18


E


IOWA


PLEASANT GROVE


PEORIA


DAUMON MILLS


Flint 10


26


30


28


25


30


36


31


32


3500


?


:34


Mulare


31


32


25


3.5


G


G


5


3


1


6


y?


LACEY


INDIANAPOLIO


Buckhorn P.O


16


70


1.9


15


17


-


19


21


23


24


Pi


1Q


MunchchukPO


BLACK


0


D


M


Rums


Farmersgure no,


1


DES


37 6 26


.30


2.9


Hopewell PO.


31


.32


33


36


31


ERLEIGHTON


3


Garfield


Funk


ROSE HILL


MJOLIVET


11


OSKALOOSA


OSKALOOSA IOWAUNINY


1.32


77


15


15


14


13


OSKALOOSA


9H


19


19


FWute QakP.O.


BELLE FOUNTAINEN,


AuburnBQ


30


ROCHESTER,


2


33


St Joe's


Ferry PO ..


DES MOINES


7


GIVENSTA


and: Grove PO.


17


S


dar Q


21


13


24


30


28


26


25


28


27


26


3.2


33


37


ADDYVILLE


1


6


.5


7


FREMONT


E


MOINES


33


31


CENTRAL-


ROLLEG.


WILLBRANCA COLLEGE


ENTERPRISE


.34


36


3.5


D


31


م مص


THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.


EARLY FRENCH EXPLORATIONS IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.


De Soto -- Le Caron-Samuel de Champlain-French Adventurers-James Marquette-Louis Joliet-Embarkation to Explore New Countries-Lake Michigan and Green Bay-The "Quisconsin "-Indian Accounts of the Country-Discovering the Great River-Indian Name of the River-Joy of the Explorers-Interview with Indians on Iowa Soil-Feast- Speech of an Indian Chief-The Des Moines River-" Muddy Water "-The Arkansas- Return-Indian Nations-Marquette's Record-His Subsequent Voyage-La Vantum- Marquette's Death-Removal of His Remains-Joliet's Subsequent Explorations-Robert La Salle-Louis Hennepin-Chevalier de Tonti-De La Motte-Fort Crevecœur-Henne- pin's Voyage-Falls of St. Anthony-Seur de Luth-Hennepin's Claims as an Explorer- Colonization of Louisiana-Dissensions-Murder of La Salle.


THE three great colonizing powers of the Old World first to raise the standard of civilization within the limits of North America were France, England, and Spain. The French made their earliest settlements in the cold and inhospitable regions of Quebec; the English at Jamestown, Vir- ginia, and at Plymouth, Massachusetts; and the Spaniards on the barren sands of Florida. To the French belongs the honor of discovering and colo- nizing that portion of our country known as the Valley of the Mississippi, including all that magnificent region watered by the tributaries of the Great River. It is true that more than one hundred years earlier (1538-41) the Spanish explorer, De Soto, had landed on the coast of Florida, penetrated the everglades and unbroken forests of the south, finally reaching the banks of the Great River, probably near where the city of Memphis now stands. Crossing the river, he and his companions pursued their journey for some distance along the west bank, thence to the Ozark Mountains and the Hot Springs of Arkansas, and returning to the place of his death on the banks of the Mississippi. It was a perilous expedition indeed, characterized by all the splendor, romance and valor which usually attended Spanish adventurers of that age. De Soto and his companions were the first Europeans to behold the waters of the Mississippi, but the expedition was a failure so far as related to colonization. The requiem chanted by his companions as his remains were committed to the waters of the great river he had discovered, died away with the solemn murmurs of the stream, and the white man's voice was not heard again in the valley for more than a hundred years. De Soto had landed at Tampa Bay, on the coast of Florida, with a fleet of nine ves- sels and seven hundred men. More than half of them died, and the remainder made their way to Cuba, and finally back to Spain.


Four years before the pilgrims "moored their bark on the wild New Eng- land shore," a French Franciscan, named Le Caron, penetrated the region of


8


THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.


the great lakes of the north, then the home of the Iroquois and the Hurons, but a Freneli settlement had been established at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain in 1608. This was followed by the establishment of various colonies in Canada, and the hardy French adventurers penetrated the coun- try by the way of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. In 1625 a number of missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in Canada from France, and during the succeeding forty years extended their missions all along the shores of Lake Superior.


In 1637 a child was born at the little city of Laon, in France, whose destiny it was in the fullness of time to be instrumental in the hands of Providence in giving to the world a definite knowledge of the grandest and most fertile region ever opened up to civilization. That child was James Marquette, the descendant of a family of Celtic nobles. He entered the Society of Jesus when seventeen years of age, and soon conceived a desire to engage in the labors of a missionary among the Indians. He sailed for Quebec in 1666, and two years later founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary. The winter of 1669-70 he spent at Point St. Ignatius, where he established another mission. Here the old town of Michillimackinac, afterward called Mackinaw, was founded. It was from Indians of the different tribes who came to this mission that he received some vague intimations of the great river-the father of all the rivers. He at once conceived a desire to penetrate to the banks of the wonderful river, and carry his missionary work to the tribes which he had learned inhabited its borders. He applied to his Superior, Claude Dablon, for permission to "seek new nations toward the Southern sea." The authorities at Quebec were equally desirous of having new regions explored, and therefore appointed Joliet was a native of


Louis Joliet to embark upon a voyage of discovery. Quebec and had been educated in a Jesuit College. He had at the age of eighteen taken minor orders, but had abandoned all thoughts of the priest- hood and engaged in the fur trade. He was now twenty-seven years of age, with a mind ripe for adventure. He left Quebec, and arriving at Mackinaw, found Father Marquette highly delighted with the information that they were to be companions in a voyage which was to extend the domain of the King of France, as well as to carry the Gospel to new nations of people. The explorers, accompanied by five assistants, who were French Canadians, started on their journey, May 13, 1673. Marquette has himself recorded in the fol- lowing simple language their feelings on this occasion: "We were embark- ing on a voyage the character of which we could not foresee. Indian corn, with some dried meat, was our whole stock of provisions. With this we set out in two bark canoes, M. Joliet, myself and five men, firmly resolved to do all and suffer all for so glorious an enterprise." They coasted along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, entered Green Bay, and passed up the Fox river, carrying their canoes across the Portage to the "Onisconsin," now


called Wisconsin. At Lake Winnebago, before crossing the Portage, they stopped at an Indian village, which was the furthest outpost to which Dab- , lon and Allonez had extended their missionary work. Here they assembled the chiefs and old men of the village and told them of the objects of the voyage. Pointing to Joliet, Father Marquette said: "My friend is an envoy of France to discover new countries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." The Indians furnished two guides to conduct them to the Wisconsin river. It is related that a tribe of Indians endeavored to dissuade them from pursuing their perilous journey


-


9


THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.


by telling of desperate and savage tribes that they would meet; that the forests and the rivers were infested with frightful monsters; that there were great fish in the rivers that would swallow up men and canoes together, and of a demon who could be heard from a great distance, and who destroyed all who approached. Unmoved by these frightful stories, Marquette, Joliet, and their five brave assistants, launched their little canoes on the waters of the Wisconsin, and moved slowly down the current. After a lapse of seven days, June 17th, 1673, they reached the mouth of the Wisconsin and glided into the current of the Mississippi, a few miles below the place now known as Prairie du Chien. Here, and on this day, the eye of the white man for the first time looked upon the waters of the Upper Mississippi. Marquette called the river "The Broad River of the Conception." The Indian nanie is derived from the Algonquin language, one of the original tongues of the continent. It is a compound of the words Missi, signifying great, and Sepe, a river.


The explorers felt the most intense joy on beholding the scene presented to their enraptured vision. Here was the great river whose waters somewhere thousands of miles away flowed into a Southern sea, and whose broad valley was the fairest and richest in the world, but unknown to civilized man, save as an almost forgotten dream or a vague romance. They had solved one of the great mysteries of the age in which they lived. As they glided down the stream the bold bluffs reminded Marquette of the "castled shores of his own beautiful rivers in France." The far stretching prairies alternating with forests, on either side, were adorned in all the wild glories of June. Birds sang the same notes that they had sung for ages amid those "forests prime- val," while herds of buffalo, deer and elk were alarmed and fled to the dense retreats of the forest or the broad prairies bevond. Not until the 25th June did they discover any signs of human habitation. Then, about sixty leagues, as they thought, below the mouth of the Wisconsin, at a place where they landed on the west bank of the river, they found in the sand the foot-prints of man. Marquette and Joliet left their five companions in charge of the canoes and journeyed away from the river, knowing that they must be near the habitation of men. They followed a trail leading across a prairie clothed in the wild Inxuriance of summer for a distance of about six miles, when they beheld another river and on its banks an Indian village, with other vil- lages on higher land a mile and a half from the first. The Indians greeted the two white strangers, as far as their ability permitted, with a splendid ovation. They appointed four of their old men to meet the strangers in council. Marquette could speak their language. They informed him that they were "Illini " (meaning "we are men "), and presenting the calumet of peace, invited them to share the hospitalities of their village. Marquette told them of the object of their visit, and that they had been sent by the French, who were their friends. He told them of the great God that the white man worshiped who was the same Great Spirit that they adored. In answer, one of the chiefs addressed them as follows:


"I thank the Black Gown Chief (Marquette) and the Frenchman (Joliet) for taking so much pains to come and visit us; never has the earth been so beautiful, nor the sun so bright as now; never has the river been so calm, nor so free from rocks, which your canoes have removed as they passed; never has our tobacco had so fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we behold it to-day. Ask the Great Spirit to give us life and health. and come ye and dwell with us."


After these ceremonies the strangers were invited to a feast, an account of


10


THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.


which is given by Marquette. It consisted of four courses. First, there was a large wooden bowel filled with tagamity, or Indian meal, boiled in water and seasoned with oil. The master of ceremonies, with a wooden spoon, fed the tagamity to their guests as children are fed. The second course con- sisted of fish, which, after the bones were taken out, was presented to the mouths of the strangers as food may be fed to a bird. The third course was a preparation of dog meat, but learning that the strangers did not eat that it was at once removed. The fourth and final course was a piece of buffalo meat, the fattest portions of which were put into the mouths of the guests.


The stream on whose banks took place this first interview between the explorers and the untutored Indians, after parting with their guides, was the Des Moines river, and the place of their landing was probably about where the town of Montrose is now located, in Lee county, Iowa. One of our sweetest American poets has rendered Marquette's narrative in verse, as follows:


" Came a people From the distant land of Wabun; From the farthest realms of morning Came the Black Robe Chief, the Prophet, He the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face, With his guides and his companions. And the noble Hiawatha,


With his hand aloft extended, Held aloft in sign of welcome, Cried aloud and spoke in this wise:


' Beautiful is the sun, O strangers, When you come so far to see us; All our town in peace awaits you; All our doors stand open for you; You shall enter all our wigwams; For the heart's right hand we give you.


Never bloomed the earth so gayly, Never shone the sun so brightly, As to-day they shine and blossom


When you came so far to see us.' And the Black Robe Chief made answer,


Stammered in his speech a little,


Speaking words yet unfamiliar:


' Peace be with you, Hiawatha,


Peace be with you and your people,


Peace of prayer, and peace of pardon, Peace of Christ, and joy of Mary!' Then the generous Hiawatha, Led the strangers to his wigwam, Seated them on skins of bison,


Seated them on skins of ermine,


Brought them food in bowls of bass-wood, Water brought in birchen dippers, And the calumet, the peace-pipe, Filled and lighted for their smoking. All the warriors of the nation, Came to bid the strangers welcome;




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